1.

Characteristics of a chemical reaction:

A. i) Evolution of gas
Ex: 2 Na  2 H 2O  2 NaOH  H 2 
Fe s  2 HCl dil   FeCl2 aq   H 2 g

ii) Formation of precipitate

Ex: BaCl  Na SO  BaSO White precipitate   2 NaCl
2 aq  2 4  aq  4  aq 

BaCl2 aq  CuSO4 aq   BaSO4 s  CuCl2 aq

White precipitate
 iii) Change in colour:
Ex : Reaction between Potassium
permanganate and Citric acid
 The chemical reaction occurred is
 3KMnO4 + C6H8O7 →3HMnO4 + C6H5K3O7
 In the above reaction KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing
agent where as citric acid acts as a reducing
 agent. Hence the colour of KMnO4 will be
decolorized due to the formation of manganic
acid i.e. HMnO4.

Fe s  CuSO4 aq  FeSO4 aq  Cu s Blue to light green

Mg  CuSO4  MgSO4  Cu Blue to colourless

3KMnO4 + C6H8O7 →3HMnO4 + C6H5K3O7
 iii) Change in colour:
 Ex : The reaction between acidified potassium
dichromate solution and sulphur dioxide gas is
 characterized by change in colour from orange to
green.
 The chemical reaction involved is
 SO2 + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 →K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O.
 In the above reaction acidified K2Cr2O7 acts as an
oxidizing agent. Where as SO2 gas acts as a
 reducing agent and the colour of solution will be
changed from orange to green due to the formation
 of Cr2(SO4)3.
 What is the role of SO2 in the reaction?
SO2+K2Cr2O7+3H2SO4 →K2SO4+Cr2(SO4)3+3H2O
iv) Change in Temperature:
Ex : CaO  H 2O  Ca  OH 2 : H   VE : Exothermic

CaCO3  CaO  CO2 H   VE : Endothermic

v) Change in state:
Ex : Burning of candle
CHEMICAL EQUATION :
What is a Chemical Equation?
Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical
reactions in which the reactants and the products are expressed in
terms of their respective chemical formulae.
H2 + O2 → H2O
Word Equation :
Represented by using the names of the reactants and products

Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water

Unbalanced equation :
Chemical equations in which the number of atoms of all
elements on both sides of the equations are not equal.
H2 + O2 → H2O
Balanced equation :
Chemical equations in which the number of atoms of all
elements on both sides of the equations are equal.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
HOW TO BALANCE A CHEMICAL EQUATION:

 According to the law of conservation of mass, when a

chemical reaction occurs, the mass of the products should be
equal to the mass of the reactants.

 A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number

of the atoms involved in the reactants side is equal to the
number of atoms in the products side.

 Let's take a look at an equation representing a chemical

reaction:
Steps to Balance an Equation :

In general, to balance an equation, here are the things we need to do:

 Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and the products.

 Use coefficients; place them in front of the compounds as needed.

 Note : We should not change the chemical formula of the

substances.

Step 1 :

Step 2 :
Balancing of equations by f number Method :

f – number is the number of times an element appeared in overall

equation

 Write f number for all the elements in the equation

 Balance the equation by choosing the element with least f number.

 If two elements have same f number balance metallic element first

 If two metallic elements are having same f number then balance

the metal with highest atomic number .

 If two nonmetallic elements are having same f number then balance

the nonmetal with highest atomic number
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

1. Combination reactions : The reactions in which two or

more substances combine to form a single substance are
called combination reactions.
Example : CaO(s) + H 2 O(aq)  Ca (OH) 2(s)
Types of combination reactions :
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

2. Decomposition reactions : The reactions, in which

substances splits into two or more simple substances
are called decomposition reactions
Example : 2 Pb N O3 2  s   2 P b O s   4 N O 2  O 2
y e llo w re s id u e 
 Types of Decomposition reactions :

i. Decomposition reaction involving absorption of heat

(Thermal decomposition)
Heat
CaCO3   CaO s  CO2 g

ii. Decomposition reaction involving absorption of light

(Photo chemical decomposition)
sunlight
2AgCls  2Ag s  Cl2 g

iii. Decomposition reaction involving absorption of electricity

(Electro chemical reaction)
electricity
2H2Ol  2H2 g  O2 g
Electrochemical Decomposition of water :
Decomposition of Lead nitrate
i) A yellow precipitate of Lead iodide appears at the bottom of
the test tube.
ii) It is an example of double displacement reaction
iii) The balanced equation for the reaction is
2 Pb N O3 2  s   2 P b O s   4 N O 2  O 2
y e llo w re s id u e 

Decomposition of Ferrous sulphate

a) Ferrous sulphate crystals are green in colour. After
heating, the green colour changes to brown due to formation
of Ferric oxide.
F e S O 4 7 H 2 O  h
eat
 F eSO 4  7 H 2O
green 

b) On further heating FeSO4 given Fe2O3, SO2 and SO3

heat
FeSO4  Fe2O3  SO2  SO3
 Brown
It is a decomposition reaction.
3. Displacement reactions:
The reaction in which a more reactive element replaces the
less reactive element form its aqueous solution
Example : Fe  CuSO  FeSO4 aq   Cu s
 s 4  aq 
 deposited on nail
Zn s  CuSO4 aq  ZnSO4 aq  Cu s
 blue
Reactivity series of metals :
i.Iron nail become brownish in colour
and the blue colour of copper sulphate
solution fade because iron displaces
another element copper from copper
sulphate solution.
Fe s  CuSO4 aq   FeSO4 aq   Cu s
 deposited on nail
ii. Zinc is more reactive than copper.
It displaces Copper from copper sulphate
solution to form Zinc sulphate which
is colourless. Hence, the blue colour of
Copper sulphate solution starts fading.

Zn s  CuSO4 aq  ZnSO4 aq  Cu s

 blue
4. Double displacement reactions:
A double displacement reaction is a type of
chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the
positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion) of the two
reactants switch places, forming two new compounds or
products.
Example : Pb  NO3  2 aq  2 KI  aq  PbI 2 s  2 KNO3 aq 
 yellow ppt 
Reaction between Sodium
Chloride and Silver Nitrate:

Reaction between Barium

Chloride and Sodium Sulphate:

Reaction between Lead nitrate

and Potassium Iodide:
5. Redox Reactions :
a) Oxidation : It is defined as a process which involves addition of
oxygen/Removal of Hydrogen/Loss of electrons/increase in
Oxidation number/addition of electronegative element
Example : 2 Mg s  O2 g  2 MgO s
Here, Mg has gained oxygen to form MgO. Hence, Mg has
been oxidized to MgO.
b) Reduction : It is defined as a process which involves addition of
Hydrogen/Removal of Oxygen/Gain of electrons/decrease
in Oxidation number/addition of electropositive element
Example ZnO s  C s  Zn s  CO g
Here, ZnO has lost oxygen to form Zn. Hence ZnO has
been reduced to Zn.
Effects of Oxidation :
The oxidation of any substance when exposed to open atmospheric
air is called aerial oxidation. Both rancidity and corrosion are result
of aerial oxidation.
Corrosion :
Step 1 : Metal + Oxygen Metal oxide
Step 2 : Metal Oxide + H2O/CO2/H2S Metal Hydroxide/carbonate/Sulphide
Rancidity :
The foods containing oil and fats marked by unpleasant smell
and taste due to aerial oxidation.
Rancidity : Oil/Fat + Oxygen  Lipid product/Rancid product.
Reaction involved : Oxidation.
Prevention of rancidity :
 By adding anti oxidants (Reducing agents)
Ex :- BHA, BHT
 By packing food in nitrogen gas
 By keeping food in refrigerator
 By storing food in air tight
containers
 Storing foods away from light
Types of chemical reactions with redox reactions

A) A combination reaction may be an exothermic (or) endothermic, may

or may not be redox reaction.
N 2  3 H 2  2 NH3 (Combination, Exothermic, Redox)

N 2  O2  2 NO (Combination, Endothermic, Redox)

CaO  H2O  Ca  OH  2 (Combination, Exothermic, Non redox)

B) Decomposition reactions are always endothermic and may (or) may

not be redox reaction.

CaCO3   CaO  CO2 (Decomposition, Endothermic, Non redox)
uv
2 AgCl   2 Ag  Cl2 (Decomposition, Endothermic, Redox)
C) Displacement reactions are always exothermic and Redox reaction.

Zn  2 HCl  ZnCl2  H 2 (Displacement, Exothermic, Redox)

D) Double displacement reactions may (or) may not be redox
and either endothermic (or) exothermic
H 2 SO 4  2N aO H  N a2SO 4  2 H 2O

(Exothermic, Non redox, Double displacement

B a O H 2  N H 4 C l  B a C l2  N H 3  H 2 O

(Endothermic, Non redox, Double displacement)

Types of reactions with Exo and Endothermic reactions
i) Zn  2 HCl  ZnCl2  H 2  : Exothermic
ii) C a O  H 2 O  C a  O H 2 : Exothermic

iii) CaCO3   CaO  CO2 : Endothermic
iv) BaOH2  NHCl
4 NH3  BaCl2  HO
2
: Endothermic
v) C6 H12O6  6O2  6CO2  6 H 2O : Exothermic
vi) N 2  O2  2NO : Endothermic