Vesu, Surat

Class-9
Subject- Physics
Prepared by:- Darshil Patel
 7. Motion
➢ Motion- Change in the position of an object with respect to a fixed point (reference point
or origin) with time.
Describing Motion -to describe the position (location) of an object we need to specify a
reference point called the origin. A Reference Point is used to describe the location of an
object. An object can be referred through many reference points.
➢ Origin The reference point that is used to describe the location of an object is called Origin
➢ There are certain physical quantities which are described by specifying only their
numerical values. Such quantities are called Scalar quantities. The numerical value of a
physical quantity is its magnitude.
Examples of scalar quantities are – Length, Mass, temperature, time, speed etc.
➢ Vector quantities -There are certain physical quantities which are described by specifying
both magnitude and direction. Such quantities are called vector quantities.
For examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Force, etc.

Motion Along A Straight Line

➢ The simplest type of motion is the motion along a straight line.
➢ Consider the motion of an object moving along a straight path. The object starts its
journey from O which is treated as its reference point. Let A, B and C represents the
position of the object at different instants. At first, the object moves through C and B
and reaches A. Then it moves back along the same path and reaches C through B.

➢ Distance – The distance covered by an object is described as the total path length
covered by an object between two endpoints.
Distance is a numerical quantity. We do not mention the direction in which an object is
travelling while mentioning about the distance covered by that object.
 ➢ Displacement – The shortest possible distance between the initial and final position of
an object is called Displacement.
➢ Displacement depends upon the direction joining initial and final position of the object
travelling. Displacement is denoted by S or Δx.
➢ Displacement S = Final position - Initial position.

➢ Zero Displacement – When the first

(initial) and last (final) positions of an
object are same, the displacement is zero.
For Example, consider the diagrams given
beside.
Displacement at point A = 0 because the
shortest distance from A to A is zero.
Negative Displacement and Positive Displacement

➢ Here, displacement of object A is positive

ΔA = Af − A0 = 7– 0 = 7
displacement of object B is negative
ΔB = Bf − B0 = 7–12 = – 5. A negative sign
indicates opposite direction here.
Similarly, displacement of C is positive and
displacement of D is negative.

Difference between Distance and Displacement:

Distance Displacement
The total path length covered by an object The shortest possible distance between the
between the initial and final position of an initial and final position of an object is called
object is called Distance Displacement
Distance is a scalar quantity Displacement is a vector quantity
Distance is always greater than or equal to Magnitude of displacement is always less than
magnitude of displacement or equal to Distance
Distance is always positive. Displacement can be positive, negative or zero.
Distance between two points is not unique Displacement between two points is unique and
but depends on path chosen. does not depend on path chosen.

Distance and Displacement are equal only if the object does not change its direction of
motion.
Uniform motion
Definition: When an object travels equal
distances in equal intervals of time however
small the interval may be, the object is said to
have a uniform motion.
In case of uniform motion speed of
object remains constant.
Therefor Instantaneous speed = average speed
Also, the rate of change of speed zero
and the distance travelled by the object is
directly proportional to time taken.
Examples: Train moving with constant speed, Point on blade of ceiling fan.
Non-uniform motion:
Definition: When an object travels unequal distances in
equal intervals of time, however small the intervals may
be the object is said to have a non-uniform motion.
This type of motion is defined as the motion of an object
in which the object travels with varied speed and it does
not cover same distance in equal time intervals,
irrespective of the time interval duration.
In case of non-uniform motion, the speed and/or
velocity of an object changes with time.
Comparison table between uniform motion and non-uniform motion:
 Speed of an object is defined as the distance traveled by the object per unit time. Its SI unit
is m/s or ms-1 . Speed = Distance / Time
Velocity: Velocity of an object is defined as the displacement traveled by the object per unit
time. Velocity is the speed of an object moving in definite direction. Its S.I. unit is
m/s or ms-1. Velocity v = Displacement / Time
Total Distance covered Total Displacement
Avarage Speed = Avarage Velocity =
Total Time Total Time
Example : For an object travelling
with three different speeds in
different time intervals in straight
line from point A to point B.

Average speed =
d1 + d2+ d3 = v1t1 + v2t2+ v3t3 = v1 + v2+ v3 (Only when t = t = t )
1 2 3
t1 +t2+ t3 t1 +t2+ t3 3

=
d1 + d2+ d3 = 3
(Only when d1 = d2 = d3)
d d d
1 2 3
(
1 1 1
v1 v2 v3
+ +
v1 +v2+v3)

Instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity:

The magnitude of velocity or speed at a
particular instance of time is called Instantaneous
Velocity or instantaneous speed.
Magnitude of Instantaneous velocity = Instantaneous speed
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity per unit time is called Acceleration.

Change in Velocity v−u

Acceleration = = S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2 or ms-2
Time t

Uniform Acceleration - An object is said to have a uniform acceleration if:

➢ Its velocity changes (increases or decreases) equal amounts in equal time Intervals
➢ It travels along a straight path.
Non - Uniform Acceleration - An object is said to have a non-uniform acceleration if its velocity
changes (increases or decreases) by unequal amounts in equal time intervals.
Acceleration is a vector quantity. If the velocity is increasing in magnitude keeping the
direction same, the direction of acceleration is the same as direction of velocity. Such
acceleration is called Positive Acceleration. If velocity is decreasing in magmitude keeping the
direction the direction of acceleration becomes opposite to the direction of velocity. Such
acceleration is called Negative Acceleration or Deceleration or Retardation.
Graphical Representation :-
Straight Line Graph : Graph will be a straight line if variable quantity on Y-axis is proportional
to the variable quantity on X-axis (quantity on Y-axis α quantity on X-axis).
Similarly, graph will be a horizontal straight line if quantity on Y-axis is constant/uniform.
Slope : Slope of graph is ratio of the change in variable
quantity on Y-axis to the change in variable quantity on X-
axis.
∆Y Y2−Y1
Slope = =
∆X X2−X1
For straight line graph slope is always constant
and represents constant of proportionality between
variable quantity on Y-axis and variable quantity on X-axis.
When variable on X-axis is time (t), slope is rate of change of variable on Y-axis.
Area under the graph :- Image below represents non-uniform relation between X and Y.
To find area
under the graph for
range X=a to X=b,
we follow method as
shown in image-1.
We divide the range X=a to X=b in small and equal intervals like X1, X2, X3… so that
area is also divided in small rectangles as shown in image-1. To find total area, we should find
areas of all rectangles shown in image-1 and add them all.
If we ignore small variation in variable Y for first interval X1 and take its value as
constant, that is Y1 for whole interval X1, so that area of first rectangle will be (Y1 × X1) with
some error. If we add all such rectangles, we get total area for range X=a to X=b, where small
triangle like shapes are errors, as Y1 is not constant throughout the interval X1. To reduce
error, we can divide the given range in smaller intervals as shown image-2, where triangles
become smaller and error is reduced.
If we divide this given range interval in infinitely small parts, the triangles become
infinitely small in size and total error becomes zero as shown in image-3. This shows that the
total area under the curve between range X=a to X=b, is product of two variables ‘Y’ and ’X’.
Area under any graph represents the product of two variables quantities represented on Y-axis
and X-axis. This fact can be used to study speed-time graph of non-uniform motion as follows.
To find distance
travelled during time
interval t = a to t = b,
we follow method as
shown in image-1.
We divide the time interval t = a to t = b in small and equal time intervals like t1, t2, t3…
During time interval t1, speed is taken v1 (Constant), so that the area of first rectangle shows
distance d1 = (v1 × t1) with some error. If we add all such areas of rectangles we get total
distance travelled during time interval t = a to t = b, where small triangle like shapes are
errors as speed (v1) is not constant throughout the time interval t1. To reduce errors we can
divide time interval in smaller parts as shown image-2, where triangles become smaller and
error is reduced.
If we divide this time interval in infinitely small parts, the triangles become infinitely
small in size and total error becomes zero as shown in image-3 and the total area under the
curve for time interval t = a to t = b, is distance which is product of two variables ‘v’ and ’t’
represented on Y axis and X axis respectively.
So, Area under speed-time graph represents distance.
Distance–Time Graph:- It represents a change in position of object with respect to time.
1. Distance-time Graph in case the object is at rest :-
The distance is constant during all time intervals so
the graph is a straight line parallel to x axis.

2. Distance-time Graph in case of uniform motion :-

a. For uniform motion, the distance travelled by the
object is directly proportional to time taken. Thus,
a graph of distance travelled against time is a
straight line, as shown in figure.
b. The portion OB of the graph shows that the
distance is increasing at a uniform rate. You can
also use the term uniform velocity in place of
uniform speed if you take the magnitude of
displacement in place of the distance travelled by
the object along the Y-axis.
c. To find slope of line AB draw a line parallel to the x-axis from point A and another line
parallel to the Y-axis from point B. These two lines meet each other at point C to form
a triangle ABC. Now, on the graph, AC denotes the time interval (t2 – t1) while BC
denotes to the distance (s2 – s1). We can see from the graph that as the object moves
from the point A to point B, it covers a distance (s2 – s1) in time (t2 – t1).
So the slope = [(s2 – s1)/ (t2 – t1)] which is speed of this object.
Slope of Distance–Time Graph Represents speed.
3. Non-Uniform Velocity and Uniform Acceleration –
(a) For accelerated motion -The slope of graph is increasing with time.
(b) For decelerated (speeding down) motion- The slope of graph is decreasing with time.
Velocity – Time Graph:
1. Uniform rectilinear motion :–
Straight line graph parallel to the x-axis.

2. Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Non-uniform Velocity / Uniform Acceleration):

Graph – 1 Graph – 2 Graph – 3

➢ When a body is moving with uniform acceleration and its initial velocity is zero. (Graph-1)
➢ When a body is moving with uniform acceleration and its initial velocity is not zero.
(Graph-2)
➢ When a body is moving with uniform retardation and its initial velocity not zero. (Graph-3)
As θ > 90°, graph has a negative slope.

Comparison of graphs of velocity-time and speed-time for an object thrown vertically

upward direction under uniform acceleration
 --------------------------------------------- For information only----------------------------------------------

Equations of Motion for Uniformly Accelerated Motion:

Equation for velocity(V)-time(t) relation
Consider the velocity-time graph of an
object that moves under uniform acceleration
as shown in figure (with u ≠ 0). From this
graph, you can see that initial velocity of the
object is u (at point C) and then it increases to
v (at point F) in time t.
The velocity changes at a uniform rate.
In figure, the perpendicular lines AE and AD
are drawn from point A on the time and the
velocity axes respectively, the perpendicular
line BC is drawn from point B velocity axes so
that the initial velocity (u) is represented by
OC, the final velocity (v) is represented by OD
and the time interval t is represented by OE.
From the graph, we observe that OD = OC + CD
∴ CD = OD- OC _______________________(1)
Equation (1) represents the change in velocity (v-u) in time interval t.
From the velocity-time graph, the acceleration of the object is given by
Change on velocity axis AB
a = Slope = =
Change on time axis BC

From graph Substituting AB = CD and BC = OE we get

CD OD−OC
a= = [∵ Using equation (1)]
OE OE
Substituting OD = v, OC = u and OE = t, we get
𝑣−𝑢
a=
𝑡
∴ v = u + at.
This equation is also called first equation of motion representing relationship between
velocity and time.
Equation for position(s) - time(t) relation
Let’s consider that the object has travelled distance S in time t under uniform
acceleration a. In figure, the distance travelled by the object is obtained by the area enclosed
within trapezium AEOC, under the velocity-time graph CA.
Thus, the distance s travelled by the object is given by
S= Area of AEOC = Area of the rectangle OEBC + Area of the triangle ABC
1 1
= (OC × OE) + (AB × BC) = (OC × OE) + (CD × OE) (∵ AB = CD and BC = OD)
2 2
Substituting OC = u, OE = t and CD = OD- OC = v-u
1 1
We get, S = ut + (v-u)t = ut + (at)t ( Using velocity-time relation v = u + at, ∴ v – u = at )
2 2
𝟏
∴ S = ut + at2
𝟐
This equation is also called second equation of motion representing relationship between
displacement and time.

Equation for position(s) – velocity(v) relation:

From the velocity-time graph shown in Fig, the distance S travelled by the object in
time t, moving under uniform acceleration a, is given by the area enclosed within the
trapezium AEOC under the graph CA.
OC+AE
That is, S = Area of the trapezium AEOC = × OE
2
𝑢+𝑣
Substituting OC = u, AE = v and OE = t, we get S = ×t ___________________(1)
2
𝑣−𝑢
Substituting t = from velocity-time relation v = u + at, in equation (1)
𝑎
𝑢+𝑣 𝑣−𝑢
We get S = × = v2-u2/2a ∴ 2aS = v2-u2
2 𝑎
This equation is also called third equation of motion representing relationship between
velocity and displacement. Equation (1) also indicates that for uniformly accelerated motion

𝑢+𝑣 𝑆 𝑢+𝑣
Total displacement S = ×t ∴ =
2 𝑡 2

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𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑆) 𝒖+𝒗
= Average Velocity Vavg =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛(𝑡) 𝟐
Uniform Circular Motion:
We say that the object is accelerating
when the velocity of an object changes. The
change in the velocity could be due to change
in its magnitude or the direction of the
motion or both. Let’s think of an example
when an object does not change its
magnitude of velocity but only its direction of
motion. Observe the motion of an athlete
along closed tracks of different shapes.
You will notice that as the shape of the
track approaches the shape of a circle and the
length of each of the sides will decrease to a
point. If the athlete moves with a velocity of
constant magnitude along the circular path,
the only change in his velocity is due to the change in the direction of motion. The motion of
the athlete moving along a circular path is, therefore, an example of an accelerated motion.
We know that the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2πr. If the athlete takes t
seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the speed v is given by,
2𝜋𝑟
v=
𝑇

When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called
uniform circular motion.
Following figure 1 suggest that to maintain uniform circular motion of mass m, an
acceleration towards the centre is required which is called centripetal acceleration, and is
given by ar = v2/r. Also as shown in figure 2 if centripetal force and acceleration is removed,
the mass start motion in a straight line in the direction of tangent.

(1) (2)