B.C.

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

AUGUSTUS
16 Jan 27 BC

Who?: Octavian, Great-nephew & adoptee of Julius Caesar.

Start: After the defeat of Mark Anthony, the Senate granted Octavian
the title of "Augustus", thus creating the first Emperor of Rome.

JULIO-CLAUDIANS

THE ROMAN EMPERORS

from 27 B.C. to 518 A.D.

AUGUSTUS

CAESAR

Other title: e.g. Filius Augustorum

Who? = Who he was

Start = Start of reign
End = End of reign

= British connection

Emperors who did not issue coinage

(Mainly usurpers)

B.C. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2
A.D.
A.D.

Birth of Christ

A.D.
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

19 Aug
TIBERIUS
End: Died of illness at Nola, in Campania
and buried at the mausoleum of Augustus.

Who?: Step-son and named heir of Augustus.

Start: Succeeded Augustus.

Varus loses
the Legionary standards

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

TIBERIUS

Sejanus Crucifiction
executed

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

End: Natural death but may have been "helped" by being

smothered with a cushion by Macro, commander of Praetorians.

TIBERIUS
16 Mar End: Assassinated at the Palatine Games.
CALIGULA
24 Jan
Who?: Proper name Caius Caesar. He was CLAUDIUS
the son of Germanicus and Agrippina
Senior and thus the nephew of Tiberius.
Start: Succeeded Tiberius, who had named
him his heir. Who?: Uncle of Caligula.
Start: Found behind a curtain by Praetorian
Guard and proclaimed Emperor. Conquered Britain, 44 A.D.

Conquest
of Britain
by Claudius

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

End: Poisoned possibly by Agrippina, his wife and niece.

13 Oct
NERO

Who?: Mother was the sister of Caligula and wife of

Claudius; thus he was the step-son of Claudius.
Start: He was adopted by Claudius and so was his heir.

Rebellion
of Boudicca
in Britain

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

CIVIL WARS

End: Abandoned by the Praetorians, he committed suicide.

9 Jun

Who?: Governor in Gaul.

Start: Rebelled against Nero. Julius Vindex THE FLAVIANS
End: Defeated by Galba. Mar May

Who?: Governor in Spain.

Start: He declared himself Emperor with GALBA
the support of army and the Senate. End: Killed in the Forum by Otho's men.
8 Jun 15 Jan

Who?: Governor of Africa. End: Executed by Galba.

CLODIUS MACER
Start: revolted against Galba.

Who?: Friend of Nero & supporter of Galba. End: Under pressure from
Start: Conspired against Galba because of his OTHO Vitellius, he committed suicide.
adoption of Piso as his heir, rather than himself. 15 Jan 17 April
17 April
Who?: Friend of Emperors from Tiberius & held Commander in the Conquest
several important posts. End: Defeated by troops loyal to Vespasian, he of Britain, 44 A.D.
VITELLIUS
Start: Given command of Legions in Germany by was murdered and thrown in Tiber.
Galba, his troops proclaimed him Emperor. 2 Jan 20 Dec

Who?: Commander of forces invading Britain under

Claudius. Appointed by Nero to crush Jewish revolt.
VESPASIAN
Start: Proclaimed Emperor by his troops.
1 July
Who?: Elder son of Vespasian. TITUS
Start: Made Caesar on accession of father. 1 July
Became Augustus on Vespasian's death.
DOMITIAN
Who?: Younger son of Vespasian. 1 July
Start: Made Caesar on accession of father.
Became Augustus on Titus's death.

Defeat of
Great Fire Zealots
of Rome at Masada

63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

Who?: Governor of Upper Germany.

Start: Revolted.
End: Put down shortly after by, Lappius
Maximus, Governor of Lower Germany.

Antoninius Saturnininus
Jan

ommander in the Conquest

of Britain, 44 A.D.

End: Died naturally at Reate.

End: Died naturally at Cutillae.

23 Jun 24 Jun

24 Jun 13 Sept
DOMITIAN
14 Sept

Eruption
of
Vesuvius
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Who?: Lawyer & Consul. End: Died of apoplexy.
Start: Proclaimed by senate. NERVA
18 Sept 27 Jan 25 Jan
TRAJAN
25 Jan
Who?: Appointed Governor of Upper
Germany by Nerva and adopted by 28 Jan
him as his heir.
Start: Succeeded on Nerva's death.

THE ADOPTIVE EMPERORS

End: Murdered in the Imperial Palace as a result of a plot

DOMITIAN by his wife, chamberlain and the Praetorian Prefect.
18 Sept

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122

End: Died at Selinus, Asia Minor, after a stroke.

7 Aug
HADRIAN
Who?: Placed under guardianship of 11 Aug
Trajan & adopted as his heir.
Start: Succeeded on Trajan's death.

Hadrian's
Wall
begun

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137

Who?: Adopted by Hadrian as his heir. AELIUS

Start: Given title of Caesar in 136.

Who?: Senator & Consul, he was adopted by Hadrian as

heir and given title of Caesar.
Start: Succeeded as Augustus on the death of Hadrian.

Who?: Favourite of Hadrian; adopted by Antoninus Pius and

made Caesar in 139.
Start: Succeeded as Augustus at death of Antoninus Pius.

Bar-Kochba
revolt
by Jews

123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137
 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152

End: Died of illness at Baiae.

10 July
End: Died of TB.
1 Jan

ANTONINUS PIUS ANTONINUS PIUS

25 Feb 10 July
MARCUS AURELIUS MARCUS AURELIUS

THE ANTONINES

138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167

End: Died of illness at Lorium.

ANTONINUS PIUS
7 Mar
MARCUS AURELIUS
7 Mar 161
LUCIUS VERUS
Who?: Son of Aelius Caesar; adopted by 7 Mar 161
Antoninus Pius.
Start: Made co-emperor with Marcus
COMMODUS
Who?: Son of Marcus Aurelius.
Aurelius on the death of Antoninus Pius. Start: Given title of Caesar in 166 at
the age of 5. Made Augustus in 177.

153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167
168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182

End: Died of stroke at Altinum.

17 Mar
End: Died of a stroke.
Jan/Feb

Who?: Governor of Syria.

Start: Proclaimed emperor due to false rumour
that Marcus Aurelius was dead.
Avidius Cassius
End: Killed by soldiers loyal to Marcus Aurelius.

168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197

End: His Chamberlain, Praetorian commander and favourite

COMMODUS concubine, Marcia, plotted to kill him. After poison failed, he was
31 Dec strangled at the Vectilian Villa, Rome, by Narcissus, an althlete.

Who?: Prefect of Rome.

Start: Throne offered by murderers of Commodus. PERTINAX End: Murdered by mutinous guards on the Palatine.
1 Jan 28 Mar
Who?: Wealthy Senator. End: Deposed & beheaded in Rome.
Start: Bought throne at auction. DIDIUS JULIANUS
28 Mar 2 Jun 1 Jun
End: Defeated by Severus at Issus. Fled
Who?: Governor of Syria. PESCENNIUS NIGER to Antioch but caught & beheaded.
Clodius Albinus, Governor of Britain. Start: Proclaimed by his troops. Apr Mar
CLODIUS ALBINUS
Who?: Governor of Britain.
Start: Offered title of Caesar by Septimius Severus. Apr 19 Feb

Who?: Governor of Upper Pannonia.

Start: Acclaimed as emperor by his troops at Carnuntum. SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
9 Apr
CARACALLA
Who?: Son of Septimius Severus.
Start: Made Caesar in 195;
elevated to Augustus, Jan 198.

Who?: Son of Septimius Severus.

Start: Made Caesar in 198;
elevated to Augustus, 209.

183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197
 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212

THE SEVERANS

Septimius Severus, died at York, 211 A.D.

End: Defeated in a battle at Lugdunum &
committed suicide, his body throne in Rhone.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
4 Feb
CARACALLA
Jan
GETA GETA
Jan Feb 212
Dec 211

198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212
 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227
End: Murdered with his mother, Julia Soaemias, at the praetorian camp; their
Who?: Grandson of Julia Maesa, sister of ELAGABALUS bodies beheaded, dragged through the streets of Rome and thrown in Tiber.
Julia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus. 16 May 6 March 11 Mar
Start: Conspiracy by Julia Maesa in favour
of her grandson, caused a revolt of Syrian SEVERUS ALEXANDER
army who proclaimed him Emperor. Who?: Cousin of Elagabalus and 6 March
adopted by him.
Start: Accession acknowledged 13 March
by Praetorians and Senate.

Who?: Father of Orbiana, who married S. Alexander.

Start: May have been made Caesar. L. Seius Sallustius
End: Alexander's mother, Mamaea, was jealous of
Orbiana & had her thrown out & her father executed.

Seleucus

Uranius

Gellius Maximus

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
End: Died of illness at York.

End: Murdered on the orders of

CARACALLA Macrinus, the Praetorian prefect,
8 April travelling between Edessa and Carrhae.

End: Murdered on the orders of Caracalla.

GETA
End: Conspiracy by Julia Maesa in favour of
MACRINUS her grandson, Elagabalus, caused revolt of
Who?: Praetorian Prefect under Caracalla.
11 Apr Jun/July Syrian army led to his capture and execution.
Start: A party to Caracalla's murder; proclaimed by troops.
DIADUMENIAN
Who?: Son of Macrinus. End: Executed at same time as his father.
11 Apr Jun/July
Start: Made Caesar on accession of
father and Augustus in 218.

213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227
228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242

End: Revolt by troops loyal to Maximinus led to

murder his at Vicus Britannicus (Bretzenheim)
along with his mother, Julia Mamea.
22 March

End: While advancing on Rome to

Who?: Soldier & former Governor of Mesopatamia; in charge of levies on depose Pupienus & Balbinus, his
the Rhine at time of acclamation. MAXIMINUS I troops mutinied and he was executed.
Start: Proclaimed by troops who revolted against Severus Alexander. 22 March 24 June Apr 238
End: Killed at the same
MAXIMUS time as his father.
Who?: Son of Maximinus I.
Start: Made Caesar on father's accession. 22 March 24 June Apr 238

Who?: Proconsul in Africa.

Start: When revolt broke out, he accepted GORDIAN I End: Committed suicide when son was killed.
emperorship with reluctance. Jan 238 22 March 12 Apr Jan 238
GORDIAN II End: Did battle with Capellianus,
Who?: Son of Gordian I. governor of Numidia who was loyal
Start: Joint ruler with his father. Jan 238 22 March 12 Apr Jan 238 to Maximinus and was killed.

Who?: Elderly Senators BALBINUS

Start: After the deaths of the Gordiani, the Senate elected Feb 238 22 Apr 29 july May 238 End: Dragged from palace and
two of their number, Balbinus and Pupienus as joint-rulers. murdered by Praetorians.
Taurinus PUPIENUS
Feb 238 22 Apr 29 july May 238

Who?: Grandson of Gordian I.

GORDIAN III
Start: made Caesar by Balbinus & Pupienus.
Mar 238 May 29 july
Who?: Praetorian Prefect under Gordian III.
Start: Brought about murder of Gordian.

Who?: Son of Philip I.

Start: Plotted against Maximinus, Start: Made Caesar on father's
backed by Syrian Osrhoenian archers. accession and Augustus in 247.
Quartinus
End: Plot suppressed.

Who?: Governor of Africa.

Start: Had himself proclaimed
emperor at Carthage. Sabinianus
End: Suppressed by Governor of
Mauretania.

228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242
243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257
Who?: Held high command in the army.
TREBONIANUS GALLUS End: Murdered by his own
Start: Chosen by army after death of Decius.
soldiers at Interamna.
Who?: Son of Trebonianus Gallus.
Start: Caesar, then Augustus on death of Hostilian. VOLUSIAN End: Murdered along with his father.
June August

Who?: Governor of Moesia. End: Murdered by his own men after

Start: Proclaimed by his troops; defeated Gallus.
AEMILIAN advancing to meet Valerian, at Spoleto.
Aug Oct
Start: Usurper in Upper Moesia.
PACATIAN
End: Murdered by own soldiers. Who?: Censor under Gallus.
Start: Usurper in Syria. Start: Gallus ordered him to come to his aid but
JOTAPIAN Gallus was killed before Valerian could get VALERIAN I
End: Murdered by own soldiers.
there. Proclaimed Emperor by his troops.

Who?: Son of Valerian I. GALLIENUS

Start: Made co-emperor at father's accession.

No record apart from one coin. SILBANNACUS Who?: Elder son of Gallienus. VALERIAN II End: Died.
Start: Made Caesar at his father's elevation.
No record apart from coin(s). SPONSIANUS SALONINUS
Who?: Younger son of Gallienus.
Start: Raised to Caesar after death
L. Priscus of Valerian II.

THE BARRACKS EMPERORS Julius Valens Licinianus

Usurper in Syria URANIUS ANTONINUS

End: Due to treachery of his Praetorian Prefect,
Philip the Arab, he was murdered, Mesopotamia.
Mareades
Feb
End: Leading army against the rebellion of
PHILIP I (THE ARAB) Trajan Decius and killed in battle near Verona.
Feb Sept/Oct
PHILIP II End: Probably killed in battle with his father.
Feb Sept/Oct Who?: Appointed commander of
Rhine legions by Valerian.
Start: Rebelled against Gallienus.
Who?: Senator & former governor.
Start: Sent by Philip I to be Governor of Moesia & Pannonia, but End: Father & son defeated
TRAJAN DECIUS and killed in battle with Goths
proclaimed Emperor by his troops. Defeated Philip near Verona.
Sept/Oct June at Abrittus.
Who?: Elder son of Trajan Decius. HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS
Start: Made Caesar in 250 & Augustus in 251.

Who?: Younger son of Trajan Decius. HOSTILIAN End: Died of plague.

Start: Treb. Gallus raised him to Augustus on deaths of father & brother.

243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257
 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272

Ingenuus Piso Aureolus Celsus Aureolus Censorinus Domitianus

Who?: Governor of
Upper Pannonia. REGALIANUS Memor Saturninus Urbanus
Start: seized power after
Valerian's capture.
Valens Septimius

Who?: Ruler of Palmyra.

Ballista Start: Became joint ruler with his mother,
Zenobia, after death of Odenathus.
End: Defeated by Aurelian and taken
Mussius Aemilianus VABALATHUS
captive to Rome.

End: Captured by Persians and died in captivity.

June End: Murdered at seige of Milan.

March

End: Put to death by Postumus

after seige of Cologne. Who?: General under Valerian & Gallienus.
Start: Took power after the death of
Gallienus, in which he may have had a hand. CLAUDIUS II End: Died of plague.
Sep Aug
End: Defeated and
Who?: Macrianus senior was Macrianus Sr killed by Aureolus, one Who?: Younger brother of Claudius. QUINTILLUS
General under Valerian. of Gallienus' generals. Start: Proclaimed by his troops after death of Claudius.
Start: His sons Macrianus &
Quietus were proclaimed joint MACRIANUS Jr
Emperors after the capture of
Valerian. End: Beseiged at Emesa by
QUIETUS Who?: Cavalry commander. AURELIAN
Odenathus, King of Palmyra;
captured and killed. Start: Proclaimed by troops.
August

GALLIC EMPIRE
Usurper known by
only one two coins
DOMITIANUS

End: Assassinated after refusing to allow his troops to

POSTUMUS Felicissimus
loot Mainz after the rebellion of Laelianus.
Autumn
Governor of Upper Germany, rebelled at
Mainz but was defeated by Postumus LAELIANUS End: Strangled after a private quarrel or killed
by his soldiers with a sword of his own
Who?: Blacksmith who became an officer in Postumus's army.
MARIUS manufacture, after a reign of 3/4 days.
Start: seized power after the fall of Postumus.
End: Killed after propositioning
Who?: Miltitary man under Postumus.
VICTORINUS the wife of one of his officials.
Start: Took power after the death of Marius.

Who?: Tetricus I was Governor of Aquitania. TETRICUS I

Start: Succeeded to the throne through the
influence of Victoria, mother of Victorinus, with
his son, Tetricus II as Caesar.
TETRICUS II

258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272
 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287

Firmus
Who?: Commander of Numerian's bodyguard.
Start: Possibly involved in the death of
Faustinus Numerian; proclaimed by army. DIOCLETIAN East
20 November
Who?: Elderly Senator. End: Murdered at
TACITUS Tyana, Cappadocia. Who?: Colleague of Diocletian. MAXIMIANUS West
Start: Nominated by Senate.
Nov/Dec July 276 Start: Chosen by Diocletian as 1 April
co-emperor.
Who?: Half-brother of Tacitus. FLORIANUS End: Murdered by his own soldiers.
Start: Approved by Senate. July Sept

Who?: Leading general under

Aurelian. End: Killed by mutinous
Start: Proclaimed by his troops PROBUS
soldiers at Sirmium.
after death of Tacitus. July Sept

Who?: Praetorian Prefect.

CARUS End: Struck by lightning.
Start: Proclaimed by army.
Sep Jul/Aug
Who?: Younger son of Carus. NUMERIAN End: Discovered murdered in his litter.
Start: Made Caesar on father's accession. Nov
End: Deserted by his troops, End: Murdered by his
Who?: Elder son of Carus. CARINUS own officers for
he committed suicide. Start: Made Caesar on father's accession. Jul/Aug molesting their wives.
End: Murdered by Praetorian
AURELIAN guard at Coenofrurium.
Sep/Oct
Who?: From Northern Italy.
Start: Rebelled against Carinus. JULIAN of Pannonia

Who?: Generals of Probus.

Start: Proclaimed emperors at Cologne.
BONOSUS
End: Defeated by Probus. Bonosus Usurper; leader of bandits
committed suicide; Procolus executed. Procolus called Bagaudae. AMANDUS
Only one coin known.
Who?: General of Probus.
Start: Proclaimed by soldiers at Alexandria. SATURNINUS Aelianus
End: Murdered soon after.

Who?: General of Maximianus.

Start: Sent to clear English Channel of
Saxon pirates. When caught keeping
their loot, proclaimed himself emperor.

TETRICUS I
End: Beaten in battle with Aurelian's army
but both allowed to retire with honour. Emperor of Britain and part of Gaul
TETRICUS II

273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302

Who?: Soldier. GALERIUS East

Start: Appointed Caesar under Diocletian 1 March
and Augustus on his abdication.
CONSTANTIUS I West
Who?: Praetorian commander under Maximianus. 1 March
Start: Appointed Caesar under Maximianus and
Augustus on his abdication. Who?: Brother-in-law of Galerius.
Start: Replaced Galerius as Caesar at the
abdication of Diocletian & Maximianus.

Who?: Friend of Galerius.

Invaded Britain to remove Alectus; Start: Replaced Constantius as Caesar at
Died at York. the abdication of Diocletian & Maximianus.

Who?: Usurper in Alexandria.

End: Beseiged and defeated by Diocletian. DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS

Same?
End: Defeated and slain. Aurelius Achilleus

BRITISH EMPIRE

CARAUSIUS End: Murdered by Allectus.

End: Defeated and killed by the forces of

Who?: Finance minister under Carausius. ALLECTUS Constantius at a battle in North Hants.
Start: Murdered Carausius.

Emperor of Britain

288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302
 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317
Start: (2) Invited by his son Maxentius
End: Abdicated.

1 May
End: (2) Forced to abdicate at Start: (3) Announced Constantine was
End: (1) Abdicated. dead and proclaimed himself Emperor.
the Conference of Carnuntum.
1 May End: (3) Beseiged by Constantine and
put to death (or suicide).
MAXIMIANUS MAX.
1 May April Nov July
End: Died of illness.
1 May May

End: Died at York from illness.

1 May 25 July 306

Filius Augustorum
MAXIMINUS II East End: Defeated at battle with Licinius;
escaped dressed as slave.
1 May 1 May 30 Apr (died July)
SEVERUS II West End: Marched against Maxentius
1 May Aug 16 Sep but troops deserted him.

Who?: Son of Maximianus. MAXENTIUS West End: Drowned at battle of Milvian Bridge.
Start: Declared himself emperor. 28 Oct 28 Oct

Filius Augustorum
Who?: Son of Constantius I.
Start: Proclaimed emperor at his death at York. CONSTANTINE I
25 July
Who?: Friend of Galerius. LICINIUS I West
Start: Chosen to replace Severus at 11 Nov
the Conference of Carnuntum. Who?: General of Licinius. End: Put to death due to peace
Eugenius Start: chosen as co-emperor by him. VALENS terms with Constantine.

Who?: Son of Licinius I. LICINIUS II

Start: Made Caesar as part of 1 March
treaty with Constantine.

Usurper in N. Africa ALEXANDER CRISPUS

Who?: Sons of Constantine I.
Start: Made Caesars as part of CONSTANTINE II
treaty with Licinius.
1 March

Conference
of Carnuntum

303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317
 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332

CONSTANTINE I

End: Defeated by Constantine; CONSTANS

abdicated Dec 324, executed 325. Who: Son of Constantine I.
Start: Made Caesar 333, Augustus 337.

LICINIUS II East

End: Executed for supposed adultery with his

West step-mother, on orders of Constantine.
May
CONSTANTINE II West CONSTANTINE II
Who?: Son of Constantine I.
Start: given rank of Caesar 324; CONSTANTIUS II East CONSTANTIUS II
Augustus 337.

Who?: General of Licinius.

Start: Chosen as co-emperor.
End: Defeated by Constantine. MARTINIAN
abdicated 19 Dec 324, executed 325

Constantinople
founded

318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332
 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347

Who?: General under Constans, of barbarian origin.

Start: Rebelled against Constans & Constantius II.

Who?: Commander of the Illyrian army.

Start: Persuaded by Constantia, sister of
Constantius to proclaim himself emperor.

Who?: Nephew of Constan

CONSTANTINE I End: Died of illness. Start: Seized power in Rom
22 May

Constans visited Britain in 343.

CONSTANS (Italy)
9 September
DELMATIUS (Greece) End: Both killed after Constantine's death.

Who?: Nephews of
Constantine I. HANNIBALLIANUS (Rex) (Armenia)

CONSTANTINE II End: Killed in ambush by his brother Constans at Aquileia.

CONSTANTIUS II
9 September

333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347
 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362

MAGNETIUS End: Deserted by soldiers & committed suicide.

11 Aug
End: On hearing of his brother's
Who?: Brother of Magnetius. DECENTIUS death, he took his own life.
Start: Given rank of Caesar in 351. 18 Aug
Who?: High ranking officer under Julian & Jovian.
Start: Proclaimed emperor on Jovian's death.

End: Abdicated in front of

VETRANIO Constantius & retired.
Silvanus

Nephew of Constantine I. End: After 28 days was killed

Seized power in Rome. NEPOTIAN by soldiers of Magnetius.

Who: Brother of Valentinian I.

Start: Given government of Eastern Provinces.
End: Fled Magnetius but was overtaken & killed
at the fortress of Helene in the Pyrenees. End: Because of his oppressive rule,
Constantius recalled him from Antioch &
had him executed on the way.
CONSTANTIUS GALLUS
Who?: Cousin of Constantius II.
March
Start: Made Caesar in 351.
JULIAN II
Who?: Half-brother of Gallus & nephew of 6 Nov 26 June
Constantine I.
Start: Made Caesar in 355. His troops Who?: Captain of Guard under Julian.
revolted in 360 & proclaimed him Augustus. Start: proclaimed by army.

3 November

348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362
 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377

End: So incensed while giving

barbarians, he had an apoplec
r Julian & Jovian. VALENTINIAN I West
Feb
GRATIAN West
Who?: Son of Valentinian I.
Start: Made Augustus at the age of 7.
Who? Son of Valentinian I. VALENTINIAN II
Start: Made Augustus on November
the death of his father.

WEST
Marcellus

EAST
VALENS East
28 March

Firmus
End: Killed in battle against Persians.

26 June
JOVIAN End: Suffocated due to
June 16 Feb brazier in his bed-chamber.

End: Died of fever. PROCOPIUS End: Defeated by Valens & put to death.
Sept 27 May
Who?: Kinsman & General of Julian II.
Start: Rebelled against Valens at
Constantinople.

363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377
 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392

Who?: Commander in Britain. MAGNUS MAXIMUS End: Defeated at Battle of

28 July Poetovio & executed at Aquileia.

Who: Son of Magnus Maximus. FLAVIUS VICTOR End: Taken prisoner & executed by
Arbogastes, general of Theodosius.

Magnus Maximus, army commander in Britain.

So incensed while giving audience to

arbarians, he had an apoplectic fit and died.

GRATIAN
15 may
ALENTINIAN II End: Deserted by troops, fled
Who?: "Master of Offices".
25 August but was killed near Lugdunum. EUGENIUS
Start: Placed on throne by Arbogastes.

Who?: Younger on of Theodosius I.

HONORIUS Start: Made Augustus at the age of 9.

End: Defeated by Visigoths &

9 August
THEODOSIUS I THEODOSIUS I
19 January
Who?: Son of Theodosius I. ARCADIUS ARCADIUS
Start: Raised to Augustus by
his father.

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Who?: A common soldier in Britain.

Who?: Son of Constantine III.

Start: Raised Augustus by his father
before invading Spain.

Constantine III, proclaimed Who?: A man of obscure origin.

by legions in Britain. Start: Proclaimed Emperor in Spain by
Gerontius, one time general of Honorius.

Who?: Prefect of Rome.

Start: (1) Alaric, leader of the Visagoths,
forced the Senate to make him Augustus.

GRATIAN

End: Strangled, probably on the

orders of his general, Arbogastes. End: Defeated by
Theodosius & put to death.
EUGENIUS
6 September
HONORIUS

THEODOSIUS I End: Died of dropsy.

17 January
ARCADIUS

THEODOSIUS II
Who?: Son of Arcadius. Jan
Start: Made Augustus at
the age of 9 months.

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Who?: Foremost General; married Galla
CONSTANTINE III End: Defeated by forces of Honorius & sent to Italy for execution. Placidia, half-sister of Honorius. CONSTANTIUS III
Start: Raised to Augustus by Honorius.

CONSTANS End: Beseiged in Vienne by Gerontius and put to death. Who?: Principal secretary to Honorius.
Start: Assumed purple on his death.
MAXIMUS End: Pardoned on death of Gerontius.
Start: (2) Proclaimed Emperor by Ataulf, Alaric's successor.
End: (2) Deposed & delivered to Honorius who banished him.
End: (1)Deposed for incompetence.

PRISCUS ATTALUS PRISCUS ATTALUS

Who?: Gaulish noble.

Start: Proclaimed by Kings JOVINUS
of Burgundians & Alani. End: Captured by Ataulf
the Visigoth & executed.
Who?: Brother of Jovinus. SEBASTIANUS

End: Died of old age.

1 May

Legions Jutish and

withdraw Anglo-Saxon
from landings in
Britain Britain
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End: Died of natural causes?

End: Captured at Ravenna, mutilated,
exhibited in circus on an ass and executed.
JOHANNES

VALENTINIAN III
23 October
Who?: Son of Constantius III:
Start: proclaimed after the
death of Johannes.

End: Died of old age.

August

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VALENTINIAN III

Who?: Prominent Senator.

Start: Plotted against Valentinian II and
had himself proclaimed emperor.

End: Died at
Constantinople after
THEODOSIUS II hunting accident.
July
MARCIAN
Who?: Senator. 25 August
Start: Chosen by Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II.

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Who?: Patrician.
Start: Chosen by Eastern Emperor, Leo I.
12 April
End: Assassinated following plot
by Senator Petronius Maximus.

VALENTINIAN III
March
End: Threatened by Vandal king Gaiseric
PETRONIUS MAXIMUS and attacked & killed by mob while fleeing.
17 Mar

Who?: Nobleman of Gaul &

commander of troops there. End: Defeated by Suevian army
Start: Persuaded by Visigoth king AVITUS commander, Ricimer and given
Theodoric II to claim throne. 10 July 17 Oct bishopric of Placentia but died after.

Who?: Prominent Senator. End: Deposed, tortured

Start: installed by the Suevian MAJORIAN & executed by Ricimer.
army commander, Ricimer.

End: Died, possibly

Who?: Senator.
SEVERUS III a victim of Ricimer.
Start: Installed by the Suevian
army commander, Ricimer. 19 November

Who?: Military man. LEO I

Start: Proclaimed after the death of Marcian.

MARCIAN End: Natural death.

Vandals
sack
Rome
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 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482

End: Beseiged by Ricimer in Rome, sought refuge in

ANTHEMIUS church disguised as a beggar, recognised & beheaded.
11 July
END OF THE
Who?: Senator.
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
Start: Chosen by Ricimer. OLYBRIUS End: died of dropsy.
2 Nov

Who?: "Count of the Domestics". End: Deposed by Julius Nepos & forcibly
Start: Proclaimed by Gundobad, Master of Soldiers. GLYCERIUS consecrated Bishop of Salona.
Mar 24 June

End: Overthrown by Orestes,

Start: Chosen by Zeno. JULIUS NEPOS Master of Soldiers. Died in
June 28 Aug exile 5 years later.

End: Orestes was killed & his son deposed by Odoacer,

Who?: Infant son of Orestes. ROMULUS AUGUSTUS leader of the German mercenaries. Augustulus was
Start: Proclaimed emperor by him. Oct 4 Sept allowed to retire to Campania with a pension.

End: Died of illness.

3 Febuary
LEO II End: A sickly child he died nine
Who?: Son of Zeno, grandson of Leo I.
months after Leo I's death.
Start: Made Augustus in Oct 473 due to his grandfather's illness.
ZENO
Who?: Issaurian chieftain, father of Leo II.
9 February
Start: Crowned co-emperor by his son after Leo I's death.

Who?: Brother of Verina, wife of Leo I. BASILICUS End: Deposed by Zeno & beheaded.
Start: Conspired with her against Zeno. Start: The Issaurian general, Illus,
9 Jan
rebelled against Zeno & set up Marcian,
Who?: Son of Basilicus. MARCUS End: Beheaded with father & mother. son of Anthemius, as rival emperor.
Soon after, he deposed him & put the
patrician, Leontius, in his place.

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ZENO End: Died of epilepsy.

9 April

Who?: Silentiary (usher) in Zeno's palace.

Marcian Start: Chosen by Ariadne, Zeno's widow. ANASTASIUS I
11 April
LEONTIUS
End: After a four year seige, Illus &
Leontius were captured & beheaded.

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The Eastern Roman Empire

is now called by Historians
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Anastasius I dies of very old age, on 9th July 518 A.D.

ANASTASIUS I

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