TRIANGLES

7
TRIANGLE
A triangle is a closed figure bounded by three straight lines.
It is denoted by the symbol D.
A

B C
D ABC has three sides denoted by AB, BC and CA; three angles denoted
by ÐA, ÐB and ÐC; and three vertices denoted by A, B and C.
Types of Triangles
On the basis of sides:
(i) Equilateral triangle: All the three sides are equal
(ii) Isosceles triangle: Two sides are equal.
(iii) Scalene triangle: All the three sides are unequal.
On the basis of angles:
(i) Acute angled triangle: All the internal angles are less than 90°.
(ii) Right angled triangle: One of the internal angle is equal 90°
(iii) Obtuse angled triangle: One of the internal angle is more than 90°.
CONGRUENCY OF TWO PLANE GEOMETRICAL FIGURES (OR SHAPES)
Two geometrical figures or shapes are said to be congruent, if they have same size and same shape i.e. exactly
overlap each other. For example
(i) Two line segments are congruent if and only if their lengths are equal.
(ii) Two angles are congruent if and only if their measures are equal.

CONGRUENCY OF TWO TRIANGLES

Two triangles are said to be congruent if three sides and three angles of a triangle are respectively equal to the
corresponding sides and angles of other triangle.
In other words, two triangles are congruent if and only if there exists a correspondence between their vertices
such that the corresponding angles of the two triangles are equal or congruent.
 EBD_7802
180 Mathematics

In fig., two triangles ABC and DEF are shown, where AB = DE, BC = EF, AC = DF, ÐA= ÐD, ÐB = ÐE and
ÐC = ÐF, then DABC and DDEF are congruent and we write DABC @ DDEF. DABC @ DDEF is read
as “triangle ABC is congruent to triangle DEF”.
NOTE:
(i) In congruent triangles correspondings parts are equal and we write in short ‘CPCT’ for “Corresponding
parts of congruent triangles”.
(ii) Two congruent figures are equal in area but two figures having the same area need not be congruent.

CRITERIA FOR CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES

1. SAS Congruence Rule (Side-Angle-Side)
Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the two sides and
the included angle of the other triangle.
In DABC and DPQR,

A
R
50°

cm
7 cm

5
5c

50°
m

P Q
B C 7 cm

Since AB = PQ = 7 cm, AC = PR = 5 cm and ÐA = ÐP = 50°.

\ DABC @ DPQR (By SAS rule)

2. ASA Congruence Rule (Angle-Side-Angle)

Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles and
the included side of the other triangle.
In DABC and DDEF,

A D

B 30° 45° C E 30° 45° F

5 cm 5 cm

Since ÐB = ÐE = 30°, ÐC = ÐF = 45° and BC = EF = 5cm

\ DABC @ DDEF, (By ASA rule)
Triangles 181
3. SSS Congruence Rule (Side-Side-Side)
If three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
In DABC and DXYZ,

A X
6c 6c
m m

m
5c m

5c
B C Y Z
7 cm 7 cm

Since AB = XY = 5cm, BC = YZ = 7 cm and CA = ZX = 6cm.

\ DABC @ DXYZ (By SSS rule)

4. RHS Congruence Rule (Right Angle-Hypotenuse-Side)

If in two right triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one
side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
In DABC and DPQR,

A P
5c
5c

4 cm
4 cm

m
m

B C Q R

Since ÐB = ÐE = 90°, AC = PR= 5cm and AB= PQ = 4cm.

\ DABC @ DPQR (By RHS rule)
NOTE :
RHS stands for Right angle-Hypotenuse-Side

5. AAS Congruence Rule (Angle-Angle-Side)

Two triangles are congruent if any two pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides are equal.
In DABC and DDEF,

A D

B C E F

Since ÐA = ÐD, ÐB = ÐE and BC= EF.

\ DABC @ DDEF (By AAS rule)
 EBD_7802
182 Mathematics

ILLUSTRATION 1 :
In figure, AD = BC and BD = CA. Prove that ÐADB = ÐBCA and ÐDAB = ÐCBA

A B

D C

SOLUTION :
Given that AD = BC and BD = CA
In DABD and DABC,
AD = BC
BD = CA } (Given)

AB = AB (Common)
Therefore by SSS rule,
DABD @ DBAC
Hence corresponding angles are equal,
i.e. ÐADB = ÐBCA and ÐDAB = ÐCBA

ILLUSTRATION 2 :
In figure, AB = AC. D is a point in the interior of DABC such that ÐDBC = ÐDCB.
Prove that AD bisects Ð BAC.
A

B C
SOLUTION :
In DBDC, ÐDBC = ÐDCB, then the opposite sides are equal.
i.e. CD = BD ....... (i)
Now in DABD and DACD
BD = CD [by (i)]
AD = AD (common side)
AB = AC (Given)
Triangles 183
Therefore by SSS rule,
DABD @ DACD
Consequently, ÐBAD = ÐCAD
Þ AD bisects ÐBAC

Some Properties of a Triangle

1. Angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are equal.
2. The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
Theorem 1 : The angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are equal.
Given : DABC in which AB = AC.
To Prove : ÐB = ÐC
Construction : Draw AD, bisector of angle ÐBAC which meets BC at D.
A

B D C
Proof : In DABD and DACD
AB = AC (Given)
ÐBAD = ÐCAD (By construction)
AD = AD (Common side)
Therefore DABD @ DACD (By SAS Rule)
Hence corresponding angles ÐB = ÐC
Theorem 2 : Prove that the sides opposite to equal angles of a triangles are equal.
Given : DABC, in which ÐB = ÐC
To prove : AB = AC
Construction :Draw AD, the bisector of angle ÐBAC which meets BC at D.
A

B D C
Proof : In DABD and DACD
ÐB = ÐC (Given)
AD = AD (Common side)
ÐBAD = ÐCAD (By construction)
Therefore DABD @ DACD (By ASA)
Hence corresponding sides, AB = AC
 EBD_7802
184 Mathematics
INEQUALITIES IN A TRIANGLE
We know that if two sides of a triangle are equal then the angles opposite to them are also equal and vice-
versa.What happens to the two sides of a triangle when angles opposite to them are unequal and vice-versa ?
We get the answer of such type of questions in the form of following three theorems.
Theorem 3 : If two sides of a triangle are unequal, then the angle opposite to the longer side is larger
(or greater).
Given: A triangle ABC in which AB > AC
To Prove:ÐC > ÐB
Construction: Take a point D on AB such that AC = AD join CD.
A

B C
Proof : In DACD, AC = AD
Therefore, ÐACD = ÐADC ......... (i)
But ÐADC is an exterior angle of DBDC
\ ÐADC > ÐB ......... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
ÐACD > ÐB ......... (iii)
By figure, ÐACB > ÐACD ......... (iv)
From (iii) and (iv), we have
ÐACB > ÐACD > ÐB
Þ ÐACB > ÐB
Þ ÐC > ÐB
Theorem 4 : In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger (greater) angle is longer.
Given: A triangle ABC in which ÐB > ÐC
To Prove: AC > AB
A

B C
Proof: We have the following three possibilities for sides AB and AC of DABC.
(i) AC = AB (ii) AC < AB and (iii) AC > AB
Case (i) : If AC = AB :
Since AC = AB, then opposite angles of equal sides are equal. Hence, ÐB = ÐC.
But it is given that ÐB > ÐC
Hence AC ¹ AB
Triangles 185
Case (ii) : If AC < AB :
We know that the angle opposite to longer side is larger.
\ AC < AB Þ ÐC > ÐB,
which is also contrary to given ÐB > ÐC
Hence, AC </ AB
Case (iii) : If AC > AB :
We are left only this possibility which must be true.
Hence, AC > AB.
Theorem 5 : The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
Given : A triangle ABC.
To Prove :
(i) AB + BC > AC
BC + AC > AB
AC + AB > BC
Construction : Produce BA to D, such that AD = AC and join DC.
D

B C
Proof : In DADC, by construction AD = AC, then opposite angles are equal,
\ ÐACD = ÐADC ............. (i)
Now, ÐBCD > ÐACD ............. (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
ÐBCD > ÐACD = ÐADC
Therefore, BD > BC[side opposite to larger angle in a triangle is longer]
Þ BA + AD > BC [Q BD = BA + AD]
Þ BA + AC > BC [By construction AD = AC]
Þ AB + AC > BC
Similarly, we can show that
AB + BC > AC
BC + AC > AB
ILLUSTRATION : 3
In figure, ÐDBA = 132° and ÐEAC = 120°. Show that AB > AC
E

A
120°

132°
D B C
 EBD_7802
186 Mathematics

SOLUTION :
As DBC is a straight line,
132° + ÐABC = 180° Þ ÐABC = 180° – 132° = 48°
For DABC, ÐEAC is an exterior angle
120° = ÐABC + ÐBCA (Ext. angle = sum of two opp. int. angles)
Þ 120° = 48° + ÐBCA Þ ÐBCA = 120° – 48° = 72°
Thus, we find that ÐBCA > ÐABC
Þ AB > AC (side opposite to greater angle is greater)

Important Formulae, Terms and Definitions

Congruent Figures: Two figures are congruent, if they are of the same shape and of the same size.
Criteria for Congruence:
(i) Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to the
two sides and the included angle of the other triangle. (SAS Congruence Criterion)
(ii) Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two
angles and the included side of the other triangle. (ASA Congruence Criterion)
(iii) If three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent. (SSS Congruence Criterion)
(iv) If in two right triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse
and one side of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
(RHS Congruence Criterion)
(v) Two triangles are congruent if any two pairs of angles and one pair of corresponding sides are
equal.
(AAS Congruence Criterion)
Inequalities in a Triangle:
(i) It two sides of a triangle are unequal, then the angle opposite to the longer side is greater than that
opposite to the shorter side.
(ii) In a right triangle, hypotenuse is longer than the other two sides.
(iii) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
(iv) An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of its interior angles.
(v) In any triangle, the side opposite to the larger angle is longer.
Triangles 187
 EBD_7802
188 Mathematics

EXERCISE 7.1 (iii) ÐABD = ÐBAC

1. In quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB Proof : (i) In DABD and DBAC,
bisects ÐA (see figure). Show that DABC @ We have AD = BC (Common)
DABD. What can you say about BC and BD?
AB = AB
C ÐDAB = ÐCBA (Given)
\ By SAS rule
DABD @ DBAC

A B
(ii) Since, DABD and DBAC are congruent
(Proved in (i))
\ BD = AC (CPCT)
(iii) Similarly, ÐABD = ÐBAC.
D (CPCT)
Sol. We have a quadrilateral ACBD in which AC = AD (Q DABD @ DBAC)
and AB bisects ÐA. 3. AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a
We have to Prove : DABC @ DABD line segment AB (See figure). Show that CD
Proof : In DABC and DABD, bisects AB.
Given AC = AD B C
AB = AB (Common)
Since, AB bisects angle A
\ ÐCAB = ÐDAB
O
Thus, DABC @ DABD (SAS Rule)
BC = BD (CPCT)
2. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC
and Ð DAB = Ð CBA. (See figure) Prove that: D A
(i) DABD @ DBAC Sol. Given : AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to
(ii) BD = AC a line segment AB.
(iii) ÐABD = ÐBAC. To Prove : CD bisects AB.
D Proof : From DOAD and DOBC we have given
A
AD = BC
ÐOAD = ÐOBC (Each = 90°)
ÐAOD = ÐBOC
B (Vertically Opposite Angles)
\ By AAS rule DOAD @ DOBC
C
\ By CPCT, OA = OB
Sol. We have, ABCD which is a quadrilateral in Thus CD bisects AB.
which AD = BC and ÐDAB = ÐCBA.
4. l and m are two parallel lines intersected by
To Prove (i) DABD @ DBAC
another pair of parallel lines p and q (See
(ii) BD = AC figure). Show that DABC @ DCDA.
Triangles 189
Sol. Given line l is the bisector of ÐA and ÐB is
p q
any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars
from B to the arms of ÐA.
A D l
To Prove : (i) DAPB @ DAQB
(ii) BP = BQ Or B is equidistant
from the arms of ÐA.
Proof : (i) Since l is the bisector of ÐA \ from
m
B C DAPB and DAQB,
ÐBAP = ÐBAQ
AB = AB (Common)
Sol. We have given that l and m are two parallel ÐBPA = ÐBQA (Each = 90°)
lines which are intersected by another pair of (Q BP and BQ are perpendiculars )
parallel lines p and q.
\ By AAS rule DAPB @ DAQB
Prove that : DABC @ DCDA.
(ii) Since DAPB @ DAQB
Proof : Since , l and m and p and q are parallel
\ BP = BQ. (CPCT)
lines therefore
6. In figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and Ð BAD
AB || DC and AD || BC
= Ð EAC. Show that BC = DE.
\ Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
( Q A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if both E
the pairs of opposite sides are parallel)
Since, ABCD is ||gm A
\ BC = AD ....(1)
and AB = CD ....(2)
(Opposite sides of a ||gm are equal)
and ÐABC = ÐCDA ....(3)
(Opposite angles of a ||gm are equal)
Thus, In DABC and DCDA we get B D C
AB = CD (From (2)) Sol. From the given figure, AC = AE, AB = AD and
BC = DA (From (1)) ÐBAD = Ð EAC.
ÐABC = ÐCDA (From (3)) Prove that : BC = DE.
\ DABC @ DCDA (SAS Rule) Proof : In DABC and DADE,
5. Line l is the bisector of an Ð A and Ð B is Given AB = AD,
any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars AC = AE
from B to the arms of ÐA. (See figure) Show and ÐBAD = ÐEAC
that : Þ ÐBAD + ÐDAC = ÐDAC + ÐEAC
(Adding ÐDAC to both sides)
Þ ÐBAC = ÐDAE
Q \ By SAS rule
l
DABC @ DADE
B Þ BC = DE. (CPCT)
7. AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point. D
A P and E are points on the same side of AB such
that
(i) DAPB @ DAQB. Ð BAD = Ð ABE and Ð EPA = Ð DPB. (See
(ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms figure) Show that
of ÐA. (i) D DAP @ D EBP
 EBD_7802
190 Mathematics
(ii) AD = BE Proof : (i) Sicne, M is the mid -point of the
E D
hypotenuse AB therefore In DAMC and DBMD,
we have
AM = BM
Given CM = DM
ÐAMC = ÐBMD
(Vertically Opposite Angles)
\ DAMC @ DBMD. (SAS Rule)
A P B (ii) Since DAMC @ DBMD (From (i) above)
Sol. Given : AB is a line segment and P is its mid- \ ÐACM = ÐBDM (CPCT)
points. D and E are points on the same side of But these are alternate interior angles and they
AB such that ÐBAD = ÐABE and ÐEPA are equal
= ÐDPB. \ AC || BD
Prove that : (i) DDAP @ DEBP Now, We have a transversal BC intersects AC
(ii) AD = BE and BD and AC || BD
\ ÐDBC + ÐACB = 180°
Proof : (i) Since, P is the mid-point of the line
( Q The sum of the consecutive interior angles
segment AB \ from DDAP and DEBP, on the same side of the transversal is 180°)
AP = BP Þ ÐDBC + 90° = 180° (Q ACB = 90°
Also, given ÐDAP = ÐEBP and (given))
ÐEPA = ÐDPB Þ ÐDBC is a right angle.
Adding ÐEPD to both sides (iii) Now, from DDBC and DACB, we have
Þ ÐEPA + ÐEPD = ÐEPD + ÐDPB ÐDBC = ÐAC B (each = 90°) (From (ii))
Þ ÐAPD = ÐBPE BC = CB (Common)
Thus, by ASA rule \ DAMC @ DBMD (From (i))
\ DDAP @ DEBP \ AC = BD
(ii) Since, DDAP @ DEBP (From above) (CPCT)
So, from SAS rule,
\ AD = BE (CPCT)
DDBC @ DACB.
8. In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M (iv) Since, DDBC @ DACB(From (iii))
is the mid-point of hypotenuse AB. C is joined \ DC = AB (CPCT)
to M and produced to a point D such that
1
DM = CM. Point D is joined to point B. (See Now DM = CM = DC
figure) Show that: 2
D A
(i) D AMC @ D BMD Þ 2 CM = AB
(ii) Ð DBC is a right angle. 1
Þ CM = AB.
2
(iii) D DBC @ D ACB M
1 EXERCISE 7.2
(iv) CM= AB
2 B C 1. In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC,
Sol. Given : a right triangle ABC in which right the bisectors of Ð B and ÐC intersect each
angled at C and M is the mid-point of other at O. Join A to O. Show that :
hypotenuse AB. C is joined to M and produced (i) OB = OC (ii) AO bisects ÐA
to a point D such that DM = CM. Point D is Sol. Given an isosceles triangle ABC, in which AB
joined to point B. = AC, and the bisectors of ÐB and ÐC intersect
To Prove : (i) DAMC @ DBMD each other at O.
(ii) ÐDBC is a right angle Let us join A to O.
(iii) DDBC @ DACB We have to Prove : (i) OB = OC
1 (ii) AO bisects A.
(iv) CM = AB.
2
Triangles 191
Proof : (i) Given AB = AC Sol. Given : DABC in which AD is the perpendicular
\ ÐB = ÐC (Q Angles opposite to equal bisector of BC.
sides of a triangle are equal) To Prove : DABC is an isosceles triangle in
1 1 which AB = AC.
\ ÐB = ÐC Proof : DADB and DADC gives us that
2 2
Since, BO and CO are the bisectors of ÐB and ÐADB = ÐADC (Each = 90°)
ÐC respectively (Q AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC)
\ ÐOBC = ÐOCB \ DB = DC
Also, sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle AD = AD (Common)
are equal \ DADB @ DADC (By SAS Rule)
A \ AB = AC (C.P.C.T)
Hence proved.
3. ABC is an isoscele triangle in which altitudes
BE and CF are drawn to equal sides AC and
O AB respectively. Show that these altitudes are
equal.
A

B C F E

\ OB = OC
(ii) In DOAB and DOAC, we have given
AB = AC
B C
Also, from (i) OB = OC Sol. Given : An isosceles DABC in which altitudes
\ ÐB = ÐC BE and CF are drawn to sides AC and AB
(Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are respectively.
equal) To Prove : BE = CF
1 1
\ ÐB = ÐC Proof : DABC is an isoscele triangle
2 2
(Q BO and CO are the bisectors of ÐB and ÐC \ AB = AC
respectively ) Also, Angles opposite to equal sides of a traingle
\ ÐABO = ÐACO are equal
\ By SAS Rule DOAB @ DOAC \ ÐABC = ÐACB ....(1)
\ ÐOAB = ÐOAC (C.P.C.T.) Thus, In DBEC and DCFB
\ AO bisects ÐA. ÐBEC = ÐCFB (Each = 90°)
2. In D ABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector BC = CB (Common)
ÐECB = ÐFBC (From (1))
of BC. Show that D ABC is an isosceles
triangle in which \ By ASA rule DBEC @ DCFB
AB = AC. A
\ By C.P.C.T
BE = CF.
4. ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and CF
to sides AC and AB are equal. (See figure) Show
that
(i) D ABE @ DACF
(ii) AB = AC, i.e., DABC is an isosceles
triangle.
B D C
 EBD_7802
192 Mathematics
A ÐABC + ÐDBC = ÐACB + ÐDCB
Þ ÐABD = ÐACD.
6. DABC is an isosceles triangle in which
F E AB = AC. Side BA is produced to D such that
AD = AB. (See figure) Show that Ð BCD is a
right angle.
Sol. Given a DABC which is isosceles with AB = AC.
Side BA is produced to D such that AD = AB.
To Prove : ÐBCD is a right angle.
B C
Proof : Since, DABC is an isosceles
Sol. Given : DABC in which altitudes BE and CF \ ÐABC = ÐACB ....(1)
to sides AC and AB are equal.
AC = AD
To Prove : (i) DABE @ DACF (Q AB = AC and AD = AB)
(ii) AB = AC, i.e., DABC is an
\ In DACD,
isosceles triangle.
ÐCDA = ÐACD
Proof : (i) In DABE and DACF, we have given (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are
BE = CF equal)
ÐBAE = ÐCAF (Common) ÐCDB = ÐACD ....(2)
ÐAEB = ÐAFC (Each = 90°) By adding (1) and (2), we get
\ DABE = DACF. (By AAS Rule)
ÐABC + ÐCDB = ÐACB + ÐACD
(ii) From (i) DABE @ DACF
Þ ÐABC + ÐCDB = ÐBCD ....(3)
\ AB = AC (C.P.C.T.)
Now, In DBCD,
\ DABC is an isosceles triangle.
ÐBCD + ÐDBC + ÐCDB = 180° (By
5. ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on
the same base BC. (See figure) Show that D
ÐABD = Ð ACD.
A

angle sum property)

B C
B C
Þ ÐBCD + ÐABC + ÐCDB = 180°
D Þ ÐBCD + ÐBCD = 180° (Usi n g
Sol. We have given two triangles ABC and DBC (3))
which are isosceles on the same base BC. Þ 2ÐBCD = 180 °
To Prove : ÐABD = ÐACD.
Þ ÐBCD = 90°
Proof : Since DABC is an isosceles triangle on
Þ ÐBCD is a right angle.
the base BC
7. ABC is a right angled triangle in which ÐA
\ ÐABC = ÐACB ...(1)
= 90° and AB = AC. Find Ð B and ÐC.
Similarly, DDBC is an also isosceles triangle
Sol. It is given in DABC,.AB = AC
on the base BC
\ ÐB = ÐC ....(1)
\ ÐDBC = ÐDCB ...(2)
(Q Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle
Adding the corresponding sides of (1) and (2),
are equal)
we get
Triangles 193
Also, In DABC, (i) DABD @ D ACD
ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180° (ii) DABP @ D ACP
(By angle sum property) (iii) AP bisects Ð A as well as Ð D.
Þ 90° + ÐB + ÐC = 180° (iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
( Q ÐA = 90° (given)) Sol. Given two isosceles triangles DABC and DDBC
on the same base BC and vertices A and D are
Þ ÐB + ÐC = 90° ....(2) on the same side of BC. AD is extended to
From (1) and (2), we get intersect BC at P.
ÐB = ÐC = 45° To Prove : (i) DABD @ DACD
8. Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle (ii) DABP @ DACP
are 60° each. (iii) AP bisects ÐA as well as ÐD
Sol. We have an equilateral DABC. (iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector
To Prove : ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = 60° of BC.
Proof : Since, ABC is an equilateral triangle. Proof : (i) Since, DABC is an isosceles triangle
\ All the three sides are equal therefore In DABD and DACD, we have
ie AB = BC = CA ....(1) AB = AC ....(1)
Consider AB = BC and BD = CD ( Q DDBC is an isosceles triangle)
Þ ÐA = ÐC ....(2) ....(2)
Now, AD = AD ....(3) (Common)
(Angles opposite to equal sides of a
\ By SSS rule
triangle are equal)
DABD @ DACD
Consider BC = CA
(ii) Consider DABP and DACP, in which
\ ÐA = ÐB ....(3) AB = AC ....(4) (From (1))
(Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangles ÐABP = ÐACP ....(5)
are equal) (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are
From (2) and (3), we obtain equal)
ÐA = ÐB = ÐC ....(4) Since, DABD @ DACD
Also, In DABC, \ ÐBAP = ÐCAP ....(6) (C.P.C.T.)
ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180° ....(5) From (4), (5) and (6) and by ASA Rule
(By angle sum property) DABP @ DACP
Let ÐA = y°. Then, ÐB = ÐC = y° From (4) (iii) From (ii) part DABP @ DACP
\ From (5), \ By C.P.C.T
y° + y° + y° = 180° ÐBAP = ÐCAP
3y° = 180° Þ y° = 60° Þ AP bisects ÐA.
Þ ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = 60°. Now from DBDP and DCDP.
BD = CD ....(7) (From (2))
EXERCISE 7.3
DP = DP ....(8)
1. D ABC and D DBC are two isosceles triangles (Common)
on the same base BC and vertices A and D and DABP @ DACP
are on the same side of BC. (See figure). If \ BP = CP ....(9) (C.P.C.T.)
AD is extended to intersect BC at P, Show From (7), (8) and (9), and SSS Rule
that DBDP @ DCDP
A Þ ÐBDP = ÐCDP (C.P.C.T.)
Þ DP bisects ÐD
Þ AP bisects ÐD
D (iv) From (iii) DBDP @ DCDP
\ BP = CP ....(10) (C.P.C.T.)
and ÐBPD = ÐCPD ( C.P.C.T.)
But ÐBPD + ÐCPD = 180° (Linear Pair
B C Axiom)
P
 EBD_7802
194 Mathematics
\ ÐBPD = ÐCPD = 90° ....(11)
From (10) and (11),
AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
2. AD is an altitude of an isosceles triangle ABC
in which AB = AC. Show that
(i) AD bisects BC (ii) AD bisects ÐA.
Sol. Given : AD is an altitude of an isosceles DABC
such that AB = AC. Sol. Given : Two sides AB and BC and median AM
To Prove : (i) AD bisects BC of one DABC are respectively equal to sides PQ
(ii) AD bisects ÐA. and QR and median PN of PQR.
Proof : (i) Given in right DADB and right
To Prove : (i) DABM @ DPQN
DADC,
(ii) DABC @ DPQR
Hyp. AB = Hyp. AC
AD = AD (Common) Proof : (i) In DABM and DPQN
\ DADB @ DADC (R.H.S. Rule) AB = PQ ....(1)
\ By C.P.C.T AM = PN ....(2) (Given)
BD = CD and BC = QR (Given)
Þ AD bisects BC. Since, M and N are the mid-points of BC and
QR respectively
A \ 2BM = 2QN
Þ BM = QN ....(3)
From, (1), (2) and (3)
DABM = DPQN (SSS Rule)
(ii) From (i) part DABM @ DPQN
\ By C.P.C.T.
B D C
ÐABM = ÐPQN
(ii) From the (i) part DADB @ DADC Þ ÐABC = ÐPQR ....(4)
Now, in DABC and DPQR, we have given
\ ÐBAD = ÐCAD (C.P.C.T.) AB = PQ
Þ AD bisects ÐA. and BC = QR
3. Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one \ From (4), we have ÐABC = ÐPQR
triangle ABC are respectively equal to sides \ DABC = DPQR. (SAS Rule)
PQ and QR and median PN of D PQR (See
4. BE and CF are two equal altitudes of a
figure). Show that :
triangle ABC. Using RHS congruence rule,
(i) D ABM @ D PQN
prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.
(ii) D ABC @ D PQR
Sol. We have given a DABC, in which BE and CF
are two equal altitudes
To Prove : DABC is isosceles.
Proof : From right DBEC and right DCFB, we
have
BE = CF
Hyp. BC = Hyp. CB (Common)
Triangles 195

A (By angle sum property)

\ ÐQ = ÐP + ÐR
Þ ÐQ > ÐP

F E

B C
\ DBEC @ DCFB (RHS Rule)
\ ÐBCE = ÐCBF (C.P.C.T)
Since, Side opposite to equal angles of a triangle
are equal and ÐQ > ÐR
\ AB = AC \ PR > QR (Q Side opposite to greater angle
\ DABC is isosceles. is longer)
5. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC.
and PR > PQ
Draw AP ^ BC to show that Ð B = Ð C.
Sol. We have DABC which is an isosceles triangle \ PR is the longest side, i.e., hypotenuse is
with AB = AC. the longest side.
To show : Ð B = Ð C 2. In figure, sides AB and AC of DABC are
We draw AP ^ BC extended to points P and Q respectively. Also
Proof : In right triangle APB and right triangle Ð PBC < Ð QCB. Show that AC > AB.
A

B C
APC,
P
Q
Sol. Given : Sides AB and AC of DABC are extended
to points P and Q respectively and ÐPBC
< ÐQCB.
Given Hyp. AB = Hyp. AC
We have to show that
AP = AP (Common)
AC > AB.
\ DAPB @ DAPC (RHS Rule)
\ ÐABP = ÐACP (C.P.C.T.) Proof : Given ÐPBC < ÐQCB (Given)
Þ ÐB = ÐC. Þ – ÐPBC > –Ð QCB
EXERCISE 7.4 By adding 180° both side
Þ 180° – ÐPBC > 180° – ÐQCB
1. Show that in a right angled triangle, the
hypotenuse is the longest side. Þ ÐABC > ÐACB
Sol. Let PQR be a right angled triangle in which Since, Side opposite to greater angle is longer.
ÐP = 90° \ AC > AB.
Then, ÐP + ÐR = 90°
 EBD_7802
196 Mathematics
3. In figure, ÐB < ÐA and Ð C < Ð D. Show Proof : Since AB is the smallest side of
that AD < BC. quadrilateral ABCD.
B D \ In DABC,
AB < BC D
O
Þ BC > AB
A

C
Sol. From the figure, we have ÐB < ÐA and B C
ÐC < ÐD. Also, we know . Angle opposite to longer side
We have to show that AD < BC is greater
Proof : Since ÐB < ÐA
\ ÐBAC > ÐBCA ....(1)
i.e ÐA > ÐB
\ OB > OA ....(1) Similarly, CD is the longest side of quadrilateral
(Q Side opposite to greater angle is longer) ABCD
AlsoÐC < ÐD (Given) In DACD,
i.e. ÐD > ÐC CD > AD
Þ OC > OD ....(2) \ ÐCAD > ÐACD ...(2)
( Q Side opposite to greater angle is longer)
Hence, from (1) and (2), we get (Angle opposite to longer side is greater)
OB + OC > OA + OD From (1) and (2), we obtain
Þ BC > AD ÐBAC + ÐCAD > ÐBCA + ÐACD
Þ AD < BC. Þ ÐA > ÐC
4. AB and CD are respectively the smallest and In similar manner by joining B to D, we can
longest sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. (See prove that ÐB > ÐD.
figure) Show that Ð A > Ð C and Ð B > Ð D.
D 5. In figure, PR > PQ and PS bisects Ð QPR.
Prove that Ð PSR > Ð PSQ.
P

Q S R
B C Sol. Given : PR > PQ and PS bisects ÐQPR.
Sol. We have given two sides of a quadrilateral
To Prove : ÐPSR > ÐPSQ
ABCD, AB and CD which are the smallest and
longest sides respectively. Proof : Given in DPQR, PR > PQ
To Prove : ÐA > ÐC and ÐB > ÐD Since, Angle opposite to longer side is greater
We construct a line by joining A to C. \ ÐPQR > ÐPRQ ....(1)
Triangles 197
Also, PS bisects ÐQPR Þ PM < PN
\ ÐQPS = ÐRPS ....(2) Hence proved.
\ In DPQS, by angle sum property, we have EXERCISE 7.5
ÐPQR + ÐQPS + ÐPSQ = 180° ....(3)
1. ABC is a triangle. Locate a point in the
Similarly, In DPRS
interior of DABC which is equidistant from
ÐPRS + ÐSPR + ÐPSR = 180° ....(4) all the vertices of D ABC.
From (3) and (4), Sol. Construct the perpendicular bisectors of two
ÐPQR + ÐQPS + ÐPSQ = ÐPRS + ÐSPR sides of ABC. Their point of intersection is the
+ÐPSR required point.
Þ ÐPQR + ÐPSQ = ÐPRS + ÐPSR 2. In a triangle locate a point in its interior which
Þ ÐPRS + ÐPSR = ÐPQR + ÐPSQ is equidistant from all the sides of the triangle.
Þ ÐPRS + ÐPSR > ÐPRQ + ÐPSQ Sol. Draw the angle bisectors of any two angles of
(From (1)) the triangle. Their point of intersection is the
required point.
Þ ÐPRQ + ÐPSR > ÐPRS + ÐPSQ
3. In a huge park, people are concentrated at
(Q ÐPRQ = ÐPRS)
three points.
Þ ÐPSR > ÐPSQ.
6. Show that of all line segments drawn from a A
given point not on it, the perpendicular line
segment is the shortest.
Sol. Let l be the line and P be a point not lying on l
PM ^ l. B
N be any point on l other than M. C
We have to show that : A : where there are different slides and swings
PM < PN. for children,
Proof : From DPMN we have B : near which a man-made lake is situated,
ÐM = 90° and C : which is near to a large parking and exit.
By angle sum property of a triangle, Where should an icecream parlour be set
up so that maximum number of persons can
P approach it?
(Hint : The parlour should be equidistant from
A, B and C)
Sol. Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AB and AC.
Their point of intersection is the required point.
l 4. Complete the hexagonal and star shaped
M N
Rangolies (see figures (i) and (ii)) by filling
ÐN is an acute angle them with as many equilateral triangles of
\ ÐM > ÐN side 1 cm as you can. Count the number of
Since, Side opposite to greater angle is greater triangles in each case. Which has more
\ PN > PM triangles?
 EBD_7802
198 Mathematics

5 cm

5c
m
5c

5 cmm
5c
m

5 cm
(i) (i)

(ii) Number of triangles = 24 × 12 = 288

5 cm
m

5c
5c

m
5c

m
5c
m

5 cm

(ii)

Sol. (i) Number of triangles (ii)

= 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 = 150
Triangles 199

Short Answer Questions [2 or 3 Marks] 6. Show that sum of the three altitudes of a triangle
is less than the sum of three sides of the triangle.
1. In the figure, DABC and DDBC are two [2016]
isosceles triangles on the same base BC. Prove 7. In a right angled triangle, if one acute angle is
that ÐABD = ÐACD . [2014] double the other, then prove that the hypotenuse
is double the smallest side. [2016]
A 8. In the figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle in
which AB = AC and LM is parallel to BC. If
ÐA = 50º find ÐLMC . [2016]
A

50º
B C

L M
D
2. In figure, PQRS is a square and SRT is an
equilateral triangle. Prove that :
(i) PT = QT B C
(ii) ÐTQR = 15º [2014] 9. In the given figure, AB = AC and BE and CF
T are bisectors of ÐB and ÐC respectively. Prove
that DEBC @ DFCB . [2016]
A
S R

F E
P Q
3. D ABC is an isosceles triangle such that
AB = AC. Side BA is produced to D, such that B C
AD = AB. Show that ÐBCD is a right angle.
Long Answer Questions [4 Marks]
[2014]
1. In figure, AB = AC, CH = CB and HK || BC. If
D
ÐCAX = 137º , then find ÐCHK . [2013]
X
A

A 137º
B C
4. Write ASA congruence rule for two triangles.
[2015] H K
5. In a DABC, X and Y are the points on AB and
1
AB and BY = 1 BC
BC respectively. If BX =
2 2 B C
and AB = BC. Show that BX = BY. [2015]
 EBD_7802
200 Mathematics

2. Prove that the sum of two sides of a triangle is A

greater than twice the median with respect to
the third side.
OR
If AD is a medium of DABC. Prove that D
AB + AC > 2AD. [2013]
3. In the given figure, if AC = BC, ÐDCA = ÐECB
and ÐDBC = ÐEAC, then prove that BD = AE.
[2014]
B P C
D E 7. In the given figure, ABCD are BPQ are straight
lines. If BP = BC and DQ is parallel to CP prove
that :
(i) CP = CD
(ii) DP bisects ÐCDQ [2016]
Q
A C B
4. In figure, DABC and DABD are such that P
AD = BC, Ð1 = Ð2 and Ð3 = Ð4 . Prove that x
BD = AC. [2014]
4x
D C
A B C D
8. ABCD is a square and ABE is an equilateral
triangle outside the square prove that
1 2 1
A 3 4 B ÐACE = ÐABE . [2016]
2
5. In the given figure, AD = BD. Prove that 9. In the figure, OA = OB, OC = OD and ÐAOB
BD < AC. [2014] = ÐCOD. Prove that AC = BD [2016]
A O
59º
32
º

D
A C B
10. In DABC; D, E and F are mid-points of sides
B D C BC, AC and AB respectively. A line through C
6. DABC and DDBC are two isosceles triangle on drawn parallel to DE meets FE produced to G.
the same base BC and vertices A and D on the Show that ar(DFDE) = ar(DEGC). [2017]
same side of BC, AD is extended to intersect
A
BC at P, show that :
(i) DABD @ DACD
(ii) AP is perpendicular bisector of BC
F E
[2015] G

B D C
Triangles 201

Very Short Answer Questions [1 Mark] 6. In the given figure, l is the bisector of PAQ,
BQ ^ AQ, BP ^ AP. Prove that B is equidistant
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
from the arms of Ð PAQ.
1. In the given figure, find the ratio ÐABD :
ÐACD.

Q l

A P
2. In the given figure if BE = CF, then prove 7. D an d E are points on sides AB an d AC
that DABE @ DACF respectively of DABC such that ar(DDBC) =
ar(DEBC). Prove that DE || BC.
A

D E

3. In the given figure, prove that DACB @ B C

DADB 8. Out of the three angles of a triangle, one is twice
the smallest and another is three times the
smallest. Find the angles.
9. In two congruent triangles ABC and DEF, if
AB = DE and BC = EF. Name the pairs of equal
angles.
10. In two triangles ABC and ADC, if AB = AD
and BC = CD. Are they congruent?
Short Answer Questions [2 or 3 Marks]

DIRECTIONS : Give answer in two to three sentences.

4. In quadrilateral ACBD, AB is a diagonal. If AC 1. In the given figure, find x and y
= AD and AB bisects ÐA, by which congruence
property is DACB @ DADB ?
5. In the given figure PA ^ AB, QB^AB and OA
= OB. Show that O is the mid point of PQ.
Q

A B
O

P
 EBD_7802
202 Mathematics

2. In figure, AB > AC, PB and PC are bisectors of 7. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle, right
ÐB and ÐC respectively, then prove that PC<PB. angled at B. If BCDE is a square on side BC
and ACFG is a square on AC, then prove that
A AD = BF
G

P
F
A
B C
3. In the given figure, find the relation between
AB and AD B C
A
E D
4
Long Answer Questions [4 Marks]
3 1 2
B C D DIRECTIONS: Give answer in four to five sentences
4. In the figure given below 1. In the adjoining fig, find the value of x.

X A
D
x°

F
E
64°
B D C

Y 2. The internal bisectors of the angles B and C of

a triangle ABC meet at O. Then prove that
ÐDEX = ÐYEF, DE = EX and EX = EF then
XY is equal to.... 1
ÐBOC = 90° + ÐA
5. One of the angles of a triangle is 75°. If the 2
difference of the other two angles is 35°, what 3. In the given figure, AM ^ BC and AN is the
is the measure the largest angle of the triangle? bisector of ÐA. Then find ÐMAN
6. In the given figure, if x = y and AB = CB, then
prove that AE = CD A
B D A
x°

F
E y° 65° 90° 33°
B M N C
C 4. In the given figure, AD bisects ÐA. Then
arrange AB, BD and DC in ascending order
Triangles 203
6. In fig, find the measure of ÐB¢A¢C¢
A

A A'
35° 35°
3x 2x+20°
6 cm 6 cm

75° 70° 35° B 60° C B' 60° C'

B D C 5 cm 5 cm
5. In the following figure, triangle ABC is right- 7. In quadrilateral ABCD, BM and DN are drawn
angled at B. Given that AB = 9 cm, AC = 15 cm perpendiculars to AC such that BM = DN. If
and D, E are the mid-points of AB and AC BR = 8 cm, then find BD
respectively. Calculate:
D C
A M

R
D E N
A B

B C 8. ABC is right triangle such that AB = AC and

bisector of angle C intersects the side AB at D.
(i) The length of BC
Prove that AC + AD = BC.
(ii) The area of DADE.

Short Answer Questions [2 or 3 Marks] A B

1. In Figure, D and E are points on side BC of a
DABC such that BD = CE and AD = AE. Show
that DABD @ DACE. [Exemplar]

D C
A

E
3. In Figure BA ^ AC , DE ^ DF such that
BA = DE and BF = EC. Show that
DABC @ DDEF [Exemplar]
A
B D E C

C E
2. CDE is an equilateral triangle formed on a side B F
CD of a square ABCD. Show that
DADE @ DBCE . [Exemplar]
D
 EBD_7802
204 Mathematics
4. Ayush has a field in the form of parallelogram 3. If the bisector of an angle of a triangle also
and he wants to donate half of his field to a bisects the opposite side, prove that the triangle
girl's school. How can he do this? Which values
is isosceles. [Exemplar]
are depicted by Ayush? [VBQ]
5. In a Fig, AB = AC, ÐACM = 125° and ÐPAB = x 4. Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one
Find the value of x. Rohan is also interested to triangle ABC are respectively equal to sides PQ
solve these types of questions. What values and QR and median PN of DPQR (See figure).
Rohan possess? [VBQ] Show that : [HOTS]
P (i) DABM @ DPQN (ii) DABC @ DPQR
x A
A P

125°
B B M C Q N R
C M
5. In triangle ABC, points M and N on sides AB
6. Mr. Balwant Singh has a triangular field ABC.
He has three sons. He wants to divide the field and AC respectively are taken so that
into four equal parts, so that he may give three
1 1
parts to his three sons and retain the fourth AM = AB and AN = AC . Prove that
with him. [VBQ] 4 4
(i) Is it possible to divide the field into four 1
MN = BC [HOTS]
parts which are equal and identical? 4
(ii) If yes, explain the method of division. 6. P and Q are respectively the mid-points of sides
(iii) By doing so, which value is depicted by AB and BC of a triangle ABC and R is the mid-
Mr. Balwant singh? point of AP. Show that : [HOTS]
Long Answer Questions [4 Marks]
1. In Figure, ABC is a right triangle and right
angled at B such that ÐBCA = 2ÐBAC . Show
that hypotenuse AC = 2BC. [Exemplar]
A

1
(i) ar (DPRQ) = ar(DARC)
C B 2
2. S is any point in the interior of a DPQR. Show 3
(ii) ar (DRQC) = ar (DABC)
that SQ + SR < PQ + PR. [Exemplar] 8
Triangles 205

Exemplar MCQs (c) congruent but not isosceles

1. Which of the following is not a criterion for (d) neither congruent nor isosceles
congruence of triangles? 11. In DABC and DDEF, AB = FD and ÐA = ÐD.
(a) SAS (b) ASA The two triangles will be congruent by SAS
(c) SSA (d) SSS axiom, if
2. If AB = QR, BC = PR and CA = PQ, then (a) BC = EF (b) AC = DE
(a) DABC @ DPQR (b) DCBA @ DPRQ (c) AC = EF (d) BC = DE

(c) DBAC @ DRPQ (d) DPQR @ DBCA NTSE Past Year MCQs
3. In DABC, if AB = AC and ÐB = 50º, then ÐC 1. Consider the following statements [2010]
is equal to I. Equality of two sides of one triangle with
(a) 40º (b) 50º some two sides of the second makes the
(c) 80º (d) 130º triangles congruent.
4. In DABC, if BC = AB and ÐB = 80º, then ÐA II. Equality of the hypotenuse and a side of
is equal to one triangle with the hypotenuse and a side
(a) 80º (b) 40º of the second respectively makes the tri-
(c) 50º (d) 100º angles congruent.
5. If DPQR, if ÐR = ÐP and QR = 4 cm and PR = III. Equality of the hypotenuse and an acute
5 cm. Then, the length of PQ is angle of one triangle with the hypotenuse
(a) 4 cm (b) 5 cm and an angle of the second respectively
(c) 2 cm (d) 2.5 cm makes the triangles congruent.
6. If D is a point on the side BC of a DABC such Which of the above statements are true?
that AD bisects ÐBAC. Then, (a) I, II and III (b) I and II only
(a) BD = CD (b) BA > BD
(c) I and III only (d) II and III only
(c) BD > BA (d) CD > CA
2. If ABC is a triangle right angled at B and M,
7. It is given that DABC @ DFDE and AB = 5 cm,
N are the mid-points of AB and BC, then
ÐB = 40º and ÐA = 80º, then which of the
following is true? 4(AN 2 + CM 2) is equal to : [2010]
(a) DF = 5 cm, ÐF = 60º (a) 4 AC2 (b) 5 AC2
(b) DF = 5 cm, ÐE = 60º 5
(c) DE = 5 cm, ÐE = 60º (c) AC2 (d) 6AC2
(d) DE = 5 cm, ÐD = 40º 4
8. If two sides of a triangle are of lengths 5 cm and 3. In DABC, D is a point on BC such that 3BD = BC.
1.5 cm, then the length of third side of the If each side of the triangle is 12 cm. then AD
triangle cannot be equals [2014]
(a) 3.6 cm (b) 4.1 cm (a) 4 5 (b) 4 6
(c) 3.8 cm (d) 3.4 cm
9. In DPQR, if ÐR > ÐQ, then (c) 4 7 (d) 4 11
(a) QR > PR (b) PQ > PR 4. If the line segment joining the midpoint of the
(c) PQ < PR (d) QR < PR consecutive side of quadrilateral ABCD form a
10. In DABC and DPQR, if AB = AC, ÐC = ÐP and recatangle then ABCD must be [2014]
ÐB = ÐQ, then the two triangles are (a) rhombus (b) square
(a) isosceles but not congruent (c) kite (d) all of the above
(b) isosceles and congruent
 EBD_7802
206 Mathematics

CHAPTER TEST

Time : 30 Min. Max. Marks : 20

Directions : (i) Attempt all questions

(ii) Question 1 and 2 carry 1 mark each.
(iii) Question 3 and 4 carry 2 marks each.
(iv) Question 5, 6 and 7 carry 3 marks each.
(v) Question 8 carries 5 marks.

1. In DABC, ÐA = 100° and AB = AC. Find ÐB and ÐC

2. In the figure AD is a median and BL, CM are perpendiculars drawn from B and C respectively on
AD and AD is produced to M. Proved that BL = CM.
A
L

C
B D

M
3. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base, prove that the triangle is isosceles.
4. In DABC, ÐB = 45°, ÐC = 55° and bisector of angle ÐA meets BC at point D. Find ÐADB.
5. In figure, PQ = QR and Ðx = Ðy. Prove that AR = PB.

A
x
Q O
y
B
R

6. In Fig. PS = PR, ÐTPS = ÐQPR. Prove that PT = PQ.

T S R Q

P
Triangles 207

7. AD, BE and CF, the altitudes of DABC are equal. Prove that DABC is an equilateral triangle.
A

F E

B D C
8. In the adjoining figure AP ^ QR, PR > PQ and PS = PQ.
Show that AR > AQ.
A

Q P S R
 EBD_7802
208 Mathematics

(ii) In DTQR, QR = RT
(Square and equilateral D on the same base)
Short Answer Questions Þ ÐTQR = ÐQTR = x
\ x + x + ÐQRT = 180º
1. A Þ 2x + 150º = 180º
Þ 2x = 30º
\ x = 15º
Hence, ÐTQR = 15°
3. D

B C 4

A
D
Construction : Join AD
Proof : In D ABD and D ACD 3
AB = AC (Given) B 1 2 C
BD = CD (Given) In DABC, AB = AC
AD = AD (Common) Þ Ð1 = Ð2 ...(1)
DABD @ DACD (SSS congruency) Angles opp. to equal sides are equal.
\ ÐABD = ÐACD (By c.p.c.t.) In DADC, AB = AD (Given)
2. PQRS is a square. (given) \ AC = AD (Given)
Ð3 = Ð4 ...(2)
T
In DBCD,
x Ð1 + (Ð2 + Ð3) + Ð4 = 180º
Þ Ð2 + Ð2 + Ð3 + Ð3 = 180º
S R
Þ 2(Ð2 + Ð3) = 180º
Þ Ð2 + Ð3 = 90º
x Þ ÐBCD is a right angle.
Q 4. ASA congruence : Two triangles are congruent,
P if two angles and the included side of one
(i) (Given) SRT is an equilateral triangle. triangle are equal to two angles and the included
\ ÐPSR = 90º , ÐTSR = 60º side of other triangle.
Þ ÐPSR + ÐTSR = 150º 5. A
Similarly, ÐQRT = 150º
In DPST and DQRT,
PS = QR
ÐPST = ÐQRT = 150º X
and ST = RT
DPST @ DQRT (by SAS)
Þ PT = QT (by c.p.c.t.)
Proved. B Y C
AB = AC
Triangles 209

1 1 Let ÐCAB = a and ÐACB = 2a produce CB

Þ AB = BC to D so that BD = BC
2 2
In DABC and DABD
1 AB = AB (Common)
AB = BX [Given]
2 BC = BD (Given)
1 ÐABC = ÐABD (each 90°)
Þ BC = BX ...(i)
2 \ DABC @ DABD (SAS)
1 \ AC = AD and ÐCAB = ÐDAB (cpct)
BC = BY [Given] ...(ii)
2 Now, ÐCAD = a + a = 2a = ÐACB
From (i) and (ii), BX = BY Then AD = CD
A or AD = 2BC
6.
or AC = 2BC
Hence hypotenuse AC is double the smallest
side BC.
8. Now, in DABC
AB = AC
F E \ ÐABC = ÐACB = x
Þ ÐB = ÐC = x
ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180º
50º + x + x = 180º
2x = 180º – 50º = 130º
B D C x = 65º
^r
Since from point line is the shortest. \ ÐB = ÐC = 65º
CF ^ AB \ LM || BC
\ CF < AC and CF < BC ...(1) \ ÐLMC + ÐBCM = 180º
Similarly, BC is a line segment and A does not ÐLMC + 65º = 180º
lie on it. ÐLMC = 180º - 65º
AD ^ BC
\ AD < AB and AD < AC ...(2) ÐLMC = 115º
Also, AC a line segment and B does not lie on 9. AB = AC (Given)
it. \ ÐABC = ÐACB
BE ^ AC BE and CF are the bisector of ÐB and ÐC
\ BE < AB and BE < BC ...(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get 1 1
\ ÐABC = ÐACB
2(AD + BE + CF) < 2(AB + BC + CA) 2 2
\ AB + BC + CA > AD + BE + CF Þ ÐEBC = ÐFCB
i.e., Perimeter is greater than the sum of three In DEBC and DFCB
altitudes. Proved. ÐABC = ÐACB (Given)
7. DABC is right angled at B.
ÐEBC = ÐFCB (Proved above)
A BC = BC (Common)
\ DBEC @ DCFB [By ASA]
a
Hence proved DEBC @ DFCB
Long Answer Questions
1. ÐXAK + ÐKAH = 180º (linear pair)
ÐKAH = 180º - 137º = 43º
2a (Q ÐCAX = ÐXAK = 137º , given )
C B D AB = AC (Given)
 EBD_7802
210 Mathematics
(Angles opp. to equal sides are equal) ÐECA = ÐDCB (Proved)
ÐABC = ÐACB ÐEAC = ÐDBC (Given)
(ext. angle) ÐABC + ÐACB = 137º \ DACE @ DBCD (AAS)
137º \ BD = AE (CPC)
\ ÐABC = ÐACB = = 68.5º 4. Given, AD = BC
2
CH = CB (Given) Ð1 = Ð2
Þ Ð3 = Ð4
ÐCBA = ÐCHB = 68.5º
In DABC and DABD
\ ÐHCB = 180º - 137º = 43º AB = AB (Common side)
ÐCHK = ÐHCB = 43º Ð1 = Ð2 ...(i)
(Alternate angles) Ð3 = Ð4 ...(ii)
2. Add (i) and (ii) Ð1 + Ð3 = Ð2 + Ð4
A
ÐDAB = ÐCBA
and, AD = BC
DABC @ DABD
(SAS Congruence)
B C \ BD = AC (C.P.C.T)
D
5. AD = BD
Þ ÐABD = ÐDAB = 59º
(Angles opp. to equal sides are equal)
E In DABD, 59º + 59º +ÐADB = 180º
Construction : Þ ÐADB = 180º - 118º = 62º
Produce AD to E such that
AD = DE Join EC and ÐACD = 62º - 32º = 30º
In triangles ADB and EDC (Exterior angle is equal to the sum
AD = DE (Const) of interior oppsite angles)
BD = DC (Given) In DABD, AB > BD
ÐADB = ÐEDC (V.O.A) (Side opp. to greatest angle is the longest)
\ Also in DABC, AB < AC
DADB @ DEDC
BD < AC
(SAS congruence axiom)
6. AB = AC
Þ AB = EC (By c.p.c.t.)
Þ ÐABC = ÐACB
In DAEC, AC + EC > AE and BD = CD
[Triangle inequality property] Þ ÐDBC = ÐDCB
\ AC + AB > AE (Q EC = AB ) ÐABC - ÐDBC = ÐACB - ÐDCB
Þ AC + AB > AD + DE Þ ÐABD = ÐACD
Þ AC + AB > AD + AD DABD @ DACD (SAS)
(Q DE = AD ) Þ ÐBAP = ÐCAP (C.P.C.T)
DABP @ DACP (SAS)
Þ AC + AB > 2AD Proved
\ BP = PC, ÐAPB = ÐAPC
3. Given, ÐDCA = ÐECB
\ ÐAPB = ÐAPC = 90º
Adding ÐDCE
AP is perpendicular to BC.
ÐDCA + ÐDCE = ÐECB + ÐDCE AP is perpendicular bisector of BC.
Þ ÐECA = ÐDCB 7. BP = B C (Given)
In DACE and DBCD
AC = BC (Given) \ ÐBCP = ÐBPC = yº
Triangles 211

1
Q Þ ÐACE = ÐABE
2
1 9. Proof ÐAOB = ÐCOD (Given)
ÐAOB - ÐCOB = ÐCOD - ÐCOB
P
ÐAOC = ÐBOD ...(i)
yº xº Now, in DAOC and DBOD
AO = OB (Given)
4xº yº 3 2 OC = OD (Given)
A B C D ÐAOC = ÐBOD [From (i)]
\ AOC @ BOD
4xº = y° + y° [Exterior angle property]
AC = BD (CPCT)
4x° = 2y°
10. Since D and F are mid-point of BC and AB
y° = 2x°
respectively.
Ð2 = x º So, by mid-point theorem in DABC, we have
y º = xº + Ð3 FD || AC
Þ xº = Ð3 [Q y = 2x°] 1
and FD = AC
Þ CP = CD 2
\ FD = AE and FD || AE
Also, we have Ð2 = xº , xº = Ð3
Þ DP bisects ÐCDQ A
8. Q DABE is an equilateral triangle
1
\ ÐABE = ÐBEA
= ÐEAB = 60º 3 E
F G
4
A D
2

4 B D C
E
1

Thus, AFDE is a parallelogram.

3
2 Þ ar(FAE) = ar(FDE) ...(i)
B C [A diagonal of parallelogram divides it
into two congruent triangles]
Also ÐBAC = 45º
In DFAE and DGCE
BE = BC
Q Ð1 = Ð2
Þ Ð1 = Ð2
(alternate interior angles)
\ Ð1 + Ð2 = 180º - (60º + 90º ) Here, AE = EC
= 180º - 150º = 30º Now, Ð3 = Ð4
Þ 2Ð1 = 30º (vertically opposite angle)
Þ Ð1 = 15º Then DFAE @ DGCE [By ASA rule]
Þ ar(FAE) = ar(GCE) ...(ii)
Þ Ð3 = 45º - 15º = 30º
From (i) and (ii), we get
\ ÐACE = 30º ar(FDE) = ar(EGC)
ÐABE = 60º
 EBD_7802
212 Mathematics
6. In Ds ABQ and ABP,
ÐAQB = ÐAPB = 90°
ÐQAB = ÐPAB [line l bisects ÐPAQ]
Very Short Answer Questions
AB = AB (common)
1. Join A to D, Þ DABQ @ DABP (By AAS rule)
then DABD @ DACD [SSS Criterion]
Þ BQ = BP [CPCT]
7. Since, DDBC and DEBC are on the same base
BC and have equal areas.
\ Their altitudes must be the same.
\ DE || BC.
8. Let the smallest angle be x°.
Other two angles are 2x° and 3x°.
180
Þ ÐABD = ÐACD [CPCT] So, x + 2x + 3x = 180 Þ x = = 30.
6
\ ÐABD : ÐACD = 1 : 1 Then, angles are x = 30°
2. In Ds ABE and ACF, 2x = 2 ´ 30 = 60°
BE = CF
ÐCFA = ÐBEA = 90° 3x = 3 ´ 30 = 90°
ÐA is common. 9. ÐA = ÐD; ÐB = ÐE; ÐC = ÐF
Hence,DABE @ DACF [AAS Criterion] 10. Yes
3. In DACB and DADB Short Answer Questions
AC = AD [Given]
ÐCAB = ÐDAB [Given] 1. In DABD and DACD
AB = AB [Common] AB = AC [Given]
\ DACB @ DADB [SAS] BD = CD [Given]
4. In DACB and DADB, AD = AD [Common]
\ DABD @ DACD
C [by SSS congruency criterion]
\ÐBAD = ÐCAD [CPCT]
Þ x = 37°
And, ÐBDA = ÐCDA [CPCT]
B A Þ y = 70°
2. In DABC, AB > AC
Þ ÐC > ÐB
[Greater side has greater angle opp. to it]
D 1 1
Þ ÐC > ÐB
AC = AD (Given) 2 2
ÐCAB = ÐDAB (AB bisects ÐA) Þ ÐPCB > ÐPBC
and AB = AB (Common side) A
\ DACB @ DADB (S.A.S. rule)
5. In Ds AOP and BOQ,
ÐA = ÐB = 90°
P
AO = BO (given)
ÐAOP = ÐBOQ (vertically opposite angles) C
B
Þ DAOP @ DBOQ By ASA rule
ì 1 1 ü
\ PO = QO ïÐPCB = ÐCand ÐPCB = ÐB ï
í 2 2 ý
[Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are ï ï
î as P Band PCare bisect or of Ð B and Ð C þ
equal]
Þ O is the mid point of PQ. In DPBC, ÐPCB > ÐPBC
ÞPB > PC
Triangles 213
3. Ð1 = Ð3 + Ð4 Now, ÐADC = ÐABD + ÐDAB
(Exterior angle property of a triangle) [Ext. Ð of a D = sum of int. opp. Ðs]
But Ð1 = Ð2 (AC = AD) But, AD = BD Þ ÐABD = ÐDAB.
Ð2 = Ð3 + Ð4 Þ Ð2 > Ð3 So, ÐADC = 2 ÐDAB
Hence AB > AD 1
Side opposite to greater angle is larger as Þ ÐDAB = ÐADC
2
compared to smaller angle.
4. ÐDEX = ÐYEF 1
Þ x° = × 58° = 29°
Adding ÐXEF on both sides 2
ÐDEF = ÐYEX ..............(i) Hence, x = 29
In DDEF and DYEX 2.
ÐDEF = ÐYEX [from (i)] A
DF = YE
FE = XE
\ DDEF @ DYEX (by SAS criterion) O
Þ XY = DF (CPCT)
5. Let the remaining angles of the triangle be x
and y
Then, x – y = 35° ..............(i) B C
Since, one angle of the triangle is 75°, then by In DBOC,
angle sum property in a triangle ÐBOC + ÐOBC + ÐOCB = 180°
x + y + 75 = 180
1 1
x + y = 105 ..............(ii) ÐBOC + ÐABC + ÐACB = 180°
On solving eqn (i) and (ii); we get x = 70°, y = 35°, 2 2
Hence, the largest angle is the given angle 75°. 1
6. Consider DABE and DCBD for congruency ÐBOC + (ÐABC + ÐACB) = 180°
2
Here, Ðx = Ðy
So, 180° – Ðx = 180° – Ðy 1
ÐBOC + (180° – ÐA) = 180°
\ ÐAEB = ÐCDB 2
AB = CB (Given) 1
ÐCBD = ÐABE Þ ÐBOC + 90° – ÐA = 180°
2
(Q common angle of DABE and DCBD)
1
So, DABE @ DCBD (by ASA) Þ ÐBOC = 90° + ÐA
Therefore, AE = CD (CPCT) 2
7. In DACD and DFCB, we have: 3. In DABC, ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180°
ÐACD = 90° + ÐBCA and Þ ÐA + 65° + 33° = 180°
ÐFCB = 90° + ÐBCA; Þ ÐA = 180° – 98°
CF = CA; (Q Sides of a square) Þ ÐA = 82°
CD = CB (Q Sides of a square) AN is bisector of ÐA
\ DACD @ DFCB. 1
Þ AD = BF (CPCT) Þ ÐNAC = ÐA = 41°
2
Long Answer Questions In DAMC,
ÐAMC + ÐMAC + ÐACM = 180°
1. We have, In DADC Þ 90° + ÐMAC + 33° = 180°
ÐCAD + ÐADC + ÐDCA = 180° Þ ÐMAC = 180° – 113°
[Angle sum property] Þ ÐMAC = 57°
Þ ÐCAD + ÐADC + 64° = 180° This we have ÐMAN = ÐMAC – ÐNAC
Þ ÐCAD + ÐADC = (180° – 64°) = 116° = 57° – 41° = 16°
But CD = CA Þ ÐCAD = ÐADC
4. In DBAD, we have
[Ðs opposite to equal sides of a D are equal]
ÐBDA > ÐBAD
116° Þ BD < AB ....(i)
So, ÐCAD = ÐADC = = 58°
2
 EBD_7802
214 Mathematics
In DABD, we have \ BD = 2BR
ÐABD > ÐADB \ BD = 2 × 8 = 16 cm
Þ AB < AD ....(ii) 8. Let AB = AC = x
But DADC is isosceles By Pythagoras theorem
Here ÐDAC = ÐDCA
Þ AD = CD BC = AB 2 + AC 2 = x2 + x2
Then from (ii), AB < CD ....(iii)
So, (i) and (ii) Þ BD < AB < DC BC = 2x
5. (i) In DABC, Which is right angled at B, we
have C
BC2 = AC2 – AB2
= (15)2 – (9)2 = 225 – 81
= 144
Þ BC = 144 = 12cm.
(ii) Since, D and E are the mid-points of AB
A D B
and AC respectively in DABC
\ DE || BC Again by Bisector theorem
1 1 9
and AD = BD = AB = (9) = cm AC AD BC BD
2 2 2 Þ = Þ =
By mid point theorem BC BD AC AD

1 BC BD
DE = . BC = 6 cm Þ +1 = +1
2 AC AD
Q DE || BC and AB intersects them. BC + AC BD + AD
\ ÐADE = ÐABC = 90° (Corresponding Þ =
AC AD
angles)
Þ DADE is a right angled triangle BC + AC AB 2x + x x
Þ = Þ =
\ Area of DADE AC AD x AD
( AD)( DE ) 9 6 27
= = . = = 13.5cm 2 . 2 +1 x x
2 2 2 2 Þ = Þ AD =
1 AD 2 +1
6. In DABC and DA¢B¢C¢
AB = A¢B¢ = 6 cm x 2x + x + x 2 x + 2x
\ AC + AD = x + = =
BC = B¢C¢ = 5 cm 2 +1 2 +1 2 +1
ÐB = ÐB¢ = 60° 2 x (1 + 2)
Hence by SAS criterion = = 2 x = BC
( 2 + 1)
DABC @ DA¢B¢C¢
\ ÐA = ÐA¢ [By CPCT]
Þ 3x = 2x + 20°
Þ x = 20°
\ ÐB¢A¢C¢ = 2x + 20° = 2 ´ 20° + 20° = 60° Short Answer Questions
7. Consider DDNR and DBMR 1. Given: BD = CE and AD = AE
DN = BM In DADE
Ð DNR = Ð BMR [Each = 90°] AD = AE
Ð DRN = Ð BRM (Vertically Opposite Angles) Þ ÐAED = ÐADE
\ DDNR @ DBMR (AAS criterion of congruency) Now, ÐADE + ÐADB = 180° (linear pair)
\ DR = BR (CPCT) ÐADB = 180° - ÐADE ...(1)
Triangles 215
also, ÐAED + ÐAEC = 180° (linear pair) 5. From the fig.
ÐAEC = 180° - ÐAED ÐACB + ÐACM = 180°
ÐACB + 125° = 180°
= 180° - ÐADE ...(2)
ÐACB = 180° – 125° = 55°
\ from (i) & (ii)
As AB = AC Þ ÐABC = ÐACB Þ ÐABC =
ÐADB = ÐAEC 55°
Consider, x = ÐABC + ÐACB (Sum of two interior
DABD and DACE opposite angles equal to exterior angle)
AD = AE (given) = 110°
ÐADB = ÐAEC (proved) Rohan is an intelligent boy having good
BD = EC (given) knowledge of Maths, Critical thinker, curious
\ DABD @ DACE (By S.A.S) to solve maths problems.
2. Given: DCDE is an equilateral triangle 6. (i) Yes, field can be divided into four equal
ÐADC = ÐBCD (each 90°) parts.
(ii) Mark the mid-points D, E and F of sides
ÐEDC = ÐECD (each 60°)
AB, BC and AC respectively, then DDEF,
ÐADC + ÐEDC = ÐBCD + ÐECD DAED, DEFC and DFBD are congurent
Þ ÐADE = ÐBCE triangles.
Consider Hence, these four parts are equal and
DADE and DBCE identical.
AD = BC (Sides of square ABCD) (iii) Mr. Balwant singh is a wise man. He
ÐADE = ÐBCE (Proved) believes in equality and justice. He knows
DE = CE (Sides of equilateral triangle) his responsibilities.
\ DADE @ DBCE (By SAS)
3. Given BA = DE and BF = EC.
Consider,
BF = CE
BF + CF = CE + CF
BC = EF
Consider, DABC and DDEF
ÐCAB = ÐFDE (each 90°) Long Answer Questions
AB = DE (given)
1. Produce CB at a point D such that BC = BD
BC = EF (proved)
and join AD.
\ DABC @ DDEF (By RHS)
4. We know, A
A B

D
C B
D C
Diagonals of parallelogram divides it into two In DABC and DABD, we have
equal parts. So, Ayush can divide his field BC = BD (By construction)
diagonally and donate one part for the Girl's AB = AB (Same side)
school. ÐABC = ÐABD (Each of 90°)
Values: Therefore, DABC @ DABD (SAS)
1. Social Responsibility So, ÐCAB = ÐDAB ü
2. Charity ý ( CPCT )
and AC = AD þ
3. Promotion of Girl's education
 EBD_7802
216 Mathematics
Thus, ÐCAD = ÐCAB + ÐBAD = x + x = 2x and ÐADB = ÐEDC (Vertically opposite
and ÐACD = ÐADB = 2x [AC = AD] angles)
That is, DACD is an equilateral triangle. Therefore, DABD @ DECD (SAS)
or AC = CD, i.e., AC = 2 BC (Since BC = BD).
2. Produce QS to intersect PR at T (See Fig.). So, AB = EC ü ...(1)
ý ( CPCT )
and ÐBAD = ÐCED þ ...(2)
P
Also, ÐBAD = ÐCAD (Given)
Therefore, ÐCAD = ÐCED [From (2)]
T So, AC = EC [Sides opposite the equal angles]
S
...(3)
Therefore, AB = AC [From (1) and (3)]
Q R 4. (i) In DABM and DPQN
From DPQT, we have AB = PQ ....(1)
PQ + PT > QT (Sum of any two sides is greater AM = PN ....(2) (Given)
than the third side)
and BC = QR (Given)
i.e., PQ + PT > SQ + ST ...(1)
From DTSR, we have Since, M and N are the mid-points of BC
ST + TR > SR ...(2) and QR respectively
Adding (1) and (2), we get \ 2BM = 2QN
PQ + PT + ST + TR > SQ + ST + SR
Þ BM = QN ....(3)
i.e., PQ + PT + TR > SQ + SR
i.e., PQ + PR > SQ + SR From, (1), (2) and (3)
or SQ + SR < PQ + PR DABM @ DPQN (SSS Rule)
3. A (ii) From (i) part DABM @ DPQN
\ By C.P.C.T.
ÐABM = ÐPQN
Þ ÐABC = ÐPQR ....(4)
B C Now, in DABC and DPQR, we have given
D
AB = PQ
and BC = QR
From (4), we have ÐABC = ÐPQR
E \ DABC @ DPQR. (SAS Rule)
We are given a point D on side BC of a DABC 5.
A
such that ÐBAD = ÐCAD and BD = CD (See
Fig.). We are to prove that AB = AC. M N
Produce AD to a point E such that AD = DE E F
and then join CE.
Now, in DABD and DECD, we have
BD = CD (Given)
AD = ED (By construction) B C
Triangles 217
We construct a line EF where E and F are the = ar (DPRQ) + ar (DBPQ)
middle points of AB and AC respectively.
1 1
1 = ar (DABC) + ar (DPBC) [Using(1)]
8 2
EF || BC and EF = BC … …(1)
2
1 1 1
(Q E and F are mid points) = ar (DABC) + × ar (DABC)
8 2 2
1 1
Now, AE = AB and AM = AB (given) 1 1
2 4 = ar (DABC) + ar (DABC)
8 4
1
=
\ AM AE 3
2 = ar (DABC)
8
1
Similarly, AN = AF
2
Þ M and N are the mid-points of AE and AF Exemplar MCQs
respectively.
1. (c) Since, criterion for congruence of triangles
\ MN || EF and are SAS (Side-Angle-Side), ASA (Angle-
1æ1 Side-Angle), SSS (Side-Side-Side) and
1 ö
MN = EF = ç BC ÷ [From (1)] RHS (right angle-hypotenuse-side).
2 2è2 ø
Here, SSA is not a criterion for congruence
1 of triangles.
= BC 2. (b) Here, A « Q, B « R, C « P
4
6. We join AQ and CP. Therefore, DCBA @ DPRQ ,
(i) ar (DPRQ) = ar(DARQ) so option (b) is correct.
3. (b) In DABC, AB = AC and ÐB = 50º (Given)
1 1
= ar (DAPQ) = ar (DBPQ) A
2 2
1 1 1
= ar (DCPQ) = × ar (DBPC)
2 2 2
1 1 1
= ar (DBPC) = × ar (DABC)
4 4 2 50º
1 B C
= ar (DABC) ....(1)
8 So, ÐC = ÐB
1 1 [Angles opposite to equal sides]
1
Also, ar(DARC) = × ar(DAPC) Therefore,ÐC = 50º
2 2 2 4. (c) Since, BC = AB and ÐB = 80º
1 1 1 So, ÐC = ÐA ...(i)
= ar (DAPC) = × ar (DABC) [Angles opposite to equal sides are also equal]
4 4 2
A
1
=
ar (DABC) ....(2)
8
From (1) and (2), we have,
1
ar(DPRQ) = ar (DARC)
2 80º
(ii) ar (DRQC) = ar (DRBQ) B C
 EBD_7802
218 Mathematics
As, ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180º F
ÐA + 80º + ÐA = 180º
\ 2ÐA = 100º [from eq. (i)]
Therefore,ÐA = 50º
5. (a) Since, ÐR = ÐP, QR = 4 cm and PR = 5 cm

D E
5 cm
So, DF = AB [By CPCT]
\ DF = 5 cm
Now, ÐE = ÐC
Q 4 cm R = 180º – (ÐA + ÐB)
[By angle sum property]
So, PQ = QR = 180º – (80º + 40º)
[sides opposite to equal angles = 60º
are also equal] 8. (d) Suppose two sides AB = 5 cm and CA
\ PQ = 4 cm = 1.5 cm
Therefore, the length of PQ is 4 cm. As, difference of two sides < third side and
6. (b) AD bisects ÐBAC sum of two sides > third side
Þ ÐBAD = ÐCAD ...(i) So, 5 – 1.5 < BC
and 5 + 1.5 > BC
A Therefore, 3.5 < BC
and 6.5 > BC
Hence, options (a), (b) and (c) satisfy the
above inequality but option (d) does not satisfy.
9. (b)
P
B D C
ÐBDA is an exterior angle in DACD
Then, ÐBDA > ÐCAD ...(i)
Therefore,ÐBDA > ÐBAD
[from eq. (i)] Q R
Hence, BA > BD Since, ÐR > ÐQ
[side opposite to greater angle] So, PQ > PR [side opposite to greater angle
7. (b) Since, DABC @ DFDE and AB = 5 cm, is also greater]
ÐB = 40º, ÐA = 80º 10. (a) Since, in DABC,
AB = AC
A So, ÐC = ÐB
[angles opposite to equal sides are also
80º equal]
\ DABC is an isosceles triangle.
As, ÐB = ÐQ
ÐC = ÐP
Thus, ÐP = ÐQ
40º \ QR = PR
B C
Triangles 219
[sides opposite to equal angles are alsoequal] Þ DE = 6 – 4 = 2 cm
Therefore, DPQR is an isosceles triangle. A
But, both triangles are not congruent because
AAA is not a criterion for congruence. 12 12
11. (b) Since in DABC and DDEF, AB = DF and
ÐA = ÐD
So, the two triangles will be congruent by
B D E C
SAS axiom, if
12
AC = DE
Now in right DAED, by Pyth agoras
NTSE Past Year MCQs Theorem,
1. (d) SS is not a congruence rule AD2 = AE2 + DE2

( )
2. (b) A 2
Þ AD2 = 6 3 + (2)2
Þ AD2 = 108 + 4
M Þ AD2 = 112
Þ AD = 112 = 4 7 cm
4. (a) If the line segment joining the midpoint of
B the consecutive side of quadrilateral ABCD
N C form a rectangle the ABCD is a rhombus.
Using Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 ...(i)
Now, AN2 = AB2 + BN2 1. We have,
Þ 4AN2 = 4AB2 + 4BN2 AB = AC
Þ 4AN2 = 4AB2 + (2BN)2 Þ ÐB = ÐC
Þ 4AN2 = 4AB2 + (2BN)2 [\ Angles opp. to equal sides are equal]
Þ 4AN2 = 4AB2 + BC2 ...(ii) A
Also, CM2 = MB2 + BC2
Þ 4CM2 = 4MB2 + 4BC2
Þ 4CM2 (2MB)2 + 4BC2 100°
Þ 4CM2 = AB2 + 4BC2 ...(iii)
Adding (ii) and (iii), we have
4AN2 + 4CM2 = 4AB2 + BC2 + AB2 + 4BC2
Þ 4(AN2 + CM2) = 5(AB2 + BC2) B C
Þ 4(AN2 + CM2) = 5AC2 (Q From (i)) In DABC, we have
3. (c) Since DABC is equilateral ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180°
AE bisects BC Þ ÐA + ÐB + ÐB = 180° [QÐB = ÐC]
1 Þ 100° + 2ÐB = 180°
Þ BE = CE = BC = 6 cm Þ 2ÐB = 80°
2
Þ ÐB = 40°
In right DAEC, by Pythagoras Theorem,
Hence, ÐB = ÐC = 40°
AE2 + CE2 = AC2 2. In DBDL and DCDM, we have
AE2 + (6)2 + (12)2 ÐBLD = ÐCMD [Each 90°]
AE2 + 36 = 144 ÐBDL = ÐCDM [Vert. opp. angles]
Þ AE2 = 108 BD = CD [D is the mid-point of BC]
Þ AE = 6 3 cm DBDL @ DCDM [By AAS congruency]
Þ BL = CM [By C.P.C.T]
1 1 3. Given a DABC in which AD is the bisector of
DE = BE – BD = BC – BC ÐA which meets BC in D such that BD = DC.
2 3
TO PROVE AB = AC.
 EBD_7802
220 Mathematics
CONSTRUCTION Produce AD to E such that \ ÐAPO = ÐBRO
AD = DE (Q If two angles of two triangles are same,
Join EC. then their third angle will also be same)
PROOF In ABD and DECD, we have: Now in DQPB and DQRA,
ÐQPB = ÐQRA (Proved above)
A PQ = QR (given)
12 ÐQ = ÐQ (common)
\ by ASA criterion of congruence,
DQPB @ DQRA
Þ PB = AR (c.p.c.t.).
Hence proved.
B C 6. In DPRS, we have
D
PS = PR
Þ ÐPRS = ÐPSR
[Q Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
3 Þ 180° – ÐPRS = 180° – ÐPSR
Þ ÐPRQ = ÐPST
E Thus, in DPST and DPRQ we have
BD = DC (given), ÐTPS = ÐQPR [Given]
AD = DE (by const.) PS = PR [Given]
ÐADB = ÐEDC (vert. opp. Ðs ) ÐPST = ÐPRQ [From (i)]
\ DABD @ DECD. So, by ASA congruence criterion, we have
\ AB = EC and Ð1 = Ð3 (CPCT) DPST @ DPRQ
Also, Ð1 = Ð2 [Q AD bisects ÐA] Þ PT = PQ (by C.P.C.T)
\ Ð2 = Ð3 7. In right triangles BCE and CBF,
Consequently, EC = AC Hyp. BC = Hyp. BC (common)
BE = CF (given)
[sides opp. to equal Ðs ]
\ By R.H.S criterion of congruence,
\ AB = AC [Q EC = AB].
DBCE @ DBCF
Hence, DABC is isosceles.
\ ÐB = ÐC Þ AC = AB (By CPCT)
4. A [Q sides opposite to equal angles are equal]
...(1)
Similarly DABD @ DABE
\ ÐB = ÐA
Þ AC = BC [Q sides opposite to
equal angles are equal] ...(2)
45° 55° From (1) and (2), AB = BC = AC.
B D C Hence DABC is an equilateral triangle.
Since ÐB = 45°, ÐC = 55° 8. In DAPQ and DAPS, we have
By angle sum property, PQ = PS [Given]
ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180° AP = AP [Common]
\ ÐA = 180° – (45° + 55°) ÐAPQ = ÐAPS [Each 90°]
= 180° – 100° = 80° \ DAPQ @ DAPS [By SAS congruency]
\ ÐBAD = ÐDAC = 40° \ ÐAQP = ÐASP
[Q AD bisects ÐBAC] or ÐAQS = ÐASQ ...(1) [By C.P.C.T.]
\ ÐADB = 180° – (45° + 40°) But, ext. ÐASQ > int. ÐARS.
= 180° – 85° = 95°. \ ÐAQS > ÐARS [From (1)]
5. In DAPO and DBRO, Þ ÐAQR > ÐARQ
Ðx = Ðy (given) \ AR > AQ. [Side opposite to
ÐAOP = ÐBOR greater angle is longer]
(vertically opposite angles)
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Exercise 9.1 Page No: 9.9

Question 1: In a ΔABC, if ∠A = 550, ∠B = 400, find ∠C.

Solution:
Given: ∠A = 550, ∠B = 400

We know, sum of all angles of a triangle is 1800

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 1800

550 + 400 + ∠C=1800

950 + ∠C = 1800

∠C = 1800 − 950

∠C = 850

Question 2: If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:3, determine three angles.

Solution:
Angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:3 (Given)

Let the angles be x, 2x, 3x

Sum of all angles of triangles = 1800

x + 2x + 3x = 1800

6x = 1800

x = 1800/6

x = 300

Answer:
x = 300

2x = 2(30)0 = 600

3x = 3(30) 0 = 900
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Question 3: The angles of a triangle are (x − 40)0, (x − 20) 0 and (1/2 x − 10) 0. Find the value of x.

Solution:
The angles of a triangle are (x − 40)0, (x − 20) 0 and (1/2 x − 10) 0

Sum of all angles of triangle = 1800

(x − 40)0 + (x − 20) 0 + (1/2 x − 10) 0 = 1800

5/2 x – 700 = 1800

5/2 x = 1800 + 700

5x = 2(250) 0

x = 5000/5

x = 1000

Question 4: The angles of a triangle are arranged in ascending order of magnitude. If the difference
between two consecutive angles is 100, find the three angles.

Solution:

The difference between two consecutive angles is 100 (given)

Let x, x + 100, x + 200 be the consecutive angles

x + x + 100 + x + 200 = 1800

3x + 300 = 1800

3x = 1800– 300

3x = 1500

or x = 500
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Again,
x + 100 = 500 + 100 = 600
x+200 = 500 + 200 = 700

Answer: Three angles are 500,600 and 700.

Question 5: Two angles of a triangle are equal and the third angle is greater than each of those
angles by 300. Determine all the angles of the triangle.

Solution:

Two angles of a triangle are equal and the third angle is greater than each of those angles by 300.
(Given)

Let x, x, x + 300 be the angles of a triangle.

Sum of all angles in a triangle = 1800

x + x + x + 300 = 1800

3x + 300 = 1800

3x = 1500

or x = 500

And x + 300 = 500 + 300 = 800

Answer: Three angles are 500, 500 and 800.

Question 6: If one angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the other two, show that the triangle is a
right angle triangle.

Solution:

One angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the other two angles (given)

To Prove: One of the angles is 900

Let x, y and z are three angles of a triangle, where

z = x + y …(1)
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Sum of all angles of a triangle = 1800

x + y + z = 1800

z + z = 1800 (Using equation (1))

2z = 1800
z = 900 (Proved)

Therefore, triangle is a right angled triangle.

 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Exercise 9.2 Page No: 9.18

Question 1: The exterior angles, obtained on producing the base of a triangle both ways are 1040
and 1360. Find all the angles of the triangle.

Solution:

∠ACD = ∠ABC + ∠BAC [Exterior angle property]

Find ∠ABC:

∠ABC + ∠ABE = 1800 [Linear pair]

∠ABC + 1360 = 1800

∠ABC = 440

Find ∠ACB:

∠ACB + ∠ACD = 1800 [Linear pair]

∠ACB + 1040 = 1800

∠ACB = 760

Now,
Sum of all angles of a triangle = 1800

∠A + 440 + 760 = 1800

∠A = 1800 − 440 −760
∠ A = 600
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Answer: Angles of a triangle are ∠ A = 600, ∠B = 440 and ∠C = 760

Question 2: In a △ABC, the internal bisectors of ∠B and ∠C meet at P and the external bisectors of
∠B and ∠C meet at Q. Prove that ∠BPC + ∠BQC = 1800.

Solution:

In triangle ABC,

BP and CP are internal bisector of ∠B and ∠C respectively

=> External ∠B = 180o - ∠B

BQ and CQ are external bisector of ∠B and ∠C respectively.

=> External ∠C = 180 o - ∠C

In triangle BPC,
∠BPC + 1/2∠B + 1/2∠C = 180o

∠BPC = 180 o - (∠B + ∠C) .... (1)

In triangle BQC,
∠BQC + 1/2(180 o - ∠B) + 1/2(180 o - ∠C) = 180 o
∠BQC + 180 o - 1/2(∠B + ∠C) = 180 o
∠BPC + ∠BQC = 180 o [Using (1)]

Hence Proved.

Question 3: In figure, the sides BC, CA and AB of a △ABC have been produced to D, E and F
respectively. If ∠ACD = 1050 and ∠EAF = 450, find all the angles of the △ABC.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Solution:

∠BAC = ∠EAF = 450 [Vertically opposite angles]

∠ACD = 1800 – 1050 = 750 [Linear pair]

∠ABC = 1050 – 450 = 600 [Exterior angle property]

Question 4: Compute the value of x in each of the following figures:

(i)

Solution:

∠BAC = 1800 – 1200 = 600 [Linear pair]

∠ACB = 1800 – 1120 = 680 [Linear pair]

Sum of all angles of a triangle = 1800

x = 1800 − ∠BAC − ∠ACB

= 1800 − 600 − 680 = 520
Answer: x = 520

(ii)
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Solution:

∠ABC = 1800 – 1200 = 600 [Linear pair]

∠ACB = 1800 – 1100 = 700 [Linear pair]

Sum of all angles of a triangle = 1800

x = ∠BAC = 1800 − ∠ABC − ∠ACB

= 1800 – 600 – 700 = 500

Answer: x = 500

(iii)

Solution:

∠BAE = ∠EDC = 520 [Alternate angles]

Sum of all angles of a triangle = 1800

x = 1800 – 400 – 520 = 1800 − 920 = 880

Answer: x = 880
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

(iv)

Solution:

CD is produced to meet AB at E.

∠BEC = 1800 – 450 – 500 = 850 [Sum of all angles of a triangle = 1800]

∠AEC = 1800 – 850 = 950 [Linear Pair]

Now, x = 950 + 350 = 1300 [Exterior angle Property]

Answer: x = 1300
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Question 5: In figure, AB divides ∠DAC in the ratio 1 : 3 and AB = DB. Determine the value of x.

Solution:
∠DAC = 1800 - 1080 = 720
∠BAC/∠DAB = 1/3
∠DAB = 3∠BAC
∠BAC + ∠DAB = ∠DAC = 720
We can write it as
∠BAC + 3 ∠BAC = 720 [Linear Pair]
4∠BAC = 720
∠BAC = 72/4 =180
So we get
∠DAB = 3 × 180 = 540
∠DAB = ∠BDA = 540 (AB = DB)
∠ABD = 1800 - (540 + 540)
= 1800 - 1080
= 720
Now,
∠DBA = 720 = ∠BAC + x (Exterior angle)
So we get
x = 720 - 180 = 540
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Exercise VSAQs Page No: 9.21

Question 1: Define a triangle.
Solution: Triangle is a three-sided polygon that consists of three edges and three vertices. The most
important property of a triangle is that the sum of the internal angles of a triangle is equal to 180
degrees.

Question 2: Write the sum of the angles of an obtuse triangle.

Solution: The sum of angles of obtuse triangle = 180°.

Question 3: In △ABC, if ∠B = 600, ∠C = 800 and the bisectors of angles ∠ABC and ∠ACB meet at point
O, then find the measure of ∠BOC.

Solution:
∠B = 600, ∠C = 800 (given)

As per question:
∠OBC = 600/2 = 300 and

∠OCB = 800/2 = 400

In triangle BOC,

∠OBC + ∠OCB + ∠BOC = 180 0

[Sum of angles of a triangle = 1800]

300 + 400 + ∠BOC = 1800

∠BOC = 1100

Question 4: If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:1:3, then find the measure of smallest angle.
Solution:
Let angles of a triangles are 2x, x and 3x, where x is the smallest angle.
To find: measure of x.
As, Sum of angles of a triangle = 1800
2x + x + 3x = 1800
6x = 1800
x = 300. Answer
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 9 Triangle and its
Angles

Question 5: If the angles A, B and C of △ABC satisfy the relation B - A = C - B, then find the measure
of ∠B.
Solution:
Sum of angles of a triangle = 1800
A + B + C = 1800 …(1)

B - A = C – B …(Given)

2B = C + A …(2)

(1) => 2B + B = 1800

3B =1800

Or B = 600
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Exercise 10.1 Page No. 10.12

Question 1: In the figure, the sides BA and CA have been produced such that BA = AD and CA = AE. Prove that
segment DE ∥ BC.

Solution:
Sides BA and CA have been produced such that BA = AD and CA = AE.
To prove: DE ∥ BC
Consider △ BAC and △DAE,
BA = AD and CA= AE (Given)
∠BAC = ∠DAE (vertically opposite angles)
By the SAS congruence criterion, we have
△ BAC ≃ △ DAE
We know corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

So, BC = DE and ∠DEA = ∠BCA, ∠EDA = ∠CBA

Now, DE and BC are two lines intersected by a transversal DB s.t.
∠DEA=∠BCA (alternate angles are equal)
Therefore, DE ∥ BC. Proved.
Question 2: In a PQR, if PQ = QR and L, M and N are the mid-points of the sides PQ, QR and RP, respectively.
Prove that LN = MN.
Solution:
Draw a figure based on the given instruction,

In △PQR, PQ = QR and L, M, N are midpoints of the sides PQ, QP and RP, respectively (Given)
To prove: LN = MN
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

As two sides of the triangle are equal, so △ PQR is an isosceles triangle

PQ = QR and ∠QPR = ∠QRP ……. (i)
Also, L and M are midpoints of PQ and QR, respectively
PL = LQ = QM = MR = QR/2
Now, consider Δ LPN and Δ MRN,
LP = MR
∠LPN = ∠MRN [From (i)]
∠QPR = ∠LPN and ∠QRP = ∠MRN
PN = NR [N is the midpoint of PR]
By SAS congruence criterion,
Δ LPN ≃ Δ MRN
We know that the corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal.
So LN = MN
Proved.
Question 3: In the figure, PQRS is a square, and SRT is an equilateral triangle. Prove that
(i) PT = QT (ii) ∠ TQR = 150

Solution:
Given: PQRS is a square, and SRT is an equilateral triangle.
To prove:
(i) PT =QT and (ii) ∠ TQR =15°
Now,
PQRS is a square:
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

PQ = QR = RS = SP …… (i)
And ∠ SPQ = ∠ PQR = ∠ QRS = ∠ RSP = 90o
Also, △ SRT is an equilateral triangle:
SR = RT = TS …….(ii)
And ∠ TSR = ∠ SRT = ∠ RTS = 60°
From (i) and (ii)
PQ = QR = SP = SR = RT = TS ……(iii)
From figure,
∠TSP = ∠TSR + ∠ RSP = 60° + 90° = 150° and
∠TRQ = ∠TRS + ∠ SRQ = 60° + 90° = 150°
=> ∠ TSP = ∠ TRQ = 1500 ………………… (iv)
By SAS congruence criterion, Δ TSP ≃ Δ TRQ
We know that the corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal
So, PT = QT
Proved part (i).
Now, consider Δ TQR.
QR = TR [From (iii)]
Δ TQR is an isosceles triangle.
∠ QTR = ∠ TQR [angles opposite to equal sides]
The sum of angles in a triangle = 180∘
=> ∠QTR + ∠ TQR + ∠TRQ = 180°
=> 2 ∠ TQR + 150° = 180° [From (iv)]
=> 2 ∠ TQR = 30°
=> ∠ TQR = 150
Hence proved part (ii).
Question 4: Prove that the medians of an equilateral triangle are equal.
Solution:
Consider an equilateral △ABC, and Let D, E, and F are midpoints of BC, CA and AB.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Here, AD, BE and CF are medians of △ABC.

Now,
D is the midpoint of BC => BD = DC
Similarly, CE = EA and AF = FB
Since ΔABC is an equilateral triangle
AB = BC = CA …..(i)
BD = DC = CE = EA = AF = FB …………(ii)
And also, ∠ ABC = ∠ BCA = ∠ CAB = 60° ……….(iii)
Consider Δ ABD and Δ BCE
AB = BC [From (i)]
BD = CE [From (ii)]
∠ ABD = ∠ BCE [From (iii)]
By SAS congruence criterion,
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Δ ABD ≃ Δ BCE
=> AD = BE ……..(iv)
[Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal in measure]
Now, consider Δ BCE and Δ CAF,
BC = CA [From (i)]
∠ BCE = ∠ CAF [From (iii)]
CE = AF [From (ii)]
By SAS congruence criterion,
Δ BCE ≃ Δ CAF
=> BE = CF …………..(v)
[Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal]
From (iv) and (v), we have
AD = BE = CF
Median AD = Median BE = Median CF
The medians of an equilateral triangle are equal.
Hence proved
Question 5: In a Δ ABC, if ∠A = 120° and AB = AC. Find ∠B and ∠C.
Solution:

To find: ∠ B and ∠ C.
Here, Δ ABC is an isosceles triangle since AB = AC
∠ B = ∠ C ……… (i)
[Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

We know that the sum of angles in a triangle = 180°

∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C = 180°
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ B= 180° (using (i)
1200 + 2∠B = 1800
2∠B = 1800 – 1200 = 600
∠ B = 30o
Therefore, ∠ B = ∠ C = 30∘
Question 6: In a Δ ABC, if AB = AC and ∠ B = 70°, find ∠ A.
Solution:
Given: In a Δ ABC, AB = AC and ∠B = 70°
∠ B = ∠ C [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
Therefore, ∠ B = ∠ C = 70∘
The sum of angles in a triangle = 180∘
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C = 180o
∠ A + 70o + 70o = 180o
∠ A = 180o – 140o
∠ A = 40o
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Exercise 10.2 Page No.10.21

Question 1: In the figure, it is given that RT = TS, ∠ 1 = 2 ∠ 2 and ∠4 = 2(∠3). Prove that ΔRBT ≅ ΔSAT.

Solution:
In the figure,
RT = TS ……(i)
∠ 1 = 2 ∠ 2 ……(ii)
And ∠ 4 = 2 ∠ 3 ……(iii)
To prove: ΔRBT ≅ ΔSAT
Let the point of intersection RB and SA be denoted by O
∠ AOR = ∠ BOS [Vertically opposite angles]
or ∠ 1 = ∠ 4
2 ∠ 2 = 2 ∠ 3 [From (ii) and (iii)]
or ∠ 2 = ∠ 3 ……(iv)
Now in Δ TRS, we have RT = TS
=> Δ TRS is an isosceles triangle
∠ TRS = ∠ TSR ……(v)
But, ∠ TRS = ∠ TRB + ∠ 2 ……(vi)
∠ TSR = ∠ TSA + ∠ 3 ……(vii)
Putting (vi) and (vii) in (v) we get
∠ TRB + ∠ 2 = ∠ TSA + ∠ 3
=> ∠ TRB = ∠ TSA [From (iv)]
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Consider Δ RBT and Δ SAT

RT = ST [From (i)]
∠ TRB = ∠ TSA [From (iv)]
By the ASA criterion of congruence, we have
Δ RBT ≅ Δ SAT
Question 2: Two lines, AB and CD, intersect at O such that BC is equal and parallel to AD. Prove that the lines
AB and CD bisect at O.
Solution: Lines AB and CD Intersect at O

Such that BC ∥ AD and

BC = AD …….(i)
To prove: AB and CD bisect at O.
First, we have to prove that Δ AOD ≅ Δ BOC
∠OCB =∠ODA [AD||BC and CD is transversal]
AD = BC [from (i)]
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

∠OBC = ∠OAD [AD||BC and AB is transversal]

By ASA Criterion:
Δ AOD ≅ Δ BOC
OA = OB and OD = OC (By c.p.c.t.)
Therefore, AB and CD bisect each other at O.
Hence Proved.
Question 3: BD and CE are bisectors of ∠ B and ∠ C of an isosceles Δ ABC with AB = AC. Prove that BD = CE.
Solution:
Δ ABC is isosceles with AB = AC, and BD and CE are bisectors of ∠ B and ∠ C. We have to prove BD = CE. (Given)

Since AB = AC
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

=> ∠ABC = ∠ACB ……(i)

[Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
Since BD and CE are bisectors of ∠ B and ∠ C
∠ ABD = ∠ DBC = ∠ BCE = ECA = ∠B/2 = ∠C/2 …(ii)
Now, Consider Δ EBC = Δ DCB
∠ EBC = ∠ DCB [From (i)]
BC = BC [Common side]
∠ BCE = ∠ CBD [From (ii)]
By ASA congruence criterion, Δ EBC ≅ Δ DCB
Since corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal.
=> CE = BD
or, BD = CE
Hence proved.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Exercise 10.3 Page No.10.38

Question 1: In two right triangles, one side and an acute angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding
side and angle of the other. Prove that the triangles are congruent.
Solution:
In two right triangles, one side and an acute angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding side and angles of the
other. (Given)

To prove: Both triangles are congruent.

Consider two right triangles such that
∠ B = ∠ E = 90o …….(i)
AB = DE …….(ii)
∠ C = ∠ F ……(iii)
Here we have two right triangles, △ ABC and △ DEF
From (i), (ii) and (iii),
By the AAS congruence criterion, we have Δ ABC ≅ Δ DEF
Both triangles are congruent. Hence proved.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Question 2: If the bisector of the exterior vertical angle of a triangle is parallel to the base, show that the triangle
is isosceles.
Solution:
Let ABC be a triangle such that AD is the angular bisector of the exterior vertical angle, ∠EAC and AD ∥ BC.

From figure,
∠1 = ∠2 [AD is a bisector of ∠ EAC]
∠1 = ∠3 [Corresponding angles]
and ∠2 = ∠4 [alternative angle]
From above, we have ∠3 = ∠4
This implies, AB = AC
Two sides, AB and AC, are equal.
=> Δ ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Question 3: In an isosceles triangle, if the vertex angle is twice the sum of the base angles, calculate the angles of
the triangle.
Solution:
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Let Δ ABC be isosceles where AB = AC and ∠ B = ∠ C

Given: Vertex angle A is twice the sum of the base angles B and C. i.e., ∠ A = 2(∠ B + ∠ C)
∠ A = 2(∠ B + ∠ B)
∠ A = 2(2 ∠ B)
∠ A = 4(∠ B)
Now, We know that the sum of angles in a triangle =180°
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C =180°
4 ∠ B + ∠ B + ∠ B = 180°
6 ∠ B =180°
∠ B = 30°
Since, ∠ B = ∠ C
∠ B = ∠ C = 30°
And ∠ A = 4 ∠ B
∠ A = 4 x 30° = 120°
Therefore, the angles of the given triangle are 30° and 30° and 120°.
Question 4: PQR is a triangle in which PQ = PR and is any point on the side PQ. Through S, a line is drawn
parallel to QR and intersecting PR at T. Prove that PS = PT.
Solution: Given that PQR is a triangle such that PQ = PR and S is any point on the side PQ and ST ∥ QR.
To prove: PS = PT
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Since, PQ= PR, so △PQR is an isosceles triangle.

∠ PQR = ∠ PRQ
Now, ∠ PST = ∠ PQR and ∠ PTS = ∠ PRQ
[Corresponding angles as ST parallel to QR]
Since, ∠ PQR = ∠ PRQ
∠ PST = ∠ PTS
In Δ PST,
∠ PST = ∠ PTS
Δ PST is an isosceles triangle.
Therefore, PS = PT.
Hence proved.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Exercise 10.4 Page No. 10.47

Question 1: In the figure, It is given that AB = CD and AD = BC. Prove that ΔADC ≅ ΔCBA.

Solution:
From the figure, AB = CD and AD = BC.
To prove: ΔADC ≅ ΔCBA
Consider Δ ADC and Δ CBA.
AB = CD [Given]
BC = AD [Given]
And AC = AC [Common side]
So, by the SSS congruence criterion, we have
ΔADC≅ΔCBA
Hence proved.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Question 2: In a Δ PQR, if PQ = QR and L, M and N are the mid-points of the sides PQ, QR and RP,
respectively. Prove that LN = MN.
Solution:
Given: In Δ PQR, PQ = QR and L, M and N are the mid-points of the sides PQ, QR and RP respectively
To prove: LN = MN

Join L and M, M and N, N and L

We have PL = LQ, QM = MR and RN = NP
[Since L, M and N are mid-points of PQ, QR and RP, respectively]
And also, PQ = QR
PL = LQ = QM = MR = PN = LR …….(i)
[ Using mid-point theorem]
MN ∥ PQ and MN = PQ/2
MN = PL = LQ ……(ii)
Similarly, we have
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

LN ∥ QR and LN = (1/2)QR
LN = QM = MR ……(iii)
From equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
PL = LQ = QM = MR = MN = LN
This implies, LN = MN
Hence Proved.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Exercise 10.5 Page No. 10.51

Question 1: ABC is a triangle, and D is the mid-point of BC. The perpendiculars from D to AB and AC are
equal. Prove that the triangle is isosceles.
Solution:
Given: D is the midpoint of BC and PD = DQ in a triangle ABC.
To prove: ABC is isosceles triangle.

In △BDP and △CDQ

PD = QD (Given)
BD = DC (D is mid-point)
∠BPD = ∠CQD = 90o
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

By RHS Criterion: △BDP ≅ △CDQ

BP = CQ … (i) (By CPCT)
In △APD and △AQD
PD = QD (given)
AD = AD (common)
APD = AQD = 90 o
By RHS Criterion: △APD ≅ △AQD
So, PA = QA … (ii) (By CPCT)
Adding (i) and (ii)
BP + PA = CQ + QA
AB = AC
Two sides of the triangle are equal, so ABC is an isosceles.
Question 2: ABC is a triangle in which BE and CF are, respectively, the perpendiculars to the sides AC and AB.
If BE = CF, prove that Δ ABC is isosceles
Solution:
ABC is a triangle in which BE and CF are perpendicular to the sides AC and AB, respectively, s.t. BE = CF.
To prove: Δ ABC is isosceles
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

In Δ BCF and Δ CBE,

∠ BFC = CEB = 90o [Given]
BC = CB [Common side]
And CF = BE [Given]
By RHS congruence criterion: ΔBFC ≅ ΔCEB
So, ∠ FBC = ∠ EBC [By CPCT]
=>∠ ABC = ∠ ACB
AC = AB [Opposite sides to equal angles are equal in a triangle]
Two sides of triangle ABC are equal.
Therefore, Δ ABC is isosceles. Hence Proved.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Question 3: If perpendiculars from any point within an angle on its arms are congruent. Prove that it lies on the
bisector of that angle.
Solution:

Consider an angle ABC and BP be one of the arms within the angle.
Draw perpendiculars PN and PM on the arms BC and BA.
In Δ BPM and Δ BPN,
∠ BMP = ∠ BNP = 90° [given]
BP = BP [Common side]
MP = NP [given]
By RHS congruence criterion: ΔBPM≅ΔBPN
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

So, ∠ MBP = ∠ NBP [ By CPCT]

BP is the angular bisector of ∠ABC.
Hence proved
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Exercise 10.6 Page No: 10.66

Question 1: In Δ ABC, if ∠ A = 40° and ∠ B = 60°. Determine the longest and shortest sides of the triangle.
Solution: In Δ ABC, ∠ A = 40° and ∠ B = 60°
We know the sum of angles in a triangle = 180°
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C = 180°
40° + 60° + ∠ C = 180°
∠ C = 180° – 100° = 80°
∠ C = 80°
Now, 40° < 60° < 80°
=> ∠ A < ∠ B < ∠ C
=> ∠ C is a greater angle and ∠ A is a smaller angle.
Now, ∠ A < ∠ B < ∠ C
We know the side opposite to a greater angle is larger, and the side opposite to a smaller angle is smaller.
Therefore, BC < AC < AB
AB is the longest and BC is the shortest side.
Question 2: In a Δ ABC, if ∠ B = ∠ C = 45°, which is the longest side?
Solution: In Δ ABC, ∠ B = ∠ C = 45°
The sum of angles in a triangle = 180°
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C = 180°
∠ A + 45° + 45° = 180°
∠ A = 180° – (45° + 45°) = 180° – 90° = 90°
∠ A = 90°
=> ∠ B = ∠ C < ∠ A
Therefore, BC is the longest side.
Question 3: In Δ ABC, side AB is produced to D so that BD = BC. If ∠ B = 60° and ∠ A = 70°.
Prove that: (i) AD > CD (ii) AD > AC
Solution: In Δ ABC, side AB is produced to D so that BD = BC.
∠ B = 60°, and ∠ A = 70°
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

To prove: (i) AD > CD (ii) AD > AC

Construction: Join C and D
We know the sum of angles in a triangle = 180°
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C = 180°
70° + 60° + ∠ C = 180°
∠ C = 180° – (130°) = 50°
∠ C = 50°
∠ ACB = 50° ……(i)
And also in Δ BDC
∠ DBC =180° – ∠ ABC = 180 – 60° = 120°
[∠DBA is a straight line]
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

and BD = BC [given]
∠ BCD = ∠ BDC [Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
The sum of angles in a triangle =180°
∠ DBC + ∠ BCD + ∠ BDC = 180°
120° + ∠ BCD + ∠ BCD = 180°
120° + 2∠ BCD = 180°
2∠ BCD = 180° – 120° = 60°
∠ BCD = 30°
∠ BCD = ∠ BDC = 30° ….(ii)
Now, consider Δ ADC.
∠ DAC = 70° [given]
∠ ADC = 30° [From (ii)]
∠ ACD = ∠ ACB+ ∠ BCD = 50° + 30° = 80° [From (i) and (ii)]
Now, ∠ ADC < ∠ DAC < ∠ ACD
AC < DC < AD
[Side opposite to the greater angle is longer, and the smaller angle is smaller]
AD > CD and AD > AC
Hence proved.
Question 4: Is it possible to draw a triangle with sides of length 2 cm, 3 cm and 7 cm?
Solution:
Lengths of sides are 2 cm, 3 cm and 7 cm.
A triangle can be drawn only when the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side.
So, let’s check the rule.
2 + 3 ≯ 7 or 2 + 3 < 7
2+7>3
and 3 + 7 > 2
Here 2 + 3 ≯ 7
So, the triangle does not exist.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Exercise VSAQs Page No. 10.69

Question 1: In two congruent triangles, ABC and DEF, if AB = DE and BC = EF. Name the pairs of equal
angles.
Solution:
In two congruent triangles ABC and DEF, if AB = DE and BC = EF, then
∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠ E and ∠ C = ∠F
Question 2: In two triangles, ABC and DEF, it is given that ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠ E and ∠ C = ∠F. Are the two
triangles necessarily congruent?

Solution: No.
Reason: Two triangles are not necessarily congruent because we know only the angle-angle-angle (AAA) criterion.
This criterion can produce similar but not congruent triangles.
Question 3: If ABC and DEF are two triangles such that AC = 2.5 cm, BC = 5 cm, C = 75o, DE = 2.5 cm, DF = 5
cm and D = 75o. Are two triangles congruent?
Solution: Yes.
Reason: Given triangles are congruent as AC = DE = 2.5 cm, BC = DF = 5 cm and
∠D = ∠C = 75o.
By the SAS theorem, triangle ABC is congruent to triangle EDF.
Question 4: In two triangles, ABC and ADC, if AB = AD and BC = CD. Are they congruent?
Solution: Yes.
Reason: Given triangles are congruent as
AB = AD
BC = CD and
AC [ common side]
By the SSS theorem, triangle ABC is congruent to triangle ADC.
Question 5: In triangles ABC and CDE, if AC = CE, BC = CD, ∠A = 60o, ∠C = 30 o and ∠D = 90 o. Are two
triangles congruent?
Solution: Yes.
Reason: Given triangles are congruent
Here AC = CE
BC = CD
∠B = ∠D = 90°
By SSA criteria, triangle ABC is congruent to triangle CDE.
Question 6: ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. BE and CF are its two medians. Show that BE = CF.
 RD Sharma Solutions for Class 9 Maths Chapter 10 –
Congruent Triangles

Solution: ABC is an isosceles triangle (given)

AB = AC (given)
BE and CF are two medians (given)
To prove: BE = CF
In △CFB and △BEC
CE = BF (Since, AC = AB = AC/2 = AB/2 = CE = BF)
BC = BC (Common)
∠ECB = ∠FBC (Angle opposite to equal sides are equal)
By SAS theorem: △CFB ≅ △BEC
So, BE = CF (By c.p.c.t)