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Consider a plane panel of arbitrary shape completely

submerged in a liquid.
The local pressure is:

The total hydrostatic force on one side of the plane

is given by:

The resultant force F acts not through the centroid but below
it toward the high pressure side. Its line of action passes
through the centre of pressure CP of the plate (xCP , yCP).

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Hydrostatic forces on curved surfaces

The easiest way to calculate the pressure forces on a curved surface
is to compute the horizontal and vertical forces separately.

Calculating horizontal and vertical pressure forces on an immersed

curved surface.

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From the free-body diagram shown in figure below:

The horizontal force, FH equals the force on the plane area formed by the projection of the
curved surface onto a vertical plane normal to the component.

The vertical component, Fv, equals to the weight of the entire column of fluid, both liquid
and atmospheric above the curved surface.
For the surface shown in the above figure: FV= W2+W1+Wair

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Example
The dam is a quarter circle 50 m wide into the paper. Determine the horizontal and
vertical components of the hydrostatic force against the dam.

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Buoyancy and stability

Buoyant force: The upward force a fluid exerts on a body immersed in it. The
buoyant force is caused by the increase of pressure with depth in a fluid.

The buoyant force acting on the plate is

equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by
the plate.

For a fluid with constant density, the buoyant

force is independent of the distance of the body
from the free surface.
It is also independent of the density of the solid
body.
A flat plate of uniform thickness h submerged
in a liquid parallel to the free surface.

𝐹 =𝐹 −𝐹 = 𝜌 𝑔 𝑠 + ℎ 𝐴 − 𝜌 𝑔𝑠𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑔𝑉

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Both liquids and gases exert buoyancy force on immersed bodies.

This equation assumes

that the body has a
uniform specific weight.
Archimedes first law of buoyancy.

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Buoyancy
How taking a bath led to Archimedes' principle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijj58xD5fDI

Archimedes’s 1st laws of buoyancy: A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical

buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

The line of action of the buoyant force (FB) passes through the center of volume of
the displaced body; i.e., the center of mass is computed as if it had uniform density.

The point which FB acts is called the center of buoyancy.

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Floating Body

Archimedes second law of buoyancy:

A floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in which it floats.
In the case of a floating body, only a portion of the body is submerged, thus:

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Example: Buoyancy force on a submerged object

A spherical body has a diameter of 1.5 m, weighs 8.5 kN, and is anchored to the sea
floor with a cable as is shown in the figure.
Calculate the tension of the cable when the body is completely immersed,
Assume 𝛾 = 10.1 ⁄

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BUOYANCY AND STABILITY

• The buoyant force 𝐹 acts upward through the centroid C of the displaced volume and is
equal in magnitude to the weight W of the displaced fluid, but is opposite in direction.

• For a solid of uniform density, its weight 𝑊 also acts through the centroid, but its
magnitude is not necessarily equal to that of the fluid it displaces. (Here 𝑊 > 𝑊 and thus
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; this solid
𝑊 > 𝐹S.Behfarshad MSE223 body would sink.)
Spring 2019

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A solid body dropped into a fluid will sink, float, or remain at rest at any point in the
fluid, depending on its average density relative to the density of the fluid.

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Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

(a) Stable

Stability is easily (b) Neutrally stable

understood by
analyzing a ball
on the floor.

For floating bodies such as ships, stability

(c) Unstable
is an important consideration for safety.

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Stability

The body’s center of mass is G, and the center of buoyancy is B, Fig (a).
If the body is tilted a small angle ∆𝜃, a new waterline will be established. In this new
position, B’ is the new center of buoyancy, Fig (b).
If a vertical line drawn upward from B’, it will intersect the line of symmetry at
a point M. M is called the metacenter, which is independent of ∆𝜃 for small angles.

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If point M is above G (that is, if the metacentric height 𝑀𝐺 is positive), a

restoring moment is present and the original position is stable.

If M is below G (𝑀𝐺 is negative ), the body is unstable and will overturn if

disturbed. Stability increases with increasing 𝑀𝐺.

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Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

(a) Stable (b) stable (c) Unstable

Metacentric height GM: The distance between the center of gravity G and the
metacenter M
The length of the metacentric height GM above G is a measure of the stability: the larger
it is, the more stable is the floating body.

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