2…

Global System for

Mobile Communication (GSM)

About This Chapter …

After reading this chapter students can understand −
• Introduction - GSM Services and Features, GSM Architecture, GSM Channel Types, Example of
GSM Call: GSM to PSTN Call, PSTN to GSM Call.
• GSM Frame Structure, Signal Processing in GSM, Location Tracking and Call Setup.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
• In 1982, European formed a study group called group special mobile for study
(GSM) to develop pan-European public land mobile system to fulfil certain
requirements.
− Good speech quality.
− Ability to support handheld or mobile device.
− Support new range of services.
− Integrated service digital network capabilities.
• GSM is a global system for mobile communication. It is the most successful
digital mobile telecommunication system in the world today. It is generally used
by 800 million people. In more than 190 countries, GSM can integrate voice and
data services and integrate it with the existing network.
2.1.1 GSM Services
In the specification of a telecommunication standard such as GSM, the first step
is of course the definition of the services offered by the system. GSM is a digital
cellular system designed to support a wide variety of services, depending on the user
contract and the network and mobile equipment capabilities.
(2.1)
Mobile Computing 2.2 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

In GSM terminology, telecommunication services are divided into three broad

categories:
• Bearer services are also called as Data services. These are telecommunication
services providing the capability of transmission of signals between access points
[the user-network interfaces (UNIs) in ISDN]. For instance, synchronous
dedicated packet data access is a bearer service.
• Teleservices are telecommunication services providing the complete capability,
including terminal equipment functions, for communication between users
according to protocols established by agreement between network operators.
• Supplementary Services.
In addition to these services, supplementary services are defined that modify or
supplement a basic telecommunication service.
1. Bearer Services
There exist several categories of bearer services:
• Unrestricted digital information (UDI) is designed to offer a peer-to-peer digital
link.
• The 3.1 kHz is external to the PLMN and provides a UDI service on the GSM
network, interconnected with the ISDN or the PSTN by means of a modem.
• Packet Assembler/disassembler (PAD) enables the PLMN subscribers to access a
packet-switched public data network (PSPDN).
• Packet enables a synchronous connection to access a PSPDN network and
alternate speech and data, providing the capability to switch between voice and
data during a call.
2. Teleservices
In terms of application, tele services correspond to the association of a particular
terminal to one or several bearer services. They provide access to two kinds of
applications:
• Between two compatible terminals;
• From an access point of the PLMN to a system including high-level functions, for
example, a server.
Of course, the most basic tele service supported by GSM is digital voice
telephony, based on transmission of the digitally encoded voice over the radio. The
voice service also includes emergency calls, for which the nearest emergency-service
provider is notified by dialing three digits.
The other tele services that are defined for a PLMN are:
• Data services, with data rates ranging from 2.4 Kbps to 14.4 Kbps. These
services are based on circuit-switched technology. Circuit switched means that
during the communication, a circuit is established between two entities for the
Mobile Computing 2.3 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

transfer of data. The physical resource is used during the whole duration of the
call.
• Short message service (SMS), which is a bidirectional service for short
alphanumeric (up to 160 bytes) messages.
• Access to a voice message service.
• Fax transmission.
3. Supplementary Services
Supplementary services include several forms of call forward (such as call
forwarding when the mobile subscriber is unreachable by the network), caller
identification, call waiting, multiparty conversations, charging information, and call
barring of outgoing or incoming calls. These call-barring features can be used for
example when roaming in another country, if the user wants to limit the
communication fees.
2.1.2 Salient Features of GSM
1. Frequency band: GSM was designed for 900 MHz band but later the
frequency allocation takes place and it is used for 1800 MHz.
2. Channels: It uses upto 200 full duplex channel per cell. Each channel has
downlink and uplink frequency. Each of channel support eight separate
connections using time division multiplexing.
3. Speed: Each channel having 270.833 kbps of speed which is divided into
eight users. Each connection can send compressed voice signal or 9.6 kbps
of data.
4. Hybrid multiple access (FDMA/TDMA):
FDMA: It divides 25 MHz allocated bandwidth into 124 carrier frequency
that are spaced 200 kHz apart.
− TDMA one or more frequencies assign to each BS and each frequency is
divided in time by TDMA (BS-Base Station).
5. Circuit switched: GSM is a circuit switched network. A mobile computer
with special type of modem can make a call using GSM telephone as it
would placed on hard wire network. It will face high error rate to solve this
one might use packed switched network.
6. Services: It supports other value added services such as short message
services (sms), access to internet, wireless application protocol, call
forwarding etc.
2.1.3 GSM Architecture
GSM system consists of three major components:
Mobile Computing 2.4 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

(i) Base Station System (BSS).

(ii) Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC).
(iii) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
(i) Base Station System (BSS):
This system consists of Mobile Station (MS), Base Station Controller (BSC), Base
Transreceiver Station (BTS). As shown in Fig. 2.1, the BSS and NSS connected to
each other via A interface (solid lines) and the connection to OMC via O interface
(dashed lines).
Base Station Subsystem (BSS): GSM system consists of many BSS, each one
is controlled by Base Station Controller (BSC). BSS performs all the functions which
are required to maintain connection to MS, coding/decoding of voice etc. BSS also
contains Base Transreceiver Stations (BTS).
Base Station Controller (BSC): BSC provides all the control functions and
physical link between MSC and BTS. BSC is connected to BTS and MSC (Mobile
Switching Center).
Base Transreceiver Station (BTS): BTS is responsible for handling radio
interface to the mobile station. It is connected to MS via U m interface and it is also
connected to BSC via the Abis interface.
The Um interface contains all mechanism for wireless interface (TDMA, FDMA
etc.). The BTS is a radio equipment (transreceiver or antenna) needed to service
each cell in the network.
(ii) Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC):
OMC is connected to all equipments in switching system and to the BSC. It
maintains operation of the GSM network by observing the handovers, system load,
blocking rates etc. OMC provides network overview and allow network engineers to
monitor, diagnose and troubleshoot every aspect of GSM network.
(iii)Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS):
NSS is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related
functions. It also includes Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Home Location Register
(HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Authentication Center (AUC), Equipment
Identity Register (EIR) etc.
Mobile Switching Center (MSC): It is used to handle communication between
different MS connected to different BSCs. The function of MSC is to locate different
MS and associated BTS, call switching and authentication etc.
Home Location Register (HLR): It is a database for managing the mobile
subscriber. HLR stores permanent data of subscriber which include subscribers
Mobile Computing 2.5 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

service profile, location information and its activity. A home subscriber charges are
less then the roaming subscriber.
Visitor Location Register (VLR): It is a database which consists of temporary
information about subscribers which is used by MSC in order to provide services to
visiting subscriber. MSC updates the VLR by determining which users are in roaming.
Once, the roaming mobile information is updated, then MSC sends necessary
information to roaming mobile subscribers so that roaming mobile call can be
properly routed.
Authentication Center (AUC): This authentication center is used to provide
authentication and encryption method that is used to verify the user identity and
ensure the confidentiality and secrecy of each call.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR): It contains a list of all valid MS
equipment within the network, where each MS is known by it's IMEI.
This IMEI is divided into three groups.
1. White IMEI: All known IMEI.
2. Black IMEI: All stolen mobile handset.
3. Gray IMEI: Handset that are uncertain.
Mobile Computing 2.6 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Fig. 2.1: Functional Architecture of a GSM System

2.1.4 GSM Channel Types
There are mainly two types of GSM logical channels.
(i) Traffic channels (TCHs).
(ii) Control channels (CCHs).
Traffic channels carry digitally encoded user voice or user data and have
identical formats of both forward link and reverse link.
Control channels carry signal and synchronization commands between the base
station and mobile station. Other control channels are used only for forward and
reverse link.
There are six types of GSM traffic channels (TCHs).
GSM traffic channel carry digital voice and user data either at half rate or at full
rate. When signal is transmitted at full rate, user data is contained within one TS per
Mobile Computing 2.7 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

frame. When signal is transmitted at half rate, user data is mapped on to the same
time slots, but it is sent in alternative frames.
Full Rate Traffic Channels (TCH):
(i) Full-rate speech channel (TCH/FS): This channel carries user speech in
digitized form at a raw data rate of 13 kbps. GSM channel coding is added
to digitized speech then the full rate speech channel carries 22.8 kbps.
(ii) Full-rate data channel for 9600 bps (TCH/F9.6): This channel carries
raw user data which is transfers at 9600 bps with additional forward error
correction applied by GSM, the 9600 bps data sent at 22.8 kbps.
(iii) Full-rate data channels for 4800 bps (TCH/F4.8): This channel carries
raw user data which is transferred at 4800 bps with additional forward error
correction applied by GSM, the 4800 bps is sent at 22.8 kbps.
(iv) Full rate data channel for 2400 bps (TCH/F2.4): This channel carries
raw user data which is transferred at 2400 bps with additional forward error
correction coding by GSM, the 2400 bps is sent at 22.8 bps.
Half-rate Traffic Channels:
(i) Half-rate speech channel (TCH/HS): This channel carries digitized
speech which is sampled at a half rate then the full rate GSM channel coding
added to digitized speech and half rate speech channel carry 11.4 kbps.
(ii) Half-rate data channels for 4800 bps (TCH/H4.8): This channel carries
raw user data which is to be transferred at 4800 bps. With additional
forward error correction applied by GSM, the 4800 bps data sent at
11.4 kbps.
(iii) Half-rate data channels for 2400 bps (TCH/H2.4): This channel carries
raw user data which is to be transferred at 2400 bps with additional forward
error correction by the GSM, the 2400 bps data sent at 11.4 kbps.
Mobile Computing 2.8 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Fig. 2.2
GSM Control Channels (CCH):
There are three control channels in GSM:
1. Broadcast control channels.
2. Common control channels.
3. Dedicated control channels.
1. Broadcast control channels (BCH) :
The BTS uses this channel to give information to all MSs within a cell.
Information uses by this channel is cell and network identity, current control channel
structure, channel availability and congestion. The broadcast control channel also
sends the list of channels that are currently used within cell.
(a) Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH): The BTS sends information for
frequency correction via the Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH). The
Mobile Computing 2.9 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

FCCH is special data burst, which occupies first frame (i.e. frame 0) and
repeated after every ten frames in control channel multiframe.
(b) Synchronization Channel (SCH): BTS broadcast information about time
synchronization to all MSS via synchronization channel (SCH). If the mobile
station is 30 km away from serving base station, it is often necessary to
adjust the timing of particular mobile user. The SCH is transmitted once
after every ten frames within the control channel multiframe.
2. Common Control Channels (CCCH):
All the information regarding setting up a connection between MS and BS is
exchanged via the CCCH. The common control channel occupies TSO (framo) of GSM
frame and that is not used by BCH and ideal channels.
(a) Paging Channel (PCH): The PCH gives paging signal from the base station
to all mobile stations within cell. It also notify particular mobile for an
incoming call from PSTN. Alternatively, the PCH is used to provide cell
broadcast ASCII text message to all subscriber, as a GSM SMS features.
(b) Random Access Channel (RACH): If MS wants to setup a call, it uses
Random Access Channel (RACH) to send data to BTS. All mobile must
request access or respond to a PCH with TSO of GSM frame. At BTS, every
frame will accept RACH transmission from mobile during TSO.
(c) Access Grant Channel (AGCH): The AGCH channel is used by base station
to provide forward link communication to mobile station and carries
instructional data which tells mobile to operate in particular physical channel
with particular control channel. The AGCH is the final common control
channel message sent by the base station before subscriber is roaming or
moving off the control channel.
3. Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH):
There are mainly three types of dedicated control channels in GSM, same as
traffic channel, they are bidirectional. They have same format and function on both
forward and reverse links.
(a) Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH): SDCCH carries
signaling data which follows the connection of mobile with base station. The
SDCCH ensures that the mobile and base station connection remains
constant while the base station and MSC verify the subscriber unit and
resource allocation to mobile. The SDCCH is also used to send
authentication and alert messages but not speech.
Mobile Computing 2.10 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

(b) Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): The SACCH is always

associate with traffic channel or SDCCH, the SACCH carries general
information between the MS and BTS. On the forward link, the SACCH is
used to send slow but regularly changing control information to the mobile,
such as power level instruction, and specific timing advance instruction for
each user. The reverse SACCH carries information about the received signal
strength and quality of traffic channel as well as BCH measurement result
from neighbouring cell.
(c) Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH): FACCH carries urgent
messages, and contain the same type of information as SDCCH. A FACCH is
assigned to a particular user when SDCCH has not been dedicated to
particular user. The FACCH access the time slots by taking frame from
traffic channel, this is done by using two special bits, called stealing bits,
in TCH channel.
2.1.5 Example of GSM Call
To learn and understand how different traffic channel and control channel are
actually used, consider the mobile call origination in GSM.
First, subscriber unit must be synchronized to nearby base station as it monitors
the BCH. By receiving FCCH, SCH and BCCH messages, subscriber lock the system
and BCH. To make the call, subscriber enter combination of digits and press "send"
button on GSM phone. Then the mobile send random access channel data to the
base station to which it is locked. The base station then responds with access grant
channel message on the common control channel, which assign a mobile unit a new
channel for stand-alone control channel connection.
The subscriber unit monitoring TSO to a new channel for SDCCH connection. The
subscriber unit, which is monitoring TSO of broadcast channel, would receive its
absolute radio frequency channel number and TS assignment from access grant
channels and would immediately tune to absolute radio frequency channel number
and TS. This new absolute radio frequency channel number and TS is physically
SDCCH. Once tuned to SDCCH, the subscriber unit wait for SACCH frame to be
transmitted.
The base station is able to determine the proper timing advance and signal level
and send proper value over the SAACH for mobile device to process.
After receiving this signal, the mobile subscriber is now able to transmit normal
message as required for speech traffic. The SDCCH sends the message between the
Mobile Computing 2.11 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

mobile and the base station by taking care authentication and user validation, while
PSTN connect the dial party to the MSC, the MSC switch the path to the serving base
station. After few seconds, the mobile is commanded by base station via SDCCH to
return to new absolute radio frequency channel number and new TS for the traffic
channel assignments. Once return to the TCH, speech data is transferred on both the
forward and reverse link.
When call is originated from PSTN, the process is quite similar, the base station
broadcast a paging channel message during TSO within a particular frame on BCH.
The mobile station locked on a same absolute radio frequency channel number,
detects its page and replied with an random access channel message. The base
station then uses the access grant channel on the common control channel to assign
a mobile unit to a new.
2.2 GSM FRAME STRUCTURE
Each user transmits data during the time slots which is assigned to them. These
data have one of five specific formats, as defined in GSM. Fig. 2.3 illustrates the five
types of data bursts used for various traffic and control channels. Normal bursts are
used for traffic channels (TCH) and dedicated control channel (DCCH), on both
forward and reverse link. The RACH channel burst is used by all mobiles to access
services from any base station. FCCH and SCH burst are used for broadcasting of
frequency and time synchronization control messages.
Mobile Computing 2.12 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Fig. 2.3: Time slot data bursts in GSM

Fig. 2.3 illustrates the data structure within normal burst. It consists of 148 bits
which is transmitted at a rate of 270.833333 kbps. Out of total 148 bits per TS,
114 contains information bits which are transmitted as two 57 bits sequences close
to the beginning and end of the burst.
The midamble consists of 26 bits training sequence which allow mobile or base
station receiver to analyse the characteristics of radio channel. On both the sides of
midable bits there are control bits called stealing flags. These two flags are used to
distinguish between traffic channel or control (FACCH) data.
During a frame, a GSM subscriber uses one TS to transmit, one TS to receive
and use the six spare time slots to measures on five adjacent base station as well as
its own base station.
Mobile Computing 2.13 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Fig. 2.4: GSM frame structure

As shown in Fig. 2.4, there are eight time slots per TDMA frame, and frame
period is 4.615 ms. As frame contains 8  156.25 = 1250 bits.
These each normal speech frames are grouped into larger structure called
multiframes which in turn are grouped into superframe.
One multiframe contain 26 TDMA frame and one superframe contain 51
multiframes or 1326 TDMA frames a hyperframe which is not shown in Fig. 2.4 which
contains 2048 superframes or 2,715,648 TDMA frames. A hyperframe is sent about
every 3 hours, 28 minutes and 54 seconds, it is important to GSM, sufficient security
can be obtained by using large number of frames provided by the hyperframe.
2.2.1 Signal Processing in GSM
GSM signal is processing from transmitter to receiver.
1. Speech coding:
The GSM speech coder is based on the Residually Excited Linear Predictive Coder
(RELP), which is enhanced by Long Term Predictor (LTP).
The coder provides 260 bits for each 20 ms block speech, which means a bit rate
of 13 kbps.
Mobile Computing 2.14 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

In the normal conversation, each person speaks on average for less than 40% of
the time. By incorporating Voice Activity Detector (VAD) in speech coder, GSM
system operates in a discontinuous transmission mode (DTX) which provides longer
battery life and reduced radio interface since the GSM transmitter is not active in
silent period.
A Comfort Noise Subsystem (CNS) at the receiving end introduces background
acoustic noise to compensate for the annoying switched muting which occurs due to
DTX.
2. Channel Coding (TCH/FS, SACCH and FACCH):

Fig. 2.5: GSM operations from speech input to speech output

The output bits of speech coder are grouped for error protection, out of the total
260 bits in a frame, the most important 50 bits, called type Ia bits, have 3 parity
check (CRC) bits added to them. This facilitates the detection of non-correctable
error at the receiver.
The next 132 bits along with first 53 (50 types Ia bits + 3 parity bits) appended
by four zero bits, thus, providing a data block of 189 bits. This block is then encoded
for error protection. It provides a sequence of 378 bits. The least important 78 bits
do not have any error protection and are concatenated to the existing sequence of
Mobile Computing 2.15 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

block of 456 bits in 20 ms frame error protection coding increases the gross data
rate of GSM speech signal, with channel coding to 22.8 kbps.
Interleaving:
In order to reduce the effect of sudden fades on the received data, the total 456
encoded bits within each 20 ms speech frame or control message frame are broken
into eight 57 bits subblocks. These eight sub-blocks which make up a single speech
frame are spread over eight consecutive TCH time slots.
If a burst is lost due to interference or fading, channel coding ensures that
enough bits will still received correctly to allow error correction. Fig. 2.6 shows that
how speech frames are diagonally interleaved within the time slots.

Fig. 2.6: Error protection for speech signals in GSM

Ciphering:
Ciphering made changes in a content of eight interleaved blocks through the use
of encryption technique. Security is also enhanced by the changes in encryption
algorithm call to call Two types of security algorithm called A3 and A5 are used in
GSM to prevent unauthorised network access. A5 algorithm is used to authenticate
each mobile by verifying user password within SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). A5
algorithm provides the scrambling for the 114 coded data bits.
Burst formatting:
Burst formatting adds binary data to ciphered block, in order to help
synchronization of the received signal.
Mobile Computing 2.16 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Modulation:
Modulation technique used by GSM is 0.3 GMSK, where 0.3 describes the 3 dB
bandwidth. GMSK is a special type of FM modulation. Binary once and zeros are
represented in GSM by shifting the radio frequency carrier by  67.708 kHz. This
minimise the bandwidth occupied by the modulated spectrum and hence improved
channel capacity.
Frequency hopping:
Under normal condition, data belong to particular physical channel is transmitted
using same frequency. Some time user in a particular cell have served with multipath
problem, then the cell can be called as hopping cell by the network operator, in that
case slow frequency hopping is carried out to cope up with multipath. Frequency
hopping is carried out frame by frame. Frequency hopping is specified by the service
provider.
Equalization:
Equalization is performed at receiver end with the help of training sequences
transmitted in midamble of every time slots. Type of equalization is not fixed in GSM,
it depends upon manufacturer.
Demodulation:
At receiver's end, appropriate TS is demodulated with the aid of synchronization
data provided by the burst formatting. After demodulation the binary data is
deciphered, de-interleaved, channel decoded and speech decoded.
2.2.2 Location Tracking and Call Setup
The location of mobile station is maintained by HLR and the VLR. When an MS
visit a new location, it must register in the VRL of the visited location.
Then the HLR must also be informed about this registration. To access MS, the
HLR has to find the current VLR of the MS. The registration process of MS when it is
moving from one VLR to another VLR are as follows.
Step 1:
The MS periodically listens to the BCCH broadcast from the BSS. If MS detect
that it has entered into a new area, then it sends registration message to VLR by
using SDCCH channel.
Step 2:
Then new VLR communicates with old VLR to find the HLR of the MS. Then new
VLR performed authentication process.
Step 3:
Mobile Computing 2.17 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

After MS authentication, the new VLR sends registration message to the HLR.
If registration request is accepted, then HLR provides the new VLR with all the
subscriber information for call handling.
Step 4:
The new VLR informs the MS about successful registration.
Step 5:
After step 3, the HLR sends cancellation message to old VLR. The old VLR
cancels the record for MS and sends on acknowledgement to HLR about the
cancellation.
When MS is inactive due to switching off or SIM removal, it transmits a detach to
deregister from network. MS has to periodically send registration message to
network. The range of period may be from 6 minutes to slightly more than 24 hours.

Fig. 2.7: The MS registration process

Fig. 2.8 shows the mobile call origination, which describes how logical channel is
involved in call setup procedure. To initiate call setup, the MS sends channel request
to the network through RACH. The BSC informed MS about allocated channels,
through AGCH. Then MS sends call origination request via. SDCCH. The MSC instruct
the BSC about TCH for this call. Then MS acknowledges the traffic channel
assignment via. FACCH. Finally, both MS and BTS tune to the TCH.
Mobile Computing 2.18 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

Fig. 2.8: GSM call origination

Fig. 2.9 shows the radio aspects of mobile call termination. In this scenario, the
MSC request the BSS the page the MS, then the BSC instructs the BTS to page the
MS by using PCH. When MS received the paging message, it request an SDCCH
through RACH. The BTS assign the SDCCH through AGCH.
The MS responds the paging through the SDCCH. This SDCCH is also used to
setup the call.

Fig. 2.9: GSM call termination

The basic call termination procedure is described in following steps.
Step 1:
When MS ISDN is dialled, the call is forwarded to GMSC (Gateway Mobile
Switching Center), a switch that has capability to interrogate the HLR for routing
information. Then the HLR request current VLR of the MS to provide routable
address, called Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN).
Step 2:
The VLR returns the MSRN to GMSC through the HLR.
Step 3:
Mobile Computing 2.19 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

The GMSC uses the MSRN to route the call to MS through visited MSC.
The MS already engage in another communication when call arrived at MS. If
mobile user subscribe for call-waiting service, the MSC proceeds directly to connect
call to the MS. Different communication is possible at a same time by the MS.

Fig. 2.10: The mobile call termination procedure

Important Points
• In GSM terminology, telecommunication services are divided into three broad
categories:
• Bearer services are also called as Data services.
• Teleservices
• Supplementary Services.
• GSM system consists of three major components:
(i) Base Station System (BSS).
(ii) Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC).
(iii) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
• There are mainly two types of GSM logical channels.
(i) Traffic channels (TCHs).
(ii) Control channels (CCHs).
Traffic channels carry digitally encoded user voice or user data and have
identical formats of both forward link and reverse link.
Control channels carry signal and synchronization commands between the base
station and mobile station. Other control channels are used only for forward and
reverse link.
Mobile Computing 2.20 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

• The location of mobile station is maintained by HLR and the VLR. When an MS
visit a new location, it must register in the VRL of the visited location.
Practice Questions
1. What is GSM? Explain features of GSM.

2. With neat diagram explain GSM architecture.

3. Explain types of traffic channel in detail.

4. Explain types of GSM control channel in detail.

5. Explain how GSM call can be made.

6. Explain GSM frame structure.

7. Explain signal processing in GSM with neat diagram.

8. Explain what is location tracking and call setup in GSM.

9. Explain what is operation and maintenance center (OMC).

10. Explain use of base station system.

11. Explain in detail GSM control channels.

12. List broadcast control channels.

13. List common control channels.

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