CEA 223 spectrum capable of exciting the

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 1 retina and ultimately producing a

visual sensation.
MODULE 6:
3. Brightness – it is the intensity of
LIGHT AND ARCHITECTURAL sensation resulting from viewing
light sources and backgrounds.
LIGHTING SYSTEMS 4. Color – it is defined as the quality
ILLUMINATION of visual sensation which is
associated with the spectral
Illumination or Illuminance (E) – it is distribution of light. Visible light
the intensity of lightper unit area. It is can have length between 4000 Å
measured by the normal luminous flux 7500 Å.
per unit area received by it. 5. Glare – it is a strong steady
dazzling light. The ångström is a
unit of length equal to 10−10 m
(one ten-billionth of a meter) or 0.1
6. Reflection Factor or Coefficient
Where: of Reflection or Reflectance (p) –
E = illumination it is given by the ratio of luminous
flux reflected from a small area of a
Φ = luminous flux surface to the total flux incident
A = area of the surface being upon it. It depends upon the
illuminated characteristics and the color of the
surroundings, i.e. walls and
 UNITSOF ILLUMINATION ceilings, etc.

Where: α= absorptance of the

surface
Note: It is always less than 1. Its value
is zero for the ideal “black body” and
unity for perfect reflector.
7. Transmittance (T) of an
Illuminated Diffuse Reflecting
Surface – it is defined as the ratio
of the total luminous flux
transmitted to it to the total flux
incident on it.
8. Absorptance (α) – it is the ratio of
the light absorbed versus the light
striking the surface.
9. Coefficient of utilization or
 Terms, Quantities and utilization factor (η) – it is the
Conversion Factors ratio of the lumens actually
received by a particular surface
1. Light – it is the energy radiated in tothe total lumens emitted by the
the form of waves which produces luminous source.
the sensation of vision to the eyes.
It may be natural light from sun or
the artificial light from the means
created by human beings. Where:
2. Visible light – is that part of
electromagnetic radiation
 Φreceived= total lumens received
by the working plane Φemitted = Where:
total lumens emitted by the light E = illumination
source A = area of the working plane to be
o Factors affecting utilization illuminated
factor: MF= maintenance factor
 Kind of lighting system η = utilization factor
 Type and mounting height of 12.Specific Output or Light
the fittings Efficiency or Efficacy – it is the
 Color of surface and ratio of the luminous flux to the
surrounding power intake. Its unit is
 Shape and size of the room lumens/watt (lm/W).
o The utilization factor varies
from:
 0.10 to 0.40 for indirect Average efficacy of various types of
lighting system lamps:
 0.40 to 0.60 for direct lighting
system
10.Maintenance Factor (MF) – it is
the factor related to the cleanliness
of the lamp including the room,
replacement of lamp after
recommended life, etc.
Sample Problems
1. A room 8 m × 12 m is lighted by
o Factors affecting maintenance 15 lamps to a fairly uniform
factor: illumination of 100 lux.
 Dust, dirt, etc. Calculate the utilization
 Blacking of filament (light coefficient of the room given
emitted decreases) that the output of each lamp is
o The maintenance factor varies 1600 lumens.
from:
 0.60 to 0.80
11.Depreciation Factor (DF) – it is
the reciprocal of maintenance
factor. Its value is more than unity.

2. The illumination in a drawing

office 30 m × 10 m is to have a
Where: value of 250 lux and is to be
LLD = lamp lumen depreciation provided by a number of 300-W
factor filament lamps. If the coefficient
LDD = luminaire dirt depreciation of utilization = 0.4 and the
factor maintenance factor = 0.9,
RSDD= room surface dirt determine the number of lamps
depreciation factor required. The luminous
LBO = lamp burnout (only for 2 or efficiency of each lamp is 14
more luminaires) lm/W.

The expression for gross lumens

required taking into consideration
the utilization and maintenance
factors: 3. A football pitch 120 m × 60 m
is to be illuminated for night
 play by similar banks of equal plane. If the coefficient of
1000 W lamps supported on utilization is 0.45 and the
twelve towers which are sources give 13 lumens per
distributed around the ground watt, determine the total
to provide approximately wattage required, assuming a
uniform illumination of the maintenance factor of 0.8.
pitch. Assuming that 40% of Determine also the number of
the total light emitted reaches fittings required. Sketch
the playing pitch and that an roughly the lighting plan of the
illumination of 1000 lux is room, showing suitable
necessary for television positions for fitting. Use light
purposes, calculate the number fitting of 200 W.
of lamps on each tower. The
overall efficiency of the lamp is
to be taken as 30lm/W.
Assume unity maintenance
factor.

4. Design a suitable lighting

scheme for a factory 120 m ×
40 m with a height of 7 m.
Illumination required is 60 lux.
State the number fittings to be
used for 40 W fluorescent tubes
giving 45 lm/W. Depreciation
factor = 1.2 ; utilization factor =
0.5. Twin tube fittings are to
employed.

5. A school classroom, 7 m × 10 m
× 4 m high is to be illuminated
to 135 lux on the working