Science Quarter 3

Reviewer!

Quantity
! The amount or number of a material or anything.
! Numbers with unknown units are meaningless.
Unit
! A definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by
convention or law, that is used as a standard for
measurement of the same kind of quantity.
! ›describe, expresses and compare measured values in a
meaningful way.
! There are two types of units, metric units (sl Units) and
english units.
!only the us and england uses english system and most of
the world use metric system.
Physical Quantity
! A property of a material or system that can be quantified
by measurement.
! Can be expressed as the combination of a magnitude and a
unit.
 Position
! A place where someone or something is located or has
been put.

Motion
! A change in the position of an object over time.
(Initial position vs FINAL POSITION.)

Frame of Reference
! A set of coordinates that can be used to determine
positions and velocities of objects in that frame.
Direction
! can be described in relative terms, such as up, down, in,
out, left, right, forward, backward, or sideways.
! Direction can also be described with the cardinal
directions: north, south, east, or west.
! Direction is an important component of motion.
there are two types of quantities which are:
Scalar and Vector Quantity
Scalar Quantity
! the measurement of a medium strictly in magnitude
Ex. Time, Volume, Distance, Speed
Vector Quantity
! the measurement that refers to both the magnitude of the
medium as well as the direction of the movement the medium
has taken, Ex. Increase and Decrease and Time, Velocity,
Acceleration.
 Vectors
! It is a measurement that has both size and direction.
! It may be represented by an arrow.
! If you are representing motion with an arrow, the length
of the arrow represents distance, and the way the arrow
points represents direction.

Distance, Displacement, Speed,

and Velocity
Distance (d)
! how far an object travels.
! Does not depend on direction.
Displacement( △ d)
! difference between an object’s final position and its
starting position.
! Does depend on direction.
! lIn order to define displacement, we need directions.
lExamples of directions:
l+ and –
lN, S, E, W
lAngles

△
! Formula: d = d final – d initial or Displacement = final
position – initial position
 Speed
! Symbol is (s)
! The rate at which an object is moving at a time, like
distance, speed does not depend on direction.

! Formula triangle!
s = d/t or speed = distance / time (s)
D= ST or Distance = speed x time (m)
T = D/S or Time = distance / speed (m/s)

Velocity (v)
! speed with direction, Has magnitude and direction!
! is a description of both speed and direction.
! Velocity is an example of a vector, a quantity that has
both magnitude and direction.
(Magnitude- A measure that has value.)

! Formula!
△
V = D/T or Velocity = displacement / time
Acceleration (a)
! measures how much anobject’s speed changes over a
certain time.
! Formulas of acceleration!
A = Vf-Vi/ T
Vf = Vi + at
Vi = Vf - at
T = Vf-Vi/ A
 Vectors
! Graphical Method!
Aligning vectors head to tail and then drawing then
resultant from the tail of the first to the head of the last.

!Formulas!
Triangular Method
Soh ( Sin = Opposite/ Hypothenus), Cah ( Cos =
Adjacent/hypothenus), Toa (Tangent = opposite/ adjacent)

Resultant Formula
add all y’s and x’s then square them, then add and get the
square root.

Tangent Solution
tangent teta = added y/ added x
teta = tan-1 (result of division)

Motion & Graphs

! are an important tool used to show the relationships
between position, speed, and time.
! It’s an easy way to see how speed or position changes over
time
! These types of graphs are called kinematic graphs.
! •There are two types:
–Position/Distance vs. Time Graphs (d-t graph)
–Speed/Velocity vs. Time Graphs (v-t graph)
Position Vs. Time
! Used to show an object’s position at a given time.
•Position: on y-axis
•Time: on x-axis

slope
! Slope is the ratio of the rise (y-axis) to the run (x-axis) of
a line on a graph.
! A bigger slope means a steeper line which means a faster
speed.

Negative Slopes
! They show an object that is slowing down - or
decelerating.
! The first graph is slowly decelerating, while the second
graph is quickly decelerating.
Position Vs. Time - Changing Velocity
! when the line is flat it means its at rest.
!. if its rising straightly then its at a constant velocity.
! if its rising faster and faster its accelerating.
! when the line goes down and down its deccelerating.
! When line goes down its moving backwards
!. when line very low and go up line is constantly slow.
Speed Vs. Time - Constant Speed
! The slope of a speed time graph represents acceleration.
! A constant slope implies a constant acceleration.
! The slope can be positive, negative, or zero.
! As we know, most objects don’t move at a constant speed.
! If a speed vs. time graph slopes up, then the speed is
increasing.
! If it slopes down, then the speed is decreasing.
! If the graph is horizontal, then the object is moving at a
constant speed.

SOUND WAVES
A sound is a wave and caused by a vibration.
Wave
! It is a disturbance that transfers energy as it propagates
from one region of the system to the other.
Vibration
! is the source of a wave.
medium
! is the material where waves travel (ex. Air, water,
vacuum, etc.)
 Classification of waves:
mechanical vs electromagnetic
Mechanical Waves
! require a medium of propagation E.g. sound wave, water
wave) .
Electromagnetic waves
! do not require a medium of propagation because these
waves can propagate in a vacuum, E.g. infrared, x – ray,
radio wave.

Classification of waves:
transverse vs longitudinal
transverse waves
! the particles of the medium move at right angles to the
direction of propagation of the wave, E.g. rope wave,
electromagnetic waves.
!. Parts of transverse waves:
Crest: the highest point of the wave
Trough: the lowest point of the wave

longitudinal Waves
! the particles of the medium move back – and – forth
parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.
E.g. sound waves
! Parts of longitudinal waves:
Compression: where the particles are close together
Rarefaction: where the particles are spread apart

Wave Properties: transverse vs

longitudinal
Wavelength: The distance between two successive identical
parts of the wave.
Amplitude: It refers to the maximum distance of a particle
with respect to the equilibrium position.
Frequency: refers to the number of identical parts of a
wave that pass through a given point per unit time.
frequency = no. of cycles/s
1Hz = 1 cycle/s

The higher the frequency, the more energy in the wave.

10 waves going past in 1 second = 10 Hz
1,000 waves go past in 1 second = 1,000 Hz
1 million waves going past = 1 million Hz
Period: refers to the time for one complete cycle of a
wave.
Wave speed: Depends on the medium in which the wave is
traveling. It varies in solids, liquids and gases.

!Formulas!
 Sound Waves
Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position
creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the
frequency of sound the pitch.
Sound waves travel on a MEDIUM:
Any SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS

Sound travels by pushing the particles of a substance. The

particles push into the particles next to them, and then
return to their original position. And the sound continues to
travel in this form until it reaches your ear!
 Sound Waves
Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position
creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the
frequency of sound the pitch.
Sound waves travel on a MEDIUM:
Any SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS

Sound travels by pushing the particles of a substance. The

particles push into the particles next to them, and then
return to their original position. And the sound continues to
travel in this form until it reaches your ear!