Chemical Reactions And Equations

Topics in the Chapter

• Chemical reaction
• Chemical equation
• Balanced chemical equation
• Types of chemical reaction
• Corrosion
• Rancidity
Types of Changes
 Physical Changes: Some of these changes are temporary with no new substance being
formed. They are called physical changes.
 Chemical Change: Chemical reaction is the process by which two or more substance react
with each other to form new substance with different properties.
Chemical Reactions
 A chemical reaction is a process in which the original substance loses its nature and identity and
form new substance with different properties.
 The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called Reactants.
 The substances which are formed in a chemical reaction are called Product.
For example:
a) Digestion of food
b) Respiration
c) Rusting of iron
d) Burning of mg ribbon
e) Formation of curd
These are the following changes to determine that the chemical reaction has taken place:
(I) Change in state
(ii) Change in colour
(iii) Evolution of gas
(iv) Change in temperature
  Exothermic Reaction: a chemical reaction that involves the release of energy in the form of heat or
light.
 Endothermic Reaction: chemical reactions in which the reactants absorb heat energy from the
surroundings to form products.

Activity Based Questions

1.1) when magnesium ribbon is burning, what do you observe?
Ans) Magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling flame and watch powder is collected on the watch glass placed
under it. The white powder is magnesium oxide formed by the reaction of magnesium and oxygen present in the
air.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO

1.2) what do you observe when potassium iodide solution is added to lead nitrate solution in a test tube?
Ans) White lead nitrate reacts with white potassium iodide to form yellow lead iodide which is insoluble in
water.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
1.3) What happens to zinc granules when dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid is added to it? Is there
any change in its temperature?
Ans) Zinc being an active metal readily reacts with dil. Hydrochloric acid at room temperature to form
soluble zinc chloride and hydrogen. We can observe bubbles of hydrogen gas being formed around zinc
granules. If we touch the conical flask, we can feel a sense of hotness as there is a rise in temperature. So,
it’s an exothermic reaction.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
As zinc displaces hydrogen from HCl, this is displacement reaction. Hydrogen gas is usually prepared in the
laboratory by this reaction.
When zinc granules are added to dilute sulphuric acid, there occurs a change in the state of zinc granules
and they are converted to zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and hydrogen gas is evolved.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
This reaction is exothermic, i.e., it involves release of heat and so the flask becomes hot and temperature of
the system increases

Chemical Equation: A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form
of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product
entities on the right-hand side.
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
(Reactant) (Product)
Word Equations: One way of representing chemical reactions is a word equation which is a short and
simplest way of writing chemical reaction as compared to the description of a chemical reaction in a
sentence form, which is quite long.
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
(Reactant) (Product)
Balanced chemical equation: The chemical equation that shows the chemical reaction needs to be
balanced. A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number of the atoms involved in the reactants
side is equal to the number of atoms in the products side.
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)
Types of Chemical reaction: Chemical reactions involve the breaking of bonds present in reactant atoms
and forming new bonds in products. Some of the important types of chemical reactions are described next

•Combination Reaction (A + B -> AB) those reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form a
single product are known as combination reactions.
Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions:
Chemical reactions are accompanied with change in temperature of the reaction mixture. There can be
either a rise in temperature or a fall in temperature.

Exothermic Reactions: Those reactions in which heat is evolved are known as exothermic reactions. Some
examples of exothermic reactions are
 Burning of carbon in air to form carbon dioxide:
C+O2(g)→ CO2 + Heat
 Burning of natural gas:
CH4(g)+202(g)→CO2(g) + 2H2O + Heat
 Reaction between calcium oxide with water toForm slaked lime
CaO+H2O→ Ca(OH)2(aq) + ∆
 The reaction between calcium oxide with water to form slaked lime is used for white
washing walls. The reaction taking place is
Ca(OH)2(aq)+CO2(g)→CaCO3(s)+H2O(l)
 Respiration: It is the release of energy by the oxidation of glucose in the cells of our body.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O+energy
 Decomposition of vegetable matter intoCompost.
 All combustion reactions are exothermic reactions.
CH4+202→ CO2 + 2H2O + Heat

Endothermic Reactions: Those reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as endothermic reactions.
Some examples of endothermic reactions are:
 Formation of nitrogen monoxide by heating nitrogen and oxygen to a temperature of about
3000°C.
N2(g) + O2(g)+ Heat → 2NO(g)

 All decomposition reactions are endothermic reactions since the decomposition reactions
require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity for breaking down the
reactants.For example ,when calcium carbonate isHeated, it decomposes to form calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide:
CaCO3(s) + Heat→ CaO + CO2(g)
 Photosynthesis is an endothermic process as sunlight is absorbed by green plants
duringPhotosynthesis resulting in the formation ofGlucose, water and oxygen.

•Decomposition Reaction (AB→A+B)

Those reactions in which a compound splits up into two or more simpler substances are known
asDecomposition reactions.
Depending upon the form of energy required for the reaction, there are three types of
decomposition. Reactions:
1. Thermal Decomposition Reactions: When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating, it is
called thermal decomposition. For example, decomposition of calcium carbonate toCalcium oxide
and carbon dioxide on heating is an important decomposition reaction used in various industries.
CaCO3(s) →Cao(s) + CO2(g)
 2. Decomposition Reaction by Electric Energy (Electrolytic Decomposition): The decomposition
reactions that are carried out by using electricity are known as electrolyticDecomposition reactions.
For example, the electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen gas.
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
3. Decomposition Reaction by Light Energy (Photolytic Decomposition): The decomposition reactions
that occur in the presence of sunlight are known as photolytic or photolysis.Decomposition
reactions. For example, silver chloride (white) decomposes into silver (grey) and chlorine gas in the
presence of sunlight.

•Displacement reaction (A + BC → AC + B):

Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive
element from its compound. Both metals and non-metals take part in displacement reactions. Reaction of
iron nails with copper sulphate solution.
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (g) + Cu (s)
Pb (s) + CuCl2 (aq) → PbCl2 (aq) + Cu (s)

•Double Displacement reaction: A double displacement reaction, also known as a double replacement
reaction, is a type of chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the positive ions (cation) and the
negative ions (anion) of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds or products.
Na2(SO)4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + NaCl (aq)

•Precipitation Reaction: Any reaction in which an insoluble solid (called precipitate) & formed that
separates from the solution is called a precipitation reaction. For example, when ammonium
hydroxidesolution is added to aluminium chloride solution, a white precipitate of aluminium hydroxide is
formed along. With ammonium chloride solution.

Oxidation and Reduction

Those reactions in which addition of oxygen to a substance or removal of hydrogen from a
substance takes place or the loss of electrons from an element are called oxidation reactions.
Those reactions in which addition of hydrogen to a substance or removal of oxygen from a
substance takes place or the gain of electrons in an element are called reduction reactions.
Oxidising Agent: The substance which provides oxygen for oxidation or the substance which removes
hydrogen.

Reducing Agent: The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction or the substance which removes
oxygen.

Redox reaction: An oxidation-reduction (Redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves a
transfer of electrons between two species. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in
which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.

Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds due to their
reaction with oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. Present in the atmosphere is called corrosion.
Rusting – Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance called rust.

Rancidity:
→ The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when they are left exposed to air
for long time. This is called rancidity. It is caused due to oxidation of fat and oil present in food material.
→ It can be prevented by using various methods such as by adding antioxidants to the food materials,
Storing food in air tight container and by flushing out air with nitrogen.

Activity Based Questions

1.4) Is there any change in temperature when water is added to calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker?
Ans) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) releasing a
large amount of heat.

Inthis reaction, calcium oxide and water combine to form a single product, calcium hydroxide. Such a
reaction in which a single product is formed from two or more reactants is known as a combination
reaction

1.5) Do you observe any change in the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals when they are heated in the
boiling tube over the flame of a burner or spirit lamp?
Ans) The green colour of ferrous sulphate crystals changes to brownish black oxide and smell of burning
sulphur will be observed. Ferrous sulphate decomposes to form ferric oxide (Fe2O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2)
and sulphur trioxide (SO3). So, the gas emitted smells like burning sulphur. In this reaction, the single
reactant FeSO4 decomposes to form three different products. So, the reaction is a decomposition reaction.

1.6) What do you observe when a boiling test tube containing lead nitrate powder is heated it over a
flame?
Ans) On heating lead nitrate decomposes with a crackling sound along with the evolution of brown fumes of
nitrogen dioxide(NO2) which has an irritating smell. The gas turns blue Litmus red; hence, it is acidic in
nature. A yellow solid residue of lead oxide (PbO) remains in the test tube.
1.7) During the electrolysis of water, we observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes. These
bubbles displace water in the test tubes.
a) Is the volume of the gas collected the same in both the test tubes?
b) What happens to these gases when we bring a burning candle close to the mouth of each of the
test tubes containing the gases?
c) Which gas is present in each test tube?

Ans) (a) The volume of the gas collected in both the test tubes is not the same. The volume of one of the
gases, namely, hydrogen, is twice the volume of the gas (oxygen) collected in the other test tube.

(b) When we bring a burning candle close to the mouth of one of the test tube, the gas in the test tube
catches fire and burns with a pop sound indicating that the gas in the test tube is hydrogen whereas when a
burning candle was introduced into the other test tube, the candle started burning brightly indicating that
the test tube contained oxygen because the abundance of oxygen accelerates the combustion reaction. The
higher the oxygen concentration is, the more vigorously the candle will burn.

(c)The gas collected at the anode is oxygen and the gas collected at the cathode is hydrogen.

1.8) What happens to the colour of silver chloride when it is exposed to sunlight?
Ans) White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight. This is due to the decomposition of silver chloride into
silver and chlorine by light.

1.9) Two test tubes are taken and labelled A and B. About 10 ml of copper sulphate solution was
added to both the test tube. Two iron nails that were cleaned by rubbing with sand paper were
immersed into test tube B and left undisturbed for 20 min. compare the intensity of the blue colour
of copper sulphate solutions in test tubes (A) and (B). Also, compare the colour of the iron nails
dipped in the copper sulphate solution with the one kept aside.
Ans) Copper sulphate solution was initially blue in colour when the iron nails were immersed into it but gradually the
colour of the copper sulphate solution in test tube changes. This happens due to the following displacement
reaction. Iron being more reactive than copper, displaces copper from copper sulphate and forms a new product
namely iron sulphate and copper metal.
The following chemical reaction takes place in this Activity:

The blue colour of the copper sulphate solution turns light greenish when the iron nail was dipped, whereas the
colour of copper sulphate solution in the other test tube does not change. The greenish colour of the solution in the
test tube shows that ferrous ions are present in the solution. This shows that iron is more reactive than copper as
ferrous ions have displaced cupric ions from copper sulphate solution and form light greenish coloured ferrous
sulphate solution. There is a brown coating on the iron nail which was dipped in the copper sulphate solution. This
shows that copper is deposited on the iron nail by displacing iron, whereas the iron nail placed in petri dish shows
greyish colour of iron (remains unchanged).
1.10) What happens when 3 ml of sodium sulphate solution is mixed with 3 mL of barium chloride
solution in a test tube?
Ans) When 3 ml of sodium sulphate solution is mixed with 3 mL of barium chloride solution in a test tube, a
white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed. Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be called a
precipitation reaction.

1.11) What do you observe when we heat a china dish containing copper powder?
Ans) The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black copper (II) oxide. This is because oxygen is
added to copper and copper oxide is formed.
BaCl2 (s) + Na2SO4 (s) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl(s)
(Barium chloride) (Sodium sulphate) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium chloride)