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3 Forces and energy

3.1 Gravity, weight and mass

E
Exercise 3.1A Differences between
weight and mass
Focus

and mass.
1
PL
This exercise will help you think about the differences between weight

Use the letters from the list to complete the sentences.

g kg m N

Mass can be measured in …………………… or ……………………

M
Weight is measured in………………………
2 Draw straight lines to match each description to the property
it describes.
SA

Description Property
This is the force of gravity on
an object.

This is the quantity of matter in

weight
an object.

This is constant, even when the

mass
strength of gravity changes.

This changes, depending on

the strength of gravity.

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3.1 Gravity, weight and mass

3 The equation for working out the weight of an object on Earth is:

Calculate the weight of each object.

Show your working and give the unit.
a A person of mass

……………………………………………………………………

E
……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

b A car of mass

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………
PL
c An apple with a mass of
M
……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………
SA

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3 Forces and energy

Exercise 3.1B Values of weight and mass

Practice
In this exercise you will be thinking about the values of weight and mass.
1 Look at this table.

15
14
13
E
0

12
10

11
20

10
30
40

9
50

Picture

8
60
g

7
70

6
80
90

5
100

4
PL
3
2
1
cm
0
measuring
Name top pan balance force meter ruler
cylinder

Used to
find mass
M
Used to
find weight

Tick (✓) one box in each row of the table to show which piece
of equipment can be used to find the mass or the weight of an
object.
SA

2 Draw a circle around each of the values in this list that is a mass.
120 g 1.5 N 4.91 m 6.04 g 0.001 g 650 kN 975 mm

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3.1 Gravity, weight and mass

3 The equation to calculate weight from mass on Earth is:

a Calculate the mass of a box that has a weight of .

Show your working and give the unit.

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

E
……………………………………………………………………
b Calculate the mass of a banana that has a weight of .
Show your working and give the unit.

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………
PL
c Objects on the planet Mars have less weight than on Earth.
The strength of gravity on Earth is given the value .
Based on the two statements above, which of these is correct
M
about the strength of gravity on Mars?
Draw a circle around the correct answer.

It will also It will be less It will be greater It is not possible

be . than . than . to predict.
SA

d Explain how the mass of an object on Mars would compare

with the mass of the same object on Earth.

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

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3 Forces and energy

Exercise 3.1C Effect of gravity on objects

Challenge
In this exercise you will consider the effect of gravity on objects.
1 The diagram represents the Earth. The direction in which gravity
acts is shown with an arrow at point A.

E
A

D
PL B

C
M
Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction in which gravity
acts at points B, C, D and E.
2 The force of gravity between two masses can be compared with the
magnetic force between two magnets.
a Describe two ways that these forces are similar.
SA

1 ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

2 ………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………
b Describe one way that these forces are different.

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

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3.1 Gravity, weight and mass

3 Zara is investigating weight and mass.

She hangs masses on a piece of equipment that has a scale in
newtons, N.
a Name the piece of equipment that Zara uses.

………………………………………………………………………

b Zara records the results in this table.

E
mass in kg weight in N
0.1 1.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
PL 2.0
2.9
3.9
4.9
5.9
0.7 6.8
0.8 7.8
M
0.9 8.8
1.0 9.8
SA

c State the independent and dependent variables in

this investigation.

Independent variable: ……………………………………………

Dependent variable: ………………………………………………

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3 Forces and energy

d Plot a graph of Zara’s results on this grid. Put mass in kg

along the horizontal axis and weight in N on the vertical axis.

E
PL
M
e Complete the graph with a straight line of best fit.
f Predict the weight of a mass using Zara’s results.
Show how you worked out your answer.
SA

Give your answer to one decimal place and include the unit.

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………

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3.2 Formation of the Solar System

3.2 Formation of the Solar System

Exercise 3.2A Ideas about formation
of the Solar System
Focus

E
In this exercise you will recall some facts about the Solar System.
1 The diagram shows the orbits of the planets around the Sun.
The direction of the orbit of Mercury is shown with an arrow.

Jupiter
Earth
PL Mercury
Venus Mars
Neptune

Uranus

Saturn
M
Draw arrows on the orbits of the other planets to show the
direction that they move.
2 a Read this statement.
Scientists think that the Solar System formed from a
SA

cloud of dust and gas.

Which word describes this statement?
Underline the correct answer.

measurement hypothesis investigation observation

b Name the force that pulls particles of dust and gas together
in space.

……………………………………………………………………

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3 Forces and energy

c Scientists did not see the Solar System forming.

Complete the following sentence using a word from the list.
model conclude test measure
Scientists use computers to the
formation of the Solar System.

Exercise 3.2B Watching stars being born

E
Practice
In this exercise you will think about how scientists work.
There are some clouds of dust and gas in space that can be seen
from Earth.
1
PL
Write the name for a cloud of dust and gas in space.

…………………………………………………………………………...
Scientists can see stars forming in the clouds of dust and gas in space.
2 Which piece of equipment helps the scientists to see the stars
forming more clearly?
M
Underline the correct answer.

0
10

20
30
40
50
SA

60
70

80
90
100

microscope newton meter telescope hand lens

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3.2 Formation of the Solar System

3 When scientists see stars forming, what is this called?

Underline the correct answer.

an observation a prediction a conclusion a measurement

4 Scientists can compare stars forming in different clouds of dust and

gas at different places in space.
When comparing the stars, which of these cannot be made?
Underline the correct answer.

E
observations fair tests conclusions predictions

Exercise 3.2C Observing and predicting

Challenge
PL
In this exercise you will think more about how scientists work.
Scientists think that the Solar System was formed from a cloud of dust
and gas.
The Solar System took millions of years to form.
M
Scientists can see that stars are forming in clouds of dust and gas that
are visible from Earth.
1 Explain why scientists cannot watch the complete process of a star
and planets forming.
SA

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

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3 Forces and energy

2 Draw straight lines from each statement about the formation of

the Solar System to its correct description. Some statements may
match more than one description.

Statement Description

Scientists think the Solar System

evidence
formed from a cloud of dust and gas

E
Scientists use computers to
demonstrate the formation of the observing
Solar System.

PL
Scientists can see that stars are
forming in clouds of dust and gas
in space.
hypothesis

Scientists know that all the planets

modelling
orbit the Sun in the same direction.
M
SA

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3.3 Movement in Space

3.3 Movement in Space

Exercise 3.3A Travelling through space
Focus
In this exercise you will recall some facts about how objects move in space.

E
1 The diagram shows a planet in orbit around the Sun.

direction of orbit

PLSun
M
Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the force
of the Sun’s gravity on the planet.
2
SA

A spacecraft is travelling from the Moon to Earth.

The space between the Moon and Earth contains no particles.
a Choose the name given to a space that contains no particles.
Underline the correct answer.

gas solid vacuum liquid

b What is the force that acts to slow the spacecraft in the air
around Earth, but does not act on the spacecraft in space?
Underline the correct answer.

gravity air resistance weight pull

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3 Forces and energy

Exercise 3.3B Are there forces

in space?
Practice
In this exercise you will think about what affects movement in space.
1 Some spacecraft were launched from Earth between the years
1972 and 1977.

E
They were designed to take photographs of the planets.
These spacecraft are now far outside the Solar System.
These spacecraft do not have engines, but they are keeping a
constant speed.

Underline the correct answer.

They have no mass.

PL
Why are they able to keep constant speed?

There is no air resistance.

They have no energy. They have no weight.

2 The planet Saturn has rings.

M
These rings are made from millions of separate pieces of rock.
These pieces of rock are in orbit around Saturn.
SA

A piece of rock in the rings is shown with the letter R.

Draw an arrow to show the direction of the force that keeps R in
orbit around Saturn.

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3.3 Movement in Space

Exercise 3.3C Speeding up, slowing

down and changing direction
Challenge
In this exercise you can demonstrate deeper understanding of how
objects move in space.
1 The Space Shuttle was a type of spacecraft designed to take people

E
into space.
It was launched on a rocket with very powerful engines.
a Explain why very powerful engines are needed to go from
Earth into space.

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………
PL
In space, the speed of the Space Shuttle was about .
When the Space Shuttle came back to Earth, its speed
decreased very suddenly to about .
M
Most of the force for slowing the Space Shuttle did not come
from engines.
b Describe how the Space Shuttle was able to slow down so
much, without engines.

……………………………………………………………………
SA

……………………………………………………………………

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3 Forces and energy

2 Voyager 2 was a spacecraft that was launched from Earth.

Voyager 2 passed close by Jupiter to take pictures. After passing
Jupiter, Voyager 2 then continued its journey to Saturn.
The diagram shows the path of Voyager 2 towards Jupiter.
Voyager 2 did not have engines.
path of Voyager 2

E
Jupiter

PL
Continue the arrow to show how Voyager 2 passed Jupiter.
You can assume that Jupiter is not moving.

3.4 Tides
M
Exercise 3.4A High and low tides
Focus
In this exercise you will recall some facts about tides and what causes them.
SA

1 Which of these causes high and low tides to happen on Earth?

Underline the correct answer.

air resistance gravity from the planets only tidal forces from the Sun only
tidal forces from the Sun and Moon

2 It is high tide in a harbour.

a Write the number of hours until the next high tide in the same
harbour………………………

b Write the number of hours until the next low tide in the same

harbour………………………

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3.4 Tides

3 Which of these positions of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun will
cause the highest tides on Earth?
Tick (✓) two boxes.

Moon Earth Sun

E
Earth

Moon
PL Sun
M
Earth Moon Sun
SA

Moon

Earth Sun

The diagrams are not to scale.

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3 Forces and energy

Exercise 3.4B Times of the tides

Practice
In this exercise you will think about the times of the tides.
1 It is high tide in a harbour at 05:00, when a boat goes out.
The boat cannot use the harbour at low tide.
At what time(s) can the boat not get back into the harbour?

E
Underline the correct answers.

11:00 same day 17:00 same day 05:00 next day 17:00 next day

2 Marcus is investigating tides at a harbour.

PL
The harbour has a scale to measure
the depth of water.
M
The scale is shown in the picture.
SA

a State the depth of water shown

in the picture.

……………………… m

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3.4 Tides

b Marcus wants to record how the depth of water in the

harbour changes between one high tide and the next high tide.
Suggest a suitable time interval between the
depth measurements.

……………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3.4C Forces and tides

E
Challenge
In this exercise you will think about the forces causing the tides.
The Moon’s gravity causes tides on Earth.
1

2
PL
A force caused by gravity from the Moon makes the tides.
Complete the sentence using the best word.
This force is called a ……………………… force.
The diagram shows the Moon and Earth.
M
A

Moon

Earth

Draw an arrow to show the direction of the force which causes

SA

tides at position A on Earth.

3 Explain whether position A has a high tide or a low tide.

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...
4 The time at position A is now 08:00.
Give the time of the next tide of the same type at position A.

………………………

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3 Forces and energy

3.5 Energy
Exercise 3.5A Describing energy
Focus
In this exercise you will recall the descriptions of energy.

E
Draw straight lines to match the form of energy to its description.

Energy Description

elastic energy stored in hot objects

gravitational
potential
PL
energy transferred by current in wires

electrical energy stored in fuel

M
chemical energy in objects that are lifted higher

sound energy that we can see

SA

energy stored in an object that has

thermal
changed shape

light energy of moving objects

kinetic energy transferred from vibrations

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3.5 Energy

Exercise 3.5B Examples of energy

Practice
In this exercise you will describe examples of energy.
1 Complete the sentences. Use the correct words for different forms
of energy.
a Food is a store of ……………………… energy.

E
b A book lifted up onto a shelf has a store of

……………………… energy.

d
……………………… energy to Earth.
PL
The Sun transfers ……………………… energy and

A musical instrument transfers ……………………… energy

to our ears.
2 A fire is burning wood for cooking.
The fire is above the ground.
M
A piece of wood that is still burning is falling out of the fire.
The piece of burning wood has fallen through .
Tick (✓) the boxes to show how energy is either stored or
transferred by the wood.
Energy Stored Transferred
SA

gravitational potential

elastic

electrical

thermal

light

chemical

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3 Forces and energy

Exercise 3.5C Energy investigations

Challenge
In this exercise you will think about how scientists work.
A waterfall is where water drops down steeply or vertically.

E
1
PL
Name the energy that the water gains as it falls faster down the waterfall.

…………………………………………………………………………...
2 In the year 1847 two scientists, named James Joule and William
M
Thomson (later to be Lord Kelvin), visited a waterfall.

I think the temperature

of the water at the bottom
Let’s go and find out!
of the waterfall will be higher
than at the top.
SA

Joule Kelvin

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3.5 Energy

What sort of statement is Joule making?

Underline the correct answer.

an observation a prediction a measurement a conclusion

3 Joule and Kelvin tried to measure the temperature of the water at the top
and at the bottom of the waterfall. The waterfall was over 200 m high.
Joule and Kelvin did not complete their investigation because it was
too difficult.

E
We now know that the temperature difference between the top and
bottom of the waterfall is less than .
Suggest two reasons why this investigation was too difficult for them.

1 ………………………………………………………………………

2
………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………
PL
M
SA

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3 Forces and energy

3.6 Changes in Energy

Exercise 3.6A Energy diagrams
Focus
In this exercise you will complete some energy diagrams.

E
Complete the energy diagrams to show the energy changes in each of
these processes.
The first one has been done for you.

Process

Diagram chemical
PL
Burning gas for heating

thermal

Process Using an electric lamp

1
Diagram electrical
M
Process Using a music player
2
Diagram electrical
SA

Process A petrol (gasoline) engine driving a car

3
Diagram kinetic

Process Dropping a ball

4
Diagram

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3.6 Changes in Energy

Exercise 3.6B Reading from a graph

Practice
In this exercise you will use a graph to answer questions about
energy transfer.
The graph shows how the temperature of water changes when thermal
energy is transferred to the water.

E
80

70

60

PL
Temperature of water in °C

50

40

30

20
M
10

0
0 5000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
Thermal energy transferred in joules

1 Complete the sentence using the words increases or decreases.

SA

As the thermal energy transferred ……………………… ,

the temperature of the water ……………………… .

2 Write down the temperature of the water when no additional
thermal energy had been transferred.

………………………
3 Write down the quantity of thermal energy that was needed to
change the temperature of the water from to .
Show on the graph how you worked out the answer.

……………………… J

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3 Forces and energy

4 Which of these must remain constant during this investigation?

Underline the correct answer.

temperature of the water thermal energy supplied

mass of water used thermometer that was used

Exercise 3.6C Series of energy changes

E
Challenge
In this exercise you will describe a series of energy changes.
The picture shows a jumping toy.
PL
When the toy is pushed down, a spring inside the toy is
squeezed tight.
When the toy is released, it jumps up from the surface.
It reaches a height of about before it falls down again. It
does not jump again until pushed.
Describe the energy changes that happen in this toy.
• Start your description when the toy is pushed down.
M
• Include the energy change in the jump.
• End your description when the toy comes down onto the surface.

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...
SA

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

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3.7 Where does energy go?

3.7 Where does energy go?

Exercise 3.7A Energy word search
Focus
In this exercise you will recall some words about where energy goes,
and their spellings.

E
Answer the clues, then find the word in the word search. The first one
has been done for you.
The words may read horizontally or vertically, backwards or forwards.

E
U
D
S
D
E
G
S
D
E

U
E
S
E
E
T
T
T
A
S
R
S
E
F
O

Y
A
PL
A W W
Y

U
S
E

L
U
D
I
I
L
D
W D

H
T
T

S
L
D
E
T
A
T
L

G
I

T R E G R E E P F S E W P H
O E D L A T I D E R R N I T
R A R S A N E Y S A M D S U
M
E I S H S S I E U T A O S E
D R E C O V E R E D L T I U
N C L S F D N U O S E D D E
I E E L I R U G O R R W S E
SA

D O E N E R G Y D E W D E D
S E S E U E E D R H T I T H
E U D O T D A R F G D G U S

Clues
1 ENERGY must be transferred to make something happen.
(6 letters, starts with E)
2 Energy that can be kept for a long time is ………………………
energy. (6 letters, starts with S)
3 Energy that we want is called ……………………… energy.
(6 letters, starts with U)

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3 Forces and energy

4 Energy that we do not want is called ……………………… energy.

(6 letters, starts with W)
5 Energy that is wasted cannot be ……………………… .
(9 letters, starts with R)
6 Energy that spreads out and becomes less useful has
……………………… (10 letters, starts with D)
7 Three forms of energy that spread out and cannot be used again are:

E
……………………… (5 letters, starts with L)

……………………… (7 letters, starts with T)

8
PL
……………………… (5 letters, starts with S)
Although energy can be wasted, it can never be

……………………… (9 letters, starts with D)

Exercise 3.7B Energy loss

M
Practice
In this exercise, you will think about investigating energy loss.
Zara wants to measure how the temperature of hot water changes with time.
She sets up three beakers of hot water.
SA

The temperatures of the water in the beakers at the start are:

•
•
•
Zara then records the temperature in each beaker every minute.
1 List two variables that must be kept constant when comparing
the beakers.

1 ………………………………………………………………………

2 ………………………………………………………………………

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3.7 Where does energy go?

The temperature of the water in each of the beakers decreases.

2 Name the energy that is lost from the water.

…………………………………………………………………………...
3 List two places that this energy will go to when it leaves the water.

1 ………………………………………………………………………

2 ………………………………………………………………………

E
4 Describe how you could demonstrate that the energy had gone
where you predicted.

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...
PL
5 Zara follows the usual safety rules for a science laboratory.
Describe one more safety precaution needed in this investigation.
M
…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

Exercise 3.7C Wasted energy

SA

Challenge
In this exercise you will think about the forms and quantities of energy
that are wasted.
1 A machine transfers of the energy it uses to wasted energy.
Calculate the percentage of useful energy transferred by the machine.
Show your working.

…………………

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3 Forces and energy

2 A petrol (gasoline) engine in a car transfers of the energy it uses to

useful energy.
a Calculate the percentage of the energy that is transferred to
wasted energy.
Show your working.

…………………

E
b Suggest two ways that energy is wasted by the car engine.

………………………………………………………………

c
PL
………………………………………………………………
A diesel engine in a large truck transfers of the energy it uses
to useful energy.
A diesel engine is more expensive than a petrol engine of the
same size.
Suggest why diesel engines are used instead of petrol engines
in large trucks..
M
Think about:
• what large trucks are used for
• the length of time large trucks are travelling
• the money spent on fuel.
SA

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………...

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ISBN_9781108742818.