LESSON INFORMATION

THEME: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
LESSON TOPIC: ARRANGEMENTS
Specific objective: at the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Explain the permutation and combination;
ii. Solve problems on cyclic arrangement;
iii. Solve problems on permutation;
iv. Solve problems on combination;
v. Solve probability problem using combination analysis.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Chart showing (𝑖) Functional notation (ii) 𝑃𝑟𝑛 (iii) 𝐶𝑟𝑛
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, what is factorial? Etc.
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them; n
factorial is? Etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
ARRANGEMENTS

Definition: The number of different arrangement of n different objects is equal to 𝑛!. 𝑛! is read n
factorial.

Thus,

𝑛! = 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2) × (𝑛 − 3) × … × 3 × 2 × 1

Note that;

0! = 1

Example 1: 10! = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 3628800

Example 2: 9! = 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 362880

Example 3: 8! = 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 40320

Example 4: 7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5040

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Simplify the following by writing as single factorial expressions;

a. 11 × 10! (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 11)
b. 13 × 12! (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 13!)
c. 10! ÷ 10 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 9!)
d. 12! ÷ 12 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 11!)
e. 72 × 7! (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 9!)
f. 110 × 9! (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 11!)
 g. 8! ÷ 56 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 6!)
h. 12! ÷ 132 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 10!)

STEP II

Exploration; facts find about the lesson objectives using the resources around

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

ARRANGING DIFFERENT OBJECTS

Example 1: In how many ways can letters of the word BAD be written?

Solution

There are 3 different letters; the number of ways is 3!

3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Example 2: In how many ways can letters of the word DANGER be written?

Solution

There are 6 different letters; the number of ways is 6!

6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Example 3: In how many ways can letters of the word TAIWO be written?

Solution

There are 5 different letters; the number of ways is 5!

5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Example 4: Mr. Silas, Mr. Salami, Mr. Taiwo, Mr. Bamidele, Mr. Femi and Mr. Bello are to sit on a bench,
in how many ways can this be done?

Solution

There are 6 different people; the number of ways is 6!

6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

1. How many arrangements are there of the letters from the following?

a. LAGOS (b) MOTHER (𝑐) FATHER (d) PHONE (e) OSUN

2. A salesman must visit 8 towns. In how many ways can this be done? (8!)

3. How many five digit number can be made using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. If no digit is repeated (Ans. 5! =120)
4. Six athletes run a race. In how many orders can they finish? (Ans. 6! = 720)

5. A competition list seven desirable properties of a car and asks, the entrants to put them in order of
importance, in how many ways can this be done? (Ans. 7! = 5040)

STEP III

Discussion of conditional arrangement

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

CONDITIONAL ARRANGEMENT

Sometimes restriction can be placed on the order of arrangement of objects, if this happens, the
arrangement is said to be conditional

Example: Hauwa, Toyin, Blessed, Immaculate, Praise and Tomisin are to sit on bench. In how many ways
can this be done if?

a. Hauwa and Blessed insist on sitting next to each other

b. Hauwa and Blessed refuse to sit next to each other
c. Hauwa, Toyin and Praise insist on sitting next to one another

Solution

a. The number of ways is 2! × 5! = 2 × 120 = 240𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

b. Without any restriction 6! = 720 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠, Number of ways is 6! − 2! × 5! = 720 = 240 =
480 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
c. The number of ways is 3! × 4!

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

A pole is to have rings painted on it in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. In how many
ways can this be done in the following cases?

a. Without restriction
b. If the red and blue rings must be next to each other
c. If the red and blue rings most not be next to each other
d. If the red, orange and yellow rings must be next to each other

STEP IV

Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
what is arrangement? Etc.

ASSIGNMENT

1. Five people are to be arranged in a row for a group photograph. How many arrangements are
there if a married couple in the group insisted on sitting next to each other?
 7!
2. Simplify 2!5!

REFRENCES

Further Mathematics Project 2 page 47

Hidden facts in further mathematics by M.A Otumudia page 137

Further mathematics for SSS by S.A Ilori

Excellence in mathematics for SS1 page 182

 LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
LESSON TOPIC: PERMUTATION
Specific objective: at the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Explain arrangement of repeated objects;
ii. Solve cyclic arrangement;
iii. Explain the permutation;
iv. Solve various types of problems on permutation.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Chart showing notation of permutation 𝑃𝑟𝑛
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, what is arrangement? Etc.
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them; n
factorial is? Etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

REPEATED OBJECTS

Suppose some of the objects are repeated, if there are r repeated objects, then, these r objects can be
arranged in r! Ways, so divide 𝑛! 𝑏𝑦 𝑟!

That is,
𝑛! 𝑛!
=
𝑟! 𝑟1 ! 𝑟2 ! 𝑟3 ! … 𝑟𝑛 !

Example: How many arrangements are there of the letters OSOGBO

6! 6 × 5 × 4 × 3!
= = 6 × 5 × 4 = 120𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
3! 3!
STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

How many arrangement are there of the letters from the following?

(a) HORROR (b) MATHEMATICS (c) OGBOMOSO (d) EXCELLENCE (e) COTTON (f) TEACHER

STEP II

Exploration; fact find about the lesson objectives using the resources around

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES
CYCLIIC ARRANGEMENT

Suppose n objects are placed round a circle instead of a line. The number of arrangement is
(𝑛 − 1)!

Example: Mr. Taiwo, Ariyo, Isah, Martha, Bukar and Charity are to sit round a table, in how many ways
can this be done?

Solution

𝑛 = 6 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠

Then,

Number of ways is
= (6 − 1)! = 5! = 120𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES
1. In how many ways can Principal, Vice Principal Admin., Vice Principal Acad. And eight Head of
Department sit round a table for management meeting?
2. In how many ways can 8 men be seated at a round table, if two particular men refuse to sit
together? (7! − 2 × 6! = 3600𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠)
3. A family of 7 is to be seated round a table. In how many ways can this be done, if mom and dad
are to sit together? (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 2 × (6 − 1)! = 2 × 5! = 240𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

STEP III

Discussion of arranging a fixed objects round a circular ring

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

The number of ways of arranging a fixed objects round a circular ring which can be turned over is given
by
(𝑛 − 1)!
𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2
Example: In how many ways can 7 beads of different colors be threaded in a circular ring?

Solution
(7−1)!
The number of ways is = 360 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2

STEP IV

Discussion of permutation

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

PERMUDATION

Definition: Permutation is the number of ways of picking r objects out of n objects in a particular order;
it is usually denoted by 𝑛𝑃𝑟 or 𝑛𝑃𝑟 defined as

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)(𝑛 − 𝑟) … × 3 × 2 × 1

𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Example: Evaluate 4𝑃2

Solution
4! 4! 4 × 3 × 2!
4𝑃2 = = = = 4 × 3 = 12
(4 − 2)! 2! 2!

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Evaluate the following

𝑎. 5𝑃1 𝑏. 7𝑃3 𝑐. 8𝑃8 𝑑. 21𝑃1 𝑒. 3𝑃2 × 7𝑃1 𝑓. 7𝑃5 ÷ 7𝑃7 𝑔. 9𝑃4 − 2𝑃2

STEP V

Discussion of application of permutation

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

APPLICATION OF PERMUTATION

Example: A committee from secondary education board has ten members; in how many ways can the
chairman, the secretary and treasurer be selected?

Solution

We need to choose three out of ten. As the three posts are different, the order in which they are chosen
matters. Hence, this is a permutation

The number of ways is 10𝑃3 = 720 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

1. A class has 18 pupils. In how many ways can 1st, 2nd and 3rd prize be awarded?
2. The key word of a secret code consists of four different letters from alphabets. How many
possible keys words are there?

STEP VI
Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
what is permutation? Etc.

ASSIGNMENT

1. How many three digit numbers can be made from the digits 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8. If no digits is
repeated? (𝐴𝑛𝑠. 8𝑃3 =336 )
2. There are 12 entrants in a race. In how many ways can the first three places be filled?
3. In a competition, the entrants have to list the three most important properties of a computer,
from list of eight properties. In how many ways can this be done if the three properties must
been the correct order?
4. Factorize 14!-10(13!) (Ans. 3!(4))
1 1 1
5. Simplify (𝑛+1)! − 𝑛! + (𝑛−1)!

REFRENCES

Further Mathematics Project 2 page 47

Hidden facts in further mathematics by M.A Otumudia page 133

Further mathematics for SSS by S.A Ilori

Excellence in mathematics for SS1 page 182

 LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS
UNIT TOPIC: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
LESSON TOPIC: COMBINATION
Specific objective: at the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
i. Explain the combination;
ii. Solve various types of problems on combination;
iii. Solve probability problems using combination analysis;
iv. Apply combination to real life problems.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCE: Chart showing notation of combination 𝑛𝐶𝑟
LESSON PRESENTATION
The teacher present his lesson step by step as shown below; first asking the students questions based on
previous lesson; for example, what is permutation? Etc.
STEP I
Identification of prior ideals, for example, the teacher arouses students’ interest by asking them
questions based on previous lesson for example, what is notation for permutation? Etc.
MODE: ENTIRE CLASS
TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

COMBINATION

Definition: The number of ways of picking r objects out of n objects in any order is called combination. It
𝑛
is usually denoted as 𝑛𝐶𝑟 or ( ) and defined as
𝑟
𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)(𝑛 − 𝑟) … × 3 × 2 × 1
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟!

Or
𝑛𝑃𝑟
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝑃𝑟 ÷ 𝑟! =
𝑟!
Example: Evaluate 4𝐶2

Solution
4! 4! 4 × 3 × 2! 4 × 3 4 × 3
4𝐶2 = = = = = =6
(4 − 2)! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2! 2×1

SUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Evaluate the following

𝑖. 11𝐶9 ii. 7𝐶7 iii. 5𝐶1 𝑖𝑣. 𝑤𝐶𝑤 𝑣. 20𝐶9 𝑣𝑖. 55𝐶1

𝑣𝑖𝑖. 6𝐶2 + 6𝐶3 + 6𝐶4 + 6𝐶5 Leave your answer in combination form
STEP II

Exploration; fact find about the lesson objectives using the resources around

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

PROBLEMS ON COMBINATION

Teacher solve the following problems for students

Example: Find the values of n if

i. 𝑛 + 1𝐶3 = 7(𝑛𝐶2 )
ii. 𝑛𝐶6 = 𝑛 + 1𝐶5

Solution

𝒊.

𝑛 + 1𝐶3 = 7(𝑛𝐶2 )

(𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛!
= 7( )
(𝑛 + 1 − 3)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)! 2!
(𝑛 + 1)! 7𝑛!
=
(𝑛 − 2)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)! 2!
(𝑛 + 1)𝑛! 7𝑛!
=
(𝑛 − 2)3! (𝑛 − 2)2!
𝑛+1 7
=
3! 2!
2(𝑛 + 1) = 6 × 7
2𝑛 = 40
𝑛 = 20

𝑖𝑖.

𝑛𝐶6 = 𝑛 + 1𝐶5

𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)!
= 7( )
(𝑛 − 6)! 6! (𝑛 + 1(−5))! 5!

𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)!
=
(𝑛 − 6)! 6! (𝑛 − 4)! 5!
𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛!
=
(𝑛 − 6)! 6 × 5! (𝑛 − 4)(𝑛 − 5)(𝑛 − 6)! 5!
 1 𝑛+1
=
6 (𝑛 − 4)(𝑛 − 5)
(𝑛 − 4)(𝑛 − 5) = 6(𝑛 + 1)

𝑛2 − 15𝑛 + 14 = 0
𝑛 = 14 0𝑟 𝑛 = 1

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Find the value(s) of n if

8𝑃𝑛 𝑛𝑃2 1
𝑎. 2𝑛 − 3𝐶4 = 2𝑛 − 3𝐶7 𝑏. = 6 𝑐. 𝑛𝐶6 ∶ 𝑛𝐶6 = 56: 15 𝑑. 𝑛𝐶6 = 𝑛 + 1𝐶5 𝑒. =
8𝐶𝑛 𝑛𝐶3 4

Find the value(s) of r if

𝑖. 10𝐶𝑟+2 = 10𝐶𝑟 𝑖𝑖. 10𝑃𝑟 = 6𝐶𝑟 (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑛𝑃𝑟 = 90 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 15

STEP III

Discussion more problems of combination

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

Teacher explains in word why the following are true:

a. 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟
b. 𝑛𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝑛 + 1𝐶𝑟

STUDENTS ACTIVITIES

Show that
a. 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟
b. 𝑛𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝑛 + 1𝐶𝑟

STEP IV

APPLICATION OF COMBINATION

MODE: ENTIRE CLASS

TEACHER’S ACTIVITIES

APPLICATION OF COMBINATION

If selections are to be made from two different sets, multiply together the relevant combination

Example 1: A committee has ten members. In how many ways can a sub-committee of three be
selected?
Solution

The three sub-committee members are equal, so the order in which they are chosen does not matter.
Hence this is a combination

The number of ways is 10𝐶3 = 120 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Example 2: A school committee is to be formed. There are eight eligible girls and six eligible boys. In how
many ways can the committee be formed if there are four girls and three boys?

Solution

The number of ways of selecting the girls is 8𝐶4 = 70 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

The number of ways of selecting the boys is 6𝐶3 = 20 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Multiply these together, we have 1400 ways

Example 3: A committee of five is to be choosing from ten men and eight women. In how many ways
can this be done, if there must be at least one man and at least one woman?

Solution
Without any restriction 18𝐶5

Number of all women in committee 8𝐶5

Number of all men in committee 10𝐶5

Hence, the number of at least one man and one woman is 18𝐶5 − 8𝐶5 − 10𝐶5 = 8260 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

STEP V

Evaluation: Assessment for learning through questions relevant to the lesson objectives use of three
point rubrics with 3 has the highest score and 1 the least for assessing learning outcome, for example,
what is difference between permutation and combination? Etc.

ASSIGNMENT

How many ways can a committee of two men and three women be selected from groups of eight men
and seven women?

REFRENCES

Further Mathematics Project 2 page 47

Hidden facts in further mathematics by M.A Otumudia page 133

Further mathematics for SSS by S.A Ilori

Excellence in mathematics for SS1 page 183