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Fluid Mechanics Lesson 3

The document discusses buoyancy and stability, defining the buoyant force and Archimedes' principle. It provides examples calculating net downward force on a submerged sphere and percentage of an ice cube above water. Finally, it discusses stability of ships and boats, noting a body is unstable if its center of buoyancy is below its center of gravity.

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24 views5 pages

Fluid Mechanics Lesson 3

The document discusses buoyancy and stability, defining the buoyant force and Archimedes' principle. It provides examples calculating net downward force on a submerged sphere and percentage of an ice cube above water. Finally, it discusses stability of ships and boats, noting a body is unstable if its center of buoyancy is below its center of gravity.

Uploaded by

livchatous
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BUOYANCY AND STABILITY

In this lesson, we will:


• Define the buoyant force on a submerged body and how to calculate it
• Discuss Archimedes’ Principle
• Discuss how to predict the stability of a boat or ship
• Do some example problems
Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
We are still discussing hydrostatics, so our workhorse equation is Pbelow = Pabove + ρ g ∆z .

Archimedes’ Principle: The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts upward through the centroid of the
displaced volume.
Example: Buoyancy
Given: A sphere of diameter D = 0.0550 m and density ρbody = 1700 kg/m3 falls into a tank of
water (ρf = 1000 kg/m3).
To do: Calculate the net downward body force on the sphere due to gravity in units of N.
Solution:

Floating (Partially Submerged) Bodies

Person floating in the dense salty


water of the Dead Sea. Photo by
the author’s son, Andy Cimbala.
Example: Partially Submerged Body
Given: An ice cube floats in a glass of cold water.
To do: Calculate the percentage of the ice cube volume that is above the water.
Solution:

Hydrometer

Photo from https://study.com/ Photo from https://brewtogether.com/


Stability of Ships and Boats
Simple analogy – a “ball on the floor:”

From Çengel and Cimbala, Ed. 4.

G is the center of gravity


(depends on how the
weight is distributed
Stability of Fully Submerged Bodies inside the body)

From Çengel and Cimbala, Ed. 4. B is the centroid of the


submerged portion of the body
= center of buoyancy, and also
= center of rotation.

Bottom line: The body is unstable if center of buoyancy B is below center of gravity G.
Stability of Partially Submerged Bodies (Ships and Boats)
Note: As the boat tips (“lists”) to one side, the submerged part of the hull is no longer
symmetric, and it is difficult to calculate the new line of action of the hydrostatic pressure
force. We thus do only a qualitative analysis here.

Define M = the metacenter = the point where the line of action of the buoyancy force
before rotation and the line of action of the buoyance force after rotation intersect.

Line of action of the buoyancy


Line of action of the buoyancy force after rotation
force before rotation

Point M is above point G Point M is below point G

Bottom line: The boat is unstable if metacenter M is below center of gravity G.

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