New Effective Learning Mathematics Milton T.Y.Lo Lo Yin Kue Module 1 Tam Chi Fai — Mui Wai Kwong Tang Ming Chee Calculus and Statistics Teacher's Edition Sl Exp AHH RR mee =~ Chung Tai Educational PressAuthors Milton TY. Lo Ph. stat) Lo Yin Kue (M.Sc. M. Ed) Tam Chi Fai (M.Sc. B.Sc. Hons. P.Cert- Ed) ‘Mui Wai Kwong (M.Sc, B.Sc P.Cert. Ed) Tang Ming Chee (8. Sc. Hons, P.Cert.Ed) Published by ‘Chung Tai Educational Press Limited Unit 13/F, Phase 1 Kingsford Industrial Building 26-32 Kwai He Street, Kwai Chung New Tertores, Hong Kong “el: (852) 2558 2247 Fax: (852) 2558 2240 ‘Website: wwwctep.comhk mall enquiryactep.com hk First published 2019 First published 2019 ‘© Chung Tal Educational Press Limited Al rights reserved. No prt ofthis publication may be reproduce, stored na revival system, ‘or transmit in ay form or by ary means, lcroni mechanical photocopying, recording, oF ‘there wthout he prior wen permission ofthe publher. Be)ee us We would like to thank the following organizations: * The Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority for permission to reproduce the questions from the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination papers. + Cambridge Assessment International Education for permission to reproduce the questions from Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics examinations and Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics examinations. (Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no responsibility for the answers given to questions taken from its past question papers in this series.) Shutterstock Ine. for permission to reproduce copyright photographs in this series. Every effort has been made to trace copyright but in the event of any accidental infringement, we shall be pleased to come to a suitable arrangement with the rightful owner.cre, The Extended Part of New Effective Learning Mathematics S4-S6 textbook series is written in accordance with the latest Mathematics Curriculum and Assessment Guide (Secondary 4-6) in relation to Module 1 and Module 2, the relevant supplement, and the trend of the recent HKDSE examination papers. ‘There are altogether 4 volumes of textbooks in the Extended Part of this new series of mathematics textbooks, Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volumes 1, 2 2 volumes Module 2: Algebra and Calculus Volumes 1, 2 2 volumes ‘The new textbooks are deliberately tailored to meet the most up to date changes in the curriculum and serve the increasing needs of students and teachers. We have continued on our experience of writing effective textbooks by including the following important features in our presentation: Examples and Exercises are carefully ordered to help students build solving skills and confidence progressively; exploratory Class Activities are specially designed to encourage students to actively investigate patterns and primitive form of theorems; Concept Checkpoints and Stage Assessments are presented to monitor learners’ progress; interactive tools in the form of I.T. Tools are used to concretize abstract concepts; and recent Public Exam Questions are carefully selected to help students get familiar with the examination requirements. In order to make the content to become even more effective materials for students” self-directed learning and revision and for teaching, the following ideas are additionally introduced, + Think Aloud region is presented whenever necessary in the solution of an example. It means to encourage students to learn organizing the given information and developing @ strategy to tackle a problem. This idea is particularly useful in helping students to develop and strengthen their problem solving skills in word problems. + QR code accessed short video clips contributing as the Thinking Process comers are developed to guide students through the strategies for tackling questions which involve more intense and complicated steps. They are valuable resources to advocate individual and independent learning outside classrooms. + Classwork Solution Guide and HKDSE Exam Practice Solution Guide are made available to students through QR codes. These solutions can be served as other handy illustrative examples to students after class. More importantly, the access to these solutions will encourage students to attempt more questions in the textbooks.Furthermore, we have extensively used graphical diagrams to make abstract concepts to be better explained and understood. Instead of only summarizing rules and theorems at the end of a chapter, we give also concise examples to quickly review how they can be applied. Abundant amount of exercises with different levels of difficulty are provided in each chapter. Many Exam-type questions are particularly created for students to practise and test their problem solving skills. We wish to express our gratitude to the teachers who gave us valuable comments. We are also thankful for the tremendous help rendered to us by the staff of the publisher in the preparation of this textbook series. Last and not the least, we want to thank our families for their understanding, patience and support ‘during the period for the development of the textbook series. We believe students using this series will appreciate that an effective way of learning mathematics is the key to success in the HKDSE examination. Comments and criticisms from students and teachers for the continuous improvement of this series are heartily welcome. Milton TY. Lo Lo Yin Kue Mui Wai Kwong Tam Chi Fai Tang Ming Chee ‘The Teachers Edition of this textbook highlights the following teaching formation for reference, (0) Teaching suggestion (2) Teaching note 13) Section objective (4) Suggested lesson tne (5) Related exercise (6) Additional example () Classification of questions (8). Numerical answers for exercises (9) Guideline for LT. Too! (10) Guideline for clas activity (11)Downloadable resources Notes () Teachers may ast the sugested eson te tf thai own taching roges, and allocate Suitable tine for revion and aseriment (WTeachers an downlad other elevant teaching resources item 11 above forthe preparation of lessons rom the Teachers Area under Our web vmrtepcomns,Applicaton of Differentiation ‘+ Interesting information in relation to each topic is given to start off each chapter to arouse students” interest and motivation in learning. + Chapter Outline is clearly listed for easy reference, o Main Features Sa, + Quick Review covers the prerequisite knowledge for the chapter. poy hates acion + Koy Notes highlight necessary concepts ea and formulae, while Warm-up Exercise helps students consolidate the basic concepts and. skills before learning something new. Petra iene 8 tae exploring mathematical concepts and 14 Cte i constructing knowledge step by step. a EES vi+ Concept Checkpoint uses simple questions to test ee ‘students’ understanding of the concept just acquired. | f ee ie ESVELEASIENASSTS | + Graded Examples are providee to illustrate different Peotone ee solving skills in tackling questions. + Think Aloud makes the key to solving an example visible to students where necessary with minimal words and simple diagrams. + Classwork allows students to practise the solving ~ caumat7i2 skills learnt from an example. emir + Classwork Solution Guide can be accessed through the QR code provided next to 2230) on the top of the answer page in each chapter. + Stage Assessment tests students? abilities in solving extended questions slightly varied from examples. nn ES Beerser |S + Chapter Summary puts all key concepts, J2y3f reat ate formulae and related examples together for. =; spermeesiie revision, d e m ‘etl, A Themystery ofPaseas angle ‘+ Investigation Zone extends students" knowledge and develops their critical thinking skill through investigative problems. DD Appendix ‘+ Appendix provides additional information for further study.Hi Side Features + LT Tool indicates the use of interactive tool to facilitate the exploration and the understanding of a concept. | Ligsvemenenenss + Coution highlights a prac, oy EEE | ‘common mistakes and clarifies misconceptions. Te mar sancein ines Sinem en hen be | Eglo mademutan be Newton | (ious ira) ante Gra Imbert Goins Wien | Tete) Sue tf Fete ease | + Moth History provides briefly the contributions of great mathematicians. gO Exercise ‘atthe staght line drawn should be 8 close to all the given points as Reminder recaps key concepts and useful skills. Use of Calculator shows. the way to evaluate an expression with a calculator (CASIO . fx-SOFH as an illustrative model) fia xercise 2A #=> + Exercise provides well-graded questions ut under Level | and Level 2. + Reference to an example is indicated by the (Eangi| icon if considered necessary for students 1s mot necessary fr all I PUA )and PAB) (where yr cal pr pea pester probably respeativey Find Out More gives extra information in relation to the content. Ivetabe bet4 Cana pinitive funtion f+, do we obtain the same ‘Stop & Think stimulates students to think further ‘on the concepts learnt.FE I te Me de lyin + dem ie Xe ‘+ Exam-type Questions are highlighted with Wisk ta EUR = 18, - the o% icon. Karras ein ie dF + Questions requiring concise explanation th tnonemrowrhat>2. tuto, of answers are marked with the # icon. eee + Questions marked with the ® icon are GE eee in sheiembmatten ate rtg ent challenging and designed to level up the [rseal oe Ts pre iO wr ts0em- ree bee problem solving skills of students, To eos nines ‘+ Thinking Process guides students through co ee es el the strategies for wckling a complicated en question by a short video clip where 1) Cn tr or ey mh 1 ga ee eats ON ane ~e Oe next to ™ 9 9 + Revision Exercise provides Level | and Level 2 __ fad Revision Exercise 9.¢<\ ~ questions together with selected HKDSE and 1 sist a eee nd ict agi Maa IGCSE questions at the end of each chapter. Secs ree eae cc 72 tm en in yaa re Saran ames GS ey (a + HKDSE Exam Practice starts with illustrations of Solving Techniques and marking scheme for typical exam questions. They are followed by «exam-type questions catego-ized under Section A and Section B, where cross‘opic questions are highlighted with o**% icon, + HKDSE Exam Practice Solution Guide ean be accessed through the QR code provided next to ‘mouescrorz ©) on the top of the answer page. sec stonLMM CLL LLL LLL xed 7 rmbol Meaning B rant pms fs es a = Teak Femi feos a Ea sum of m numbers ay, dy, °°, dy e exponential fnction with bate € e Inx i logarithmic function to base € Into 5 intaity co when 2-0 ea closed interval Por sy ral ouabe [1,2] omen 15252 @o) open interval For any veal umnber (2) means 1&2, Isl eumsee az [3=3,10|=0,|-s|=5 e es o={ } mA) uber of sample points inthe event A WAn[3 57th = z complementary event ofthe event A 3} P(A) probability of the ori P(E), P(F) Pu\a) i ne rare te PEE|A), POLE) Ea) ‘expectation of th andom variable X EU) E@) Var(X) variance of the random variable X ‘Var(A), Var(B) ; i? Ford, 2 and 10, w= 2 100 7 For 1, 2, --- and 100, o population variance grat TBP + @—py +--+ 000— 100 i eeu Peas For 22,24 and 29, 2 Peeieenanel +(24-924 09-7? Ta1 BGs p) | binomial cstibuion with parameters mand p B10, 05) Niu, 7), ‘normal distribution with mean }L and variance 0 N(100, 5?) Po) Poisson disibution with mean A Po)4.2 Summation Notation... 4.3: Binomial Expansion...... 4.1 Review on Factorial and Combination . A. Factorial.. B. Combinatior tel 1C nee rennmnmnn dd Chapter Summary 2 1.24 Revision Exercise 1. Investigation Zone 1.29 Answers... 130 2.2 23 Quick Review .. Concepts of Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions A. Buler’s number e. B. e” and exponential functions C. Natural logarithms and natural logarithmic functions. EXCISE eens Continuous Growth and Decay..... A. Interest compounded continuously . B. Exponential growth and exponential decay. Brercise 28. 222 Transformation of Models . A. Linear model y=ax+b B. Power model y= Ax" C. Exponential model y= Ma’ .. ERI CIS€ nen 35 Chapter Summary Revision Exer8€ 2nnonnmndAB Answersxii 4.2. Differentiation of Products and Quotients of Functions... Quick Review 3.4 Limits of Functions. oe) A. Intuitive concept... gh B, Evaluating the limits of functions. 30) verse 3A... 9 C. Limits at infinity esi 3.11 Exercise 38... 3.2. Derivatives of Functions... 3.20 A. Increments. 3.20 B. Derivatives of functions 3.22 C. Slope ofthe tangent to a curve at a point... : 3.24 Exercise 1. v3 26 Chapter Summary 3.28 Revision EXeris€ 3... 330 Answers .. Basic Rules of Differentiation ... Exercise 4A. Bierce 4B. 412 4.3 Differentiation of Composite Functions . 4.14 rere aC. 4.4 Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions . 4.20 A. Differentiation of exponential functions 4.20 B. Differentiation of logarithmic functions. foes et ee 422 oe 4.5. Second Derivatives. . . 4.29 Exercise 4... seen 43 Chapter Summary 434 Revision Exercise 4... 436 4.40 441 Appendix sn AnswersApplications of Differentiation Quick Review... 5.1 Tangents to Curves 5.6 5.2 Local Extrema. sila A. Increasing and decreasing functions .. 5.14 B. Definition of local extrema 5.16 C. First derivative test 5.17 D. Second derivative test. 5.20 E. Coneavity of a curve peeys3) 525 5.3. Global Extrema... 5.28 Brercise SC. 5.4 Rates of Change... eee SBT 542 Chapter Summary : . 5.46 Revision Exercise 5.. 5.50 Answers... 5.60 HKDSE Exam Practice I EPI.2 MU CCE Rice vy ie l Cary Quick Review . 6.1. Concept of Indefinite Integration. 6.2. Basic Integration Formulae. 612 6.3. Integration by Substitution Brercise6.23 6.4 Solving Problems by Indefinite Integration A. Applications to coordinate geometry 6.23 B, Real-life applications .. eer - 6.25 Bre 180 60629 Chapter Summary a woes 6.34 Revision Exercise 6 B36 Investigation Zone... 643 Appendix .. Answers... Definite Integration and its Applications Quick Review 7.4. Definite Integral A. Area under a curve.. B. Definition of definite integra... 7.2 Evaluation of Definite Integrals.. ‘A. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus... B. Properties of definite integrals. : me A Brercise 7A. 714 7.3. Integration by Substitution for Definite Integral 7.16 Exercise 7B 7.4 Areas of Plane Figures.... : 722 Exercise 7C 726 7.5. Applications of Definite Integration 1.29 Bver8€ Don mn31 7.6 trapezoidal Kule 735 verse 7. Chapter Summary... er 746 Revision Exercise 7. Appendix ... 759 Answers. 761LT. Tool List.. Temes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5. Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Binomial Expansion Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions... Limits and Derivatives Differentiation Applications of Differentiation, Indefinite Integration and its Applications Definite Integration and its Applications... HKDSE Exam Practice lI /@ EP2.2 M1 Tl 16 Ta3 TAS. 725 733 139New Effective Learning Mathematics Chapter Overview TZ Extended Part Hotule 1; Calculus and Statistics ST Ta Ce cunt) Srey Pag tt Limits and Derivatives Module 2: Algebra and Calculus Applications of Differentiation Mathematical induction Ra ee acne Binal The Indefinite Integration and its Applications fomial Tecra Tigpnometry (1) Definite Integration and its Applications Trigonometry (1) Limits and the Number € Differentiation Noaonxona Further Probability Applications of Diferentiation Probability Distribution, Expectation and Variance Farias oes | 10 Discrete Probability Distributions Ene 11 Continuous Random Variables its Aplications and Normal Distribution 9 Defnit Integration 12 Sampling Distribution and Parameter Estimation So ecpareare tl 44 Mates and Determinants 42 Systems of Linear Equations 13 ntoduction to Vectors 14 Scalar Products and Vector Products xviNew Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 Binomial Expansion Ca eem TLE PRM) It would be a painful process to multiply out the expression (5x-+ 2)? Combination by hand. Luckily, we can plug the binomial 5x-+2 and the power 20 SG ena into the following formula in order to expand it easily Dn eo Re ate ‘Chung Tai Edveational PressNew Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 resichiigisuagetion ‘+ Teachers may guide students to understand the reacting Schedule FebookSvgestedSobons scam cf ude she bois to rome 1.1. Review on Factorial and Combination E) Factorial » Une mi ot ‘The product of the first » positive integers is called the factorial of m and is denoted by n!. Therefore, For example, 31=3x2«1=6 51=5X4X3X2x1=120 In addition, we define 0! ‘We can evaluate factorials with a calculator. The following is an example. Expression FB Keying sequence Display ‘The keying sequences illustrated in this series of books ate forthe caeulator 1 6 nee CASIO f-50FH, and they may vary ‘ ouaa B between diferent leur models Related Exerlse x14 41-6 Example 1. ‘Additional Example 1.1 Evaluate each ofthe following, Evaluate the expressions involving factoials Evaluate each of the following. (S131 w 48 (a) 6142! (b) 3x4! ot @ a @ Ans: 1148) 576 at fi 7m ws {See page of Append for Teachers Only for Solution the suggested solution) (@) G1+2=72042 4 cto x5x4%3%2%1=720, =m 2t=2x1=2 (by 3x41=3x240 tated axa 1=24 R 1211x109! 3 12x11x10 1320 factorial BER mam 12cot Binomial Expansion 8t__&x7x6x5! Fx51 4X5 _8x7x6 4 = 84 (d@) © Casswork Evaluate each of the following. (a) 41-3! 18 (b) 2x5! 240 10! 9 © Fx @ a7 Related Exercise @ 14 913-16 “Aaditionat rome 12 Example 1.2 simpy the expressions involving fctorils fee Simplify each of the following. a an (n+1)! (n—D!4a! fy MMleinsan @ © Ta = foe) TTT (b) (n+ 1Kn +3) Solution (See page T.1 of Appendix for Teachers Only for (41) the siggested solution) @ (= Dita! _ (n= DL mn DI © GED! GD! (=I +n) “G+ Din @—D! Casswork 1.2 Simplity each of the following. nm 1 © GED DAM B) combination Consider the following situation: If2 letters are chosen from the 4 letters A, B, C and D regardless of their orders (i.e, AB and BA are regarded as the same outcome), how many possible outcomes are there? 13Now Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 Clearly, there are 6 possible outcomes as follows: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD In the above example, we say that the number of combinations of 2 letters choosing from 4 letters is 6. In mathematics, ‘the number of combinations of r objects choosing from rn different objects’ is denoted by C?, and C! can be obtained by the following formula, In addition, we define C;= | for any positive integer n. We can evaluate C? with a calculator. The following is an example. Expression fii Keying sequence Display ct ‘onu;a a Related exercise 1497-12 ‘Example 1.3 fons i “Additional Example 1.3 ; involving CP [Example 1,3) Evauso he epessonsinohig C7 Evaluatecachf the olowng, Evaluate each of the following Sock @ b) Ch+Cy Ans: (@) 330 0 Soletion {See page of Append for Teachers Only for the sugrsted solution) @) C= combination mmm 4con Binomial Expansion © Casswork 1.3 Evaluate each ofthe following (@) Cf 20 (by CI-CE 0 Related Exercise GP Ex.1A #17-22 Example 1.4 e1prs:0? ntemsotn ‘Additional Example 1.4 Find each of the following interme of n Find each of the following in terms of n. ee @ Cr ) c} pox) #22NB=21 (b) 2nt4n~ 1) Solution Bscictl Ueciets once on ; +p! tte suggested solaton) @ Or [+ D-(@-D@=)! _ (nt D1! 2A DE _ nln) ann)! © CY G,-3t 2n)(n~1)Qn—2)-(2n—3)! ~ (2n—3)13! © Classwork 1.4 Find each of the following in tems of (a) Crt? av? (b) CH nvane0) CT Oa eee Evaluate each of the following. (1-2) (n+ 4) (143)! + (943)? 1, 214+3%3! 20 (#2) | 3. Simplify 4. Find Cl, 2. CH 66 CH" in terms of n, =—N2n+ 1) 15New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 Exercise 1A f= ~ Level 1 Evaluate each of the following, (1 ~ 12) 1. 8! 40320 ° 103! 60 Ow 5. -(31)? 36 7. C) Gama) 35 Ch+c$ CIC} 108 Level 2 ‘Simplify each of the following. (13 — 16) as, ODI oH Dt ° ml Find each of the following in terms of m. (17 ~ 22) 17, Cy Goma) = ° naa (0240) woop 8 21. C}CH_, 2nlan—1Kin—1) e mmm 16 _ Classification of questions © Operations involving nt © Operations involving C? 61-3x2! 714 ci-ch Chx2? 280 PCE 250 QntD! Qn=! 2ni2n+1) (2n— 1)! + (2m)! Gn+DI-2m! 1420 “an? west int 101) oS 6 +1 nln 101) Ot 6 net Crt ane crnmin 1.2 Summation Notation EE The symbol ‘ZL’ can be used to represent the sum of a sequence. For example, the summation notation >” 7, can be used to represent the sum Of Ty, Thy Tyy os Typ bes ” The summation can start from any term of a sequence. For example, n DNATA Tt + Ta. Note: In the summation 7 7,, the letter subscript r is just a dummy variable because >” 7, Related Breese QP x18 41-4 Example 1.5 IfT, = 3, T,=4, T,=6 and T, =8, find the values of the following, Find the values of expressions involving summation notation 4 ‘ @ D7 ©) DaG+39 a i Solution 4 @ LTHaKt+hth+h "23444648 =2 (b) Q(T +3)= (1,43) + (p+ 3) + (154 3) + (T43) a =(3+3)+(443)+(643)+ (843) +749411 33 summation notation EAU dummy variable St es | Binomial Expansion ‘Section Objective + Recognize the summation notation, «Disa Greok leter and itis read 4 Tris read as “the sum of 7, for from 1 ton’ | Teaching Note, + To note that the notation [Ta for the product of numbers a}, 83. 03. ~s Op Is also regarded as one of the common rotations that may be used in the HKDSE exam, Teachers may consider introducing ‘this notation to students. “Adationl Example 1-5 Wya7.Ty=-3.Ty25. Ta 2and 7,20 Vaecees @ Sy, ® © oa, ars: (a) 11 3 (See page 2 of Append for Teachers Onl for the suggested solution) ELG+VAG ARAB +N) +3 wr 17New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 ~~ Classwork 1.5 Ifa, =1,a)=2, a; =3, a,=5 and a, @) Ya, a9 ) Le-a) 3 ro i find the values of the following, Related Exerie @P 6.105,6 Example 1.6 Find he values of expressions involving summation notation Find the values of the following. @ Di b) Y 2k+3) Solution (a) x =1F2434+44+546 ‘ (by) D (2k+3)=(2% 1 +3) + (2%243) + (2343) 4 (2% 443) “ =S54+7+9411 =n ~~ Casswork 1.6 Find the values of the following. @ Lem as ® Leen 5 © LY 4r=1) ss Related Exercise G9 64.18 17-12,21,22 pple 1.7 Fina ves o expressions invoking summation noaton Find the value of (2k—1). Solution Yk 1)=2x2= 1) +2x3=1)+(2x4=1) 4251) “ =3454+749 ‘Additional Example 1.6 Find the values ofthe following @ x} ® La-p ( Ean+2 25 pos) 2) 28 03 (See page 12 of Appendix for Teachers Only for the suggested solution} ‘mdeitienal example 1.7 Find the values ofthe following @ Deo w Years Ba Car fans: (a) 120) 138 ( 2 69 (See pageT2 of Appendix for Teachers Only for the suggested solution)Classwork 1.7 Find the values of the following. 0 @) Lts) x (&) XY (10-2p) 0 (Related Exercise @ e.10 12328 Example 1.8 Express the sum ofa sequence in summation notation Express each of the following in summation notation. (a) 4484124-.440 (b) 34343434343 (©) 2C}+3C$+4C}+ + 8CE Solution (@) 44841246 +40=(4% 1) + (4X2) 4 (4X3) Fo + (4X 10) wo =y4i a (b) 3434343434323 ‘ (© 2C}+3C3+4C}+ + +8Ch= Yo rcs Note: We may obtain different expressions when expressing the sum of a sequence in summation notation, For (¢) of this example, apart ‘ ‘ 7 from )rC¥, we may give )(r+2)C8,2, D (r+ 1)CE,, ete, =| Py a as an answer. © Classwork 1.8 Express each ofthe following in suramation notation, (2) 3464940424 Es @ -2-2-2-2-2-3-2 Een (©) 3X44 XH +5 x54 F991 Frin) cas Binomial Expansion ‘Additional Example 1.8 Express each of the following in summation (@ 7414214 +105 ( ~4-4-4-4-4-4 ae 5*6 as) D7 wy) Dea (See page of Append for Teachers Only for the suggested solution) Is it tue that . m+ mtm+mimtm=Sm? No m+m+m+m+m-+m=Sm,but a14243444546, 19New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 Some properties of the summation notation are summarized in the following. Teaching Note + Students are required to recognize the basic properties of the summation elated Exercise QP 18617 Example! 109) Fit te ae ofan exrensin ung he proper of CEREEREE +5 the summation notation Find the value of 5° (57° 7) 10 mei | Find the value of }) (3i+4). {See page 3 of Appendix for Teachers Only for ‘the suggested solution) Solution YVeita=Ly+ V4 i a iss oo =3ypi+y4 is Ss =3(5+6+7+849 +10) + (10-54 1)(4) 59 Note: By the definition of summation notation, DVGi+4)=Gx5+4)+(3x6+4)+BX744) + +3 X 1044) H3S+O+7 4+ +10) +(4F444+ +4) Thus, using the properties of summation notation is simply a rearrangement of the terms. © Casswork 1.9 Find the values of the following, i n @ Se-s 2 ) YGR+k-2) 1108 Pa ist mm 1.10cron Binomial Expansion OE ea Find the values of the following. (1~2) Express each of the following in summation fl 5 5 notation. (3-4) a eri 3. 1424448+---41024 2" 2 Sacre) 4. 17243-44010 Zener i ‘Classification of questions © Find the value oan expression involving summation notation [id Exercise 1B f= » O tes teers meine Level 1 If7,=6, 1. 7, Games) 2 Y-1) » é = 8 2 x ) \d the values of the following, (1 ~ 2) , T= Mand T,= 12, Ifa, =—5, a)=~3, a,=0, a,= land a;=6, find the values of the following. (3 — 4) 3. 2a, 4. Y(5-3a,) 2 2, 2 : > a,) 8 Find the values of the following, (5 — 12) 5. amgeia) 10 6. DY Gm4+s é 2 é 2 Gm ) 50 2 Sar aD oo . Dus—2y 2 8, on o 9. Ste w. Deyo om om M.D (p23) 38 2 Lig t3g+l) © ° x ° x 111New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Ste Volume 1 2 |4 and)” y,=30, find the values of the following. (13 — 14) If Dx, mi 13. Ya, +y, 14. Dx, +2y,+5) 137 B Dery 4 ez , ind the values of the following. (IS ~ 16) 50 and }" a? =554, 15. Y\(a2—a,) sos 16. > (a,+3)? 989 2 e Be Level 2 Find the values of the following. (17 — 22) 17. > (2k+1) Gammeis) 168 18, 5 2m(3—m) «40 oe oe x * 19. ¥) (p+4)(2p-1) 4907 20. (-1)°(2s+3) 8 O paw o a 21, 22. (1+2434+-4)) 580 ° oO is Express each of the following in summation notation. (23 — 28) 23. ktkbhbkbktktk+k+k Gases) De cs fat 24, 142434 @ 37S 28. 10410031) + 10637) + + 108") Es 26. 13(15)18) + 14(16)(19) + 150.7920) +» +26(28V31) E reeaures 27, -244-64-420 Fenien 3 ie 28. Ch4 Chet Chto + Che? Stet mm 1.12mY 1.3 Binomial Expansion SE In this section, we will leam how to expand a binomial expression raised to the power n, (a+ 5)", with n being a positive integer. The following binomial expansions can be obtained easily. (a+6)?=1 (a+b)!=atb (a+6)?'=a?+2ab+6? (a+b) =a? +3a°b+3ab? +b? a+ b)a+b) To expand (a+ 5)", we may first consider (a+ 5)* n of a+b raised to a higher order, we Similarly, to obtain the expan may consider (a+b)'=(a+bya+by* (a+b)°=(a45\a+b)> Obviously, it is time consuming to do the expansion in the above way. Now, we are going to introduce a more efficient way to expand (a+ 5)". “Class Activity CM 6, 7, and fill in the remaining boxes with appropriate coefficients. |, 1, 2 and 3 are given in the following table and the coefficients in these expansions have been filled in the hexagonal boxes. Complete the expansions of (a+ 6)" for n=4, 5, cos Binomial Expansion ‘Section Objective + Recognize Pascal's tangle and the formula fr binomial expansion ‘Guideline for Class Activity + Teachers may give a hint to students if they ‘cannot find the patterns in the expansions. te the coefficients in the expansions of (a +b)", where mis a non-negative integer { Epa Coefficients in binomial expansions (a+5y 1 (a+b)! a+b Gry | a? +2ab+b? (a+b)? - a +3a7b+3ab7 +b) (a+b) a*+4a°b+6a7b?+4ab?+b* | (a+b) @°50"6 +1006 10086 Sabt oF (a+b)® | aP+60%s 15040" 20090? + 1502+ 606° +08 | aro7 Geaeineps 113New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 The ‘triangle’ in the class activity is called Poscal’s triangle, and its properties are as follows: (a) Pascal’s triangle has infinite number of rows. (b) The sum of any two adjacent numbers in a row is equal to the immediate number below them. (©) The first and the last numbers in each row are 1 (@)_ The numbers in each row are symmetrical, Conceptually, using Pascal’s triangle, we can expand (a+ 5)". However, the process will become very tedious when n is large. So, we need to find a more efficient way to carry out the expansion. Consider the expansion of (a+6)*. It can be obtained by directly multiplying out (a+ b)(a+ 6\a+ by(a+ 6) to give a total of 16 terms. Among them, there are different like terms. For example, bbab and bbba are both the like terms of ab>, The following gives the different multiplications to obtain the like terms of ab’. 5eberhe LY) bbb (a+ (a+b) (a+ (at = a ( pat ot cag Choose 3 6's from any 3 out (a+b) (ath) (a+b) (a+b) mp bbab eh op ‘espe terms and the a from the remaining a (a+6) (+8) (a+b) (a+b) map babb | (22) bracket term in cach multiplication, aN \ (a+) (a+b) (a+b) (a+b) mp abbb There are altogether 4 like terms of ab’. The numerial value 4 is equal to the number of ways to choose 3 4's from the 4 (a+ 6) bracket terms, ie. C\. Thus, Cf gives the coefficient of ab’ in the expansion of (a+ b)* Similarly, Tem fei |Etor abe |bteaban |ereba Coefticies | ci | ci} | cf | cf ie. (a+b)*= Chat + Charb + Cha°b? + Chab> + Ci b* Hence we can rewrite Paseal’s triangle as follows. 1 carn 14 «arn! 1a «(athe cca «ate 1G) GG 1 «aro NG? GI cr 1 4 (a+oy From the above, we can obtain the formula for finding the expansion of (a+b)" (where mis a positive integer) as follows, and this is known as the binomial theorem. Mm 1.14 binomia theorem 250 angle MF = IE Teaching Note ‘Teachers may atk students to explore the propertes of Pascal's tangle on the internet. Suggested website: hetpy/wwemathsisfun com! pascalstrianglehtm! ‘GOBinomial Expansion For example, if we take (14x)"=14CIx+ Chr? + The expansion of (a +5)" can also be written as follows. (a+b)"=Cha" b+ Chat" b! + Cha" 2b? + + Cha bt + Cha bY + Crab" 1G ‘The (r+ 1)th term in the above expansion is C?.a"-"b’. Thus, we can express the expansion of (a+ 5)" in summation notation as follows. ‘Note: The first term in the above expansion can be found by substituting r=0 into Cra"~'b, ie. Cha"°B°. AeltedExecize GP 6«1¢11,2 Example 1.10 Find ne binomial expansions TERETREREREY 1-10 ’ Expand each ofthe following, Expand each of the following. ° were @) (+x° (b) (+x) (@ set ‘as: (a) 0243002 + 300% + 1000 (0) 640 eae +1 (1201+ 150%2~ 5009? + 625x¢ Solution (see page T3 of Append for Teachers Only for (a) (+x) =14+Chxt Che + Ch + Chxttx% the suggested solution) © (1-308 +5x+10x?+ 10x? + Sxttx° (by (2x) = 2+ Ch (Dx) + C$(2*Ma2) + C$ (27 (x?) + CF (22Mx*) + CF (2)XS) +28 = 64-+6(32x) + 15(16x2) +20(8x") + 15(4x*) + 6(2x°) 42° 644 192x + 240%? + 160x° + 60x4 + 1205 +.x° © (1-3x)*=[1+(C3x)]* = 1404-33) + CHC3x)? + CH-38)? + (3)! = 144 (-3x) + 6(9x2) +4(-27x°) + 814 = 12x + 54x*— 108x5 + 81x* 6 Classwork 1.10 Expand each of the following. @ (+n* ) (+0! © (-2%% V-+6r+ 1542+ 200? 256+ 2560+ 960? 1 10e+40%2— 800+ 80x4— 324° 115 Set 6x3 8 Hoe +4Now Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 Related Exercise Qe1C #912 erte ‘Adeltional ample 1.11 (a) Expand 2— 5x)" ascending powers of x as far asthe temin (a) Expand (3 —2x)° in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x. (6) Expand (3a + 2b)" in ascending powers of b '1 Find the binomial expansions (b) Expand (4x + 3y)* in descending powers of x. (© Expand 2-2} in descending powers of x. 2° Ans: (a) 68 960% + 6000+? 20000%? + © Expand x2] in descending powers of x. (©) 810+ 21601) +21602b? + 9600? + 1664 4,101 (@ 320-800 + 80% : Ge pape T3 of Appa er Tacha Only for the Solution suggested so.ution) (a) (3—2x)5 =35 + CF (34(—2x) + Ch (3? M-2x)? + Ch (3? (2x)? + 243 —810x+ 1 080x?—720x° + (b) (4x4 3y)*=(4x)4 + CF 4x)’ Gy) + C3 (4x)? Gry? + C3 (4NGy)? + GY)" = 256x' + 768x°y + 864x7y?-+432xy" + 81y* © “cto -2}+ete{-2] +c10[-2] +42?) apathy} 240 192. 64 12x44 60x — 160+ 3 Classwork 1.11 (a) Expand (2 + 3y)$ in ascending powers of y as far as the term in y2, 32. 240y-+ 720)? +1 080y" (b) Expand (3x—y)° in descending powers of x. 720,51 asex°y + 1215x4y? —saoey? 6135 = tay +y® Related Bercce QP Ec1¢15-17,19 Example 1,12 ft coetertotatem orbe cotati Aaa 12 12 ina binomial expansion (0) Findthe coetfient af xin the expansion of (+38) (a) Find the coefficient of x* in the expansion of (1 +2x)°. (eel Woe ee 2% aot 5 the expansion of (3) n ascending (b) Find the coefficient of the 3rd term in the expansion of (2+3x)° in ascending powers of x (Pinte cocicen fhe htm ne (©) Find the coefficient of the 4th term in the expansion of (3x—1)' in Baer ee ee descending powers of x. 5 (G) Find the constant term in the expansion (@) Find the constant term in the expansion of2x— 4] o( af" fs) 2835) 288 500 8 (See page 4 of Appendix for Teachers Only for the suggested solution) Mme 1.16| Binomial Expansion Solution (a) The (r+ 1th term in the expansion = C2(2x)" =C82"x" Consider the term in x', ie. take r=. Coefficient of x5 = C32° ae Alternative method: ‘The (r+ 1)th term in the expansion =C%(2x)""——¢ (1 +2x)°=2+1) =cineryir Consider the term in x°, ie. take 6 Coefficient of x° = Cf2°-! 2 (b)_ The (r+1)th term in the expansion = C8(2"")(3x)" = c8263rx" When r= 2, the term is the 3rd term, — Coefficient of the 3rd term = C$2°-73? + Teachers may remind students not to substitute r=3 into C°2°'3'x" to find the 3rd term CENTLY” = C831? (©) The (r+ 1)th term in the expansion When r , the term is the 4th term, Coefficient of the 4th term = C33*-3(-1)? (@) The (r+ 1)th term in the expansion = C£(2x)® (4) = C821)" When 6—2r=0 (ie. r= 3), the term is a constant term. Constant term = C$25-*(-1)? 117New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 © Casswork 1.12 (a) Find the coefficient of xin the expansion of 3-+x)°. 135 (b) Find the coefficient of the 3rd term in the expansion of (3+2x)" in ascending powers of x. 20412 (©) Find the coefficient of the 6th term in the expansion of (2x—y)’ in descending powers of x. —84 (Ft be cosa eine psn 200 Related Erercse @9€x.16 21,22 ‘Additional Example 1.13 The coefficient of the 31d term in the expansion of (1 ~ 5x)" in ascending powers of ‘The coefficient of the 3rd term in the expansion of (1 +3)" in ascending £15525, where nisa postive integer. ind the Example 1.13 Find tho usinown trough the binomial expansion powers of x is 252, where 1 is a positive integer, Find the value of eet ans: 7 {See page. of Appendix for Teachers Only for Solution the suggested solution) ‘The (r+ 1)th term in the expansion = C2(3x)" =Cr3"x" When r= , the term is the 3rd term, Coefficient of the 3rd term= 252 43? = 252 1 D9 =252 n(n-1)=56 m=n-56=0 (n=8)(n+7)=0 n=8 or —T(rejected) —_« vis positive integer. ~* Classwork 1.13 The coefficient of the 3rd term in the expansion of (1—4x)" in ascending powers of x is 240, where 1 is a positive integer. Find the value of n. 6 mame 1.18Related Exercise @ 610123 Example 1.14 It is given that (1 +px)"=1+ 18p?x + 15p?x?+ terms involving higher powers of x, where p is a non-zero real number and n is a positive integer. Find the values of n and p. Find the unknown through the binomial expansion Solution (1 +px)"= 1+ Ch( px) + C3( px)? + = Lape OD parts By comparing the coefficients of x and x’, np = 18p? seseneee(1) 4 By comparing the coefficients of x ee aN) 2 15p? (2) 4 By comparing the coefficients of x? From (2), non-30=0 «p40 (1-6)(n+5)=0 n=6 or ~S rejected) Substitute 1 = 6 into (1), 6p = 18p" aS * Classwork 1.14 It is given that (1+ mx)"= 1 —27x+36m?x? + terms involving higher powers of x, where m is a non-zero real number and 7 is a positive integer. Find the values of mand n. m= —3,0=9 Related Erercie @ £x16126-29 Find the coefficient of aterm and the constant term in Example 1.15 eres o ronal expansions In the expansion of each of the following, find the coefficient of x? and the constant term. (@) Qx-1)8Gx+1)! 1) 7 Oy (-x] Qty) cont Binomial Expansion ‘aditional Example) 1.14 Inisgiven tha (1+ gx')"=1 ~392x? + 3692s° + rms involving higher powers ofx, where qs {non-zero constant and is 2 positive integer. Find the values of and 4. ars (See page T5 of Appendix for Teachers Only for the suggested solution) n=9,9=-3 ‘Adational Example 1.13 Inthe expansion of each ofthe following, find the coefficient of 1? andthe constant term, () e427 x=" 3 ? 7 w [2nfa-w ‘Ans: (a) Coefficient of x (6) Coefficient of x constant ter (See page TS of Appendix for Teachers Only for the suggested solution) 119New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 Solution (@) Think Aloud — We only ned to expand (2x~ 1)* and (3x-+1)* as far as the | term in x? since the remaining terms will give a product | involving x° or a higher power of x. | ee J (2x18 = (1+ Cf 2x4 + CHAP + «2-1 = 14208 =-1410x—40x7 + Gxt 1)f=14C1 Gx) + CH Gx) + 4 @r+'=c4304 S14 1204+ Sax? ++ (2x= 18 Bx+ 1) (1 + 10x 40x? +L + 12x Sx? +) Coefficient of x? —1)(54) + 10(12) + (40)(1) =26 Constant term = (—1)(1) (b) Think Aloud eis necessary to expand (2+2)7 as far as the term in x 1 sch gan of 4=7L] tn rm in as its lowest power of L (2 +x) =27 + C] (2M x) + C3 (25)(x?) + CF (243) + C] (2 Yr) + = 128 + 448x + 672x7 + 60x + 280x" +» 128+ 448x + 672x? + 560x + 280x* + ++) 1), 72 ( 6-44! (+-#] (24x) -[16 = | Coefficient of x? =16(672) + (—4)(560) +4 (280) 582 Constant term = 16(128) + (—4)(448) +4 (672) mmm 1.20cot Binomial Expansion ~~ Classwork 1.15 In the expansion of each of the following, find the coefficient of x? and the constant term, Coefficient of x? = 1982 3x} constant term=1 107 (a) (1-494(2432)% () o+n*(2 Coofcint of x? = 4 408, constant term = 32 ST (ed 1, Expand (3x —2)* in descending powers of x. 4. The coefficient of the 3rd term in the '243x5— B10x* + 1080x3 72002 + Hon 32 | expansion of (2x?+ 1)" in ascending powers of x is 40, where n is a positive integer. Find e & 2. Express the expat of a e eet (: Boa the value of n. 5 descending powers of x in summation notation, La ee 5 8. (a) Expand (2x-1)°, 80-120 +6x-1 ir 25 : (b) Hence expand (y° + 1)(2y—1)° in 3. Find the coefficient of x°y in the expansion a rae re 2 eee of (2x—Sy)*. -160 eta Classification of questions © Expand an expression by binorial expansion © Express the expansion in summation notation ' prdainerhiateraat ar neeer a [i Exercise 1€ suse ee Level 1 Expand each of the following. (1 — 8) 5 (Ganga) 1420+ 16087 + 64x? eA g Bye ata FO Ge pe 020? re ara : 3. (2+5x)* 16+ 1600+ 60002 + 100003 + 625x¢ 4. (2y=3)9 O88 STEP 2163200 ra ° +486002-2916"-+729 5. (Sx+2y)* 625e4+ 1000 + 600%2y2 + 1601y%+ 16/4 6, (4x—3y)> 102“ 3E40riy + 5760%'y° = 4 320x7y? + 1620xy* — 243y* o 2,7 a_i 0 80,7, 80.4 40 10 au [2 LY sae 80574 Bat $y 10 oe 8 (2 x aot a ae pa Expand each of the following in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x°. (9 — 10) 1024y'°— 25 600xy? + 288 000%2y" 9. (3+x)" 6561 + 17.496x+ 20412x? + 136080 + 10. (Sx—2y)!? (Giangio ° ° =1920 000%%y7 + 121New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus ond Stotistics Volume 1 Expand each of the following in descending powers of x. (11 — 12) ys 8448+ 576x5y+2160xty? +4 320017? MW. (2x+3y) ° +4 B60x2y" +2 916xy! + 729/4 12. [« -1] aa 692 - i x Express the expansion of each of the following in ascending powers of x in summation notation. (13 ~ 14) 13, 9-298 Eaeaay’ 14, (3-2 Laser 1B |r ce TR) asa 15. Find the coefficient of x? in the expansion of (1 +2x)8. (Gy mnt of the 3rd term in the expansion of | 2x? + descending powers of x. 20 3.500 in ascending powers of y, 33% 17. Find the coefficient of the 7th term in the expansion of [5 18. Let T, be the coefficient of the nth term in the expansion of (7+5x)"" in ascending powers of x. Find T,:T,. 49:50 19. In the expansion of [2x5] find ae (a) the coefficient of 4, -276 (b) the constant term. 29120 20. Determine whether the expansion of | 2x? consists of each of the following terms. Find the term if it © exists, (@) Aconstant term No (b) A term in level 2 21, The coefficient of the 3rd term in the expansion of (3x? + 1)" in ascending powers of x is 189, where m is a positive integer. Find the value of m. (Ganvieii3) 7 Mmm 1.22op Binomial Expansion 22. The 6th term in the expansion of | x— x] in descending powers of x is a constant term, where mr is a positive integer. Find the value of m and the constant term, m= 10, constant term 23, It is given that (1+px?)"= 1+ 15x7-+90x4+ terms involving higher powers of x, where p is a non-zero © real number and n is a positive integer. Find the values of m and p. (Baneieii#) »=5,p=3 24, In the expansion of (1 3x)", the sum of the coefficients of x and x? is 375, where 7 is a positive integer. © Find the value of m and the coefficient of x*, n=10,coeclent of x =~61 236, 28, The coefficient of x®y’ in the expansion of (ax? +by)° is 540, where a and b are constants. Find the value © ofab. 3 al Thinking Process “> Ores ee ree os 2° at as (b) Find the coefficient of x? in the expansion of 26. (a) Expand {24 oo orts-$][e+ x ~ r+ 24x74 27. (a) Expand (1 —2x)* in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x’. (b) Find the coefficient of x? in the expansion of (1 —2x)*(2x?+1)*. 30 ; - oefMcentofx=-2 28. Find the coefficients of x and x" in the expansion of (x + 1) (2—x)®, (Gans) COMMeenR Of 2040. 29. Find the coefficient of x’ and the constant term in the expansion of(e+2] (x-3)°. Cooficient of x? = 568, constant term= 1 647 (3 +2x)4 in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x2, 81 4 27-997 + 123New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 32. If mis. positive integer and the coefficient of x? in the expansion of (1 ~2x)"— (1 +3x)" is “140, find the value of n. 8 33. Let m be a positive integer. 06 (a) Expand (1 +2x)" in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x7.) +2nc+2n{n— 1). + (b) If the coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 +2x)" (6x+ 1)? is 28, find the coefficient of x? 340 $34. (2) Expand (54 3x94, 025+ 15000413500 +5400 +800 (b) Hence expand [5 +3(2y—y7)]} in ascending powers of y as far as the term in y2, 625 ~3 0007+ s00y? + © chapter Quiz CT Came rr 1, Review on factorial and combination (=: (a) n!=n(n—1(n—2) x x3 X 2% 1, where n is a positive integer i (b) cr our where n and r are positive integers andr ) Vrenens He +7, 3. Binomial expansion (iin (a+b)"=a"+ Cia"! b+ Cha" *b? +--+ Cra" b+ + Cy ab +5" => cra" f=] o eg. (x?= 2x) = (x7) + CF (a?) (2x) + C$ 2?) (2) =x!— 10x? + 40x8— 80x7 + 80x°— 32x° C$ 2)? -20)3 CF OP -2a)* + (20) mm 1.24si Chapter Binomial Expansion © Operations involving n! and 7 © Find the value of an expression involing summation Revision Exercise 1 C2 Me no. vesncisnameenanner nomen ‘© Bipand an expression by binomial expansion Level 1 © Find the cefcient of aterm or the constant teem in binomial expansion Evaluate each of the following, (1 ~ 4) © Find the urknown through the binomial expansion 51 (6D? ar ctct oO 78! 32 ce m2 s sa 2 eee 4. So 4-set+e) 2 08 es Dee 2 ie If Da, 0, find the value of ° (2a, +1)(a,—2). 23 Express each of the following in summation notation. (6 — 9) a A & 40+50+60+--+190 S10" Eg lei eal MN koe ee etl s, ets 512 2 & xPHCPQAN CHAM HHI" Leper m2 c i (Ay)? + CF (2x (Ay)! + C3 (2x)? (4p)? + + Qay? Ea rw yr Expand each of the following. (10 ~ 13) a3 ap 1. (143x)* 1415x9012 +2700 anset eze® Mie [x2 Z] xt tort 252250 25 °o ° Bi a3 6 = Das y+ 2aoxty?— 128008? oe ig 1080 , 720 , 240, 32 2 ass tare 1. (x-4y) 3. (3x42 08+ 110? +1080 , 220 , 240, 32 12 (=~ 4)! 1 ( 5 sor + 1090, 720,240, 3 +3 840xty—6 14aey* +4 096/* Express the expansion of each of the following in descending powers of x in summation notation. (14 — 15) 1a ieee eri oti ee 3 |i peaaretee W [Fo] forteney BB faced] Loews 513 16. Find the coefficient of the 3rd term in the expansion of in descending powers of y. 535 125New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 513 1. Find the coeicientsofx* and x? in the expansion of [arg costctent of 33=0 221701 = Coefficient of 2 = 129 0 513 18, Find the constant term inthe expansion of {+ Z|. -2s200000 3 1 19. In the expansion of[ st "| . find ° ” (a) the coefficient of x™, 43758 (b) the constant term. 18 56¢ 3 . 20, (a) Express the expansion of (2-»'] in descending powers of x in summation notation, where » is a o 5 * positive integer. $:cp24en"-1e" (b) If the 9th term in the expansion obtained in (a) is a constant term, find the value of m. 12 Level 2 21. (a) Expand (x~2)(x?+2x-+4). (b) Hence expand (x—2)° (x?+2x+4)5._ x'*— 40x"? +640x¢ —5 12018 +20.480x° —32768 22, In the expansion of (1 + &x)*, the coefficient of x? is 3584, where k is a constant. Find the value of k. 4 23. In the expansion of (1 +2) in ascending powers of x, the rato of the coefficient ofthe (7— 1)th term to that of the rth term is 7:17. Find the value of r. 15 24. It is given that (1 + px?)"= 1+ 14x? +21p?x"+ terms involving higher powers of x, where p is a non-zero © constant and m is a positive integer. Find the values of m and p. = 7,p~2 53 BS; is eiven that (1— kx)*= 1 — art bx? + terms involving higher powers of x, where k, «and b are integers. (a) Express b in terms of k 6 =15k? (b) If5—a=216, find the value of k. 4 3 26. Itis given tat 1+ 4] + terms involving lower powers of x, where a is a constant and 1 is a positive integer. Find the values of a and n, o=~3.n=6coo Binomial Expansion a3 : Bo expand (3+ in ascending powers of x up to the term:°. hv See lS sSete (by Find the cotTiien of x inthe expansion of 8+ 4 alr] ii ¥ 13 28. In the expansion of (1—2x)", the coefficient of x? is greater than that of x by 162, where n is a positive © integer. (a) Find the value of n. 9 () In the expansion of (1 ~2x)* (2 + 3x)", find the coefficient of x°. —1137 ] (2-+4,)’ in ascending powers of x up to the 4th term, 122+ 122212576447 o40r-+ AL], where a isa positive integer. o's! 40°x++ 50282. (b) In the expansion of (x4+ ay[or = | , the constant term is 169. Find the value of a. 3 ¥ m3 31, Let m bea postive integer. (@) Expand (2 +)" in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x7, 2°42"~!mx-+2"~2nin— te + (b) If the constant term in the expansion of (2 +x)" (4x+5)? is 12 800, find the coefficient of x?, 215552 a3 #32. (a) Expand (1 + ax)*—(1 +x)" in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x*, where a is a constant 0.0 and 1 is a positive integer. (4o~nix+]60* "> (b) If the coefficients of x and x* in the above expansion are 10 and 105 respectively, find the values of a and n, @=5,n=10; 0=16, n=54 na $23. In the expansion of (2-+-ax)*(1-+bx)°, the coefficients of x and x? are ~36 and 0 respectively. Find the © values of a and b, a= -5,5=3;a-3,6= 2 a3 }4. It is given that n is a positive integer. (@)_ Expand (1+ 4)" in ascending powers of & up to the term 42, 1 + nk +MY ia (b) Hence expand [1 +(x+27)]” in ascending powers of x up to the term? +n (©) Itis given that [1 + (c+x°)]"=1+ax-+2Lx?+ terms involving higher powers of x, where a is an integer. Find the values of m and a. n=6 127New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 23 6 5; © Find the term independent of x nthe expansion ot(2-34] . 4320 (ii) Find the value of a for which there is no term independent of x in the expansion of (1 +a 2 x] 2 [Cambridge International AS and A Level Mathematics (9709) Paper 13 Q3 November 2017] 3 2) 35 (@ Find, in ascending powers of x, the first 3 terms in the expansion of ( 2- 3] 32-2002 + 5x4 + °. 2! (ii) Hence find the term independent of x in the expansion of (2-"] E BBA as 4) [x ¥ { Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics (0506) Paper 12 Q3 November 2017] The first 3 terms in the expansion of[3 -4| are 81 +ax+ bx*, Find the value of each of the constants m, = =4,0=-18,6=3 aandb. [Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics (0606) Paper 12 Q4 June 2017] 513 38. 00 Given that a is a constant, expand (2+ ax)‘, in ascending powers of x, simplifying each term of your expansion. 16+ 320x-+2402? + 80x? + atx Given also that the coefficient of x is equal to the coefficient of x°, show that a= (i) use your expansion to show that the value of 1.97* is 15.1 to 1 decimal place. [Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematies (0606) Paper 21 QS June 2017) mmm 1.28cv Binomial Expansion A The mystery of Pascal's triangle ‘The figure shows the numbers in Pascal’s triangle fitted in the hexagonal spaces, (a) Investigate the relation between a row number and the sum of all numbers in that row. e.g. What is the relation between the row number 4 and the sum of 1+4+6+4+1? () Select any number apart from I in the above Pascal’s triangle as a starting position. Then find a path to reach a number ‘1° such that the starting number will be equal to the sum of all numbers in the path. e.g, Starting at 56, 56=35+15+5+1. So, the path is $6935 15951 Explain why at least one such path exists for any number, apart from I, in Pascal's triangle as a starting position. + Teachers may guide students to find a path by considering the property of Pascal's tanale: the sum of any two adjacent rumbersina row is equal tothe immediate ‘umber below ther, 1.29New Effective Learning Mathematics Module 1: Calculus and Statistics Volume 1 Closswork 11 (pase 1.3) 18 © 9 Closswork 1.2 ( 1 © Ger Classwark 1.4 (pege 1.5) (m2 Stage Assessment 1.1 (pase 1.5) 120 2.66 ote nth nin) ? (ot 2un+ 1) z 21 2n2n— Hor 1) ‘Classwork 1.5 (page 1.8) 9 losswork 1.6 (poge 18) @ =15 55 (Classwork 1.7 [pase 19) s a 1.30 Answers (240 (@) 36 os wo ©) mQn+t) 2.26 4a 6.718 at 10. 280 12,2520 14. 2nQn +1) ts Lie 4 nin Dr= 0) 6 nin Do) 18, 20. 2 Mzt wm -9 wis wo ltt) ES (lasswork 1.8 (ge 13) @ rx © rey Classwork 1.9 (poe 1.10) 2 ) 14s Stage Assessment 1.2 (poy) 128 210 ade 13s aw -2 4a 10 «50 290 an a6 ° none » na wn 15.50 17.68 19, 4907 a. nde 36. ¥ 108") am. Deen lsswork 1.10 (pone 15) (0) 1460+ 15224200 + nt + 65406 (0) 2564+ 2565 +9604 161404 (0) 1~ 10r-+ 40:2 R03? + 0st — 305° Closswork 111 (poe 116) (9) 32+ 240y + 72092 + Lo8my! + 4smby-¢1216ety? S400)? ItayS +96 (72938 413529