sd Use Basler uai-sis HaleH/1118/1565/29, cl.02-11-2018—21l 92, YALU ALLE LLSL ewalastr Ql XII sade auiad Md 2a B. oti ouadld mai cusiide &. eG run BHA aug GWA AML anys WA aRmyg aed a od 8. GQ MEL AA ALLS Olid Wet selaL. gmail weil, Bad aA ale He auer we aa eds wa wa verde adfa, gma Ba A Zamna add Bost anf Arai seu WA aayleal w MZ BL 26] B. Gua :& 90.00 NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING eS # ue WBAd Ww MUM ULsUyAds HSM Mai’, Asze 10-2, aiv1e-382010© NCERT, «dl ed cat yrretd YK aU UUsAYrAs rig, atiMOL au maou ale flsinl ad 4s NCERT, tell Rell eu operate 21904 sO saya ais wats 8. 2u wou wleBlste AS wer oust AS we guai NCERT, «dl eecll PAA OPRUd Ur WOU uidAyads HSM AHia uRainol ae usifid std AB. ards al WL 2, ul Aga ta. Wa al ya ane, ded all Riera nie, GURL A. 2a Ul. sell AL ils Ba Wee all Fan al. wee uy a Rem A abe ae J. Bat Fa wa (Guarades + oilfsRaun) Bate dale all Bet ae (aver Fouts : dals) Ysera all a Fa, Aeuellar (atte. Brurts : Gates) Meetletl la ad atin Hous Wael arsieallel let alter Deh AH AL Ac AAAS HA Gerda weAPs Braver oD GIL Al, 25/10/201 7k sarcesyis 4a164/1217/1036/e9-1 aul Sette NCERT ati uiseypctticdl ale wa sail Pela seam aed, AA ayaa NCERT, tel Reel ata usifata Vee XM, wale wate WlERisrd gradi aga st Renelfod av sei OYpratel UA UAL VISAYAS Hg DULds AIA B. aa salou wwleRisrd agate dat dell alan Fraud WA aA Bd WA sriaai ao O AA weal yard irae eesti Alo4 Bari-aiar s4l wel aL elorenen ALES wie sci wei au reo wleisiel gal wl As Be Anal SMA wit sri aud au RA wa NCERTA wR wi RIB, ciel Guba zen Fraud awd 2s Real selPBied ardor s2arni aed 1A elon TELA ile 2ag4 anal wie}, Fi 4. Ba. 3. asaveu (RIE, elute’), O. se4rut 4241 (RIE, citua), afl V1. 2a. wl, ofl 2a An, al ya ddl, afl ata cuban 2A afl Aga waa Gua 2 tet Sorc yaud aA usted Yat wed, neq wou wUsteBiaA vame, Guo! aa aeRa rita 12 ASA yacll sine elle B, Ax wai Rragvii we aelanie aGard waell porate dai ward auasel 8. NCERT, «tcl Redlett Ausie sted det BUHL AA, “aud cas) Gans srfaues 2 16-11-2019 aiireie war BIg : 2019, Yee :2020 MBLs : OY Ud BH AUN uLsMURdds ase, Rewin’, Ase 102, ati acl WL cured, Fars 485FOREWORD The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is the apex body concerning all aspects of refinement of School Education. Tt has recently developed textual material in Biology for Higher Secondary stage which is based on the National Curriculum Framework (NCF)-2005. The NCF recommends that children’s experience in school education must be linked to the life outside school so that learning experience is joyful and fills the gap between the experience at home and in community. It recommends to diffuse the sharp boundaries between different subjects and discourages rote learning. The recent development of syllabi and textual material is an attempt to implement this basic idea. The present Laboratory Manual will be complementary to the textbook of Biology for Class XII. It is in continuation to the NCERT’s efforts to improve upon comprehension of concepts and practical skills among students. The purpose of this manual is not only to convey the approach and philosophy of the prectical course to students and teachers but to provide them appropriate guidance for carrying out experiments in the laboratory. The manual is supposed to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue further activities and questions. Of course the success of this effort also depends on the initiatives to be taken by the principals and teachers to encourage children to carry out experiments in the laboratory and develop their thinking and nurture creativity. The methods adopted for performing the practicals and their evaluation will determine how effective this practical book will prove to make the children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress and boredom. The practical book attempts to provide space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. It is hoped that the material provided in this manual will help students in carrying out laboratory work effectively and will encourage teachers to introduce some open-ended experiments at the school level. Yasit Pat Professor and Chairperson National Steering Committee New Delhi National Council of Educational 21 May 2008 Research and TrainingPREFACE The development of the present laboratory manual is in continuation to the NCERI’s efforts to improve upon comprehension of concepts and practical skills among the students. The present laboratory manual will be complementary to the textbook of Biology for Class XII. The expansion of scientific knowledge and consequently the change in the system of education has led to the development of new methods of instructions. Today the stress is laid on the enquiry approach and discussion method instead of lecture method of teaching. Biology is now something more than observation of living organisms. Study of Biology includes microscopic observations to reveal minute internal details of the organism, biochemical testing to understand complex reactions taking place inside the organisms, experiments with live organism to understand various physiological processes and even much more. In other words experiments in Biology truly represents an interdisciplinary approach of The new syllabus of Biology has been designed to cater to the needs of pupil who are desirous of pursuing science further. The fundamental objective of this course 1s to develop scientitic attitude and desired laboratory skills required for pursuing Biology as a discipline at this level. A similar approach has been taken while formulating the practical syllabus of Biology for higher secondary stage. The practical syllabus includes content based experiments, which help in comprehension of the concepts. There are altogether twenty-five exercises in the present manual which are based on Biology curriculum for Class XII. For each practical work, principle, requirements, procedure, precautions, observations, discussion and the questions are given in the book. The methodology of preparation of any reagent, if required, has been given alongwith the requirements, for the convenience of students and teachers. The questions are aimed to develop learner’s understanding of the related problems. However, teacher may provide help in case the problem is found to be beyond the capability of the learner. Precautions must be well understood by the learners before proceeding with the experiments and projects. In addition to the core experiments enlisted in the syllabus for Class XII emphasis has also been given for pursuing Investigation Project Work. It is expected that these informations will motivate the students to take up independent project work on topics of their interest. Appropriate appendices related to the observation and study of organisms are given along with the experiment. International symbols for units, hazards and hazard warnings are given at appropriate places in the book. It is expected that this will make the learners more careful about the environment and make them careful while dealing with the equipments and chemicals in the laboratory.It gives me a pleasure to express my thanks to all those who have been associated at various stages of development of this laboratory manual. It is hoped that this practical book will improve teaching-learning process in Biology to a great extent. The learners will be able to understand the subject well and will be able to apply the acquired knowledge in new situations. I acknowledge with thanks the dedicated efforts and valuable contribution of Dr Dinesh Kumar, coordinator of this programme and other team members who contributed and finalised the manuscript. I especially thank Professor G. Ravindra, Director (Incharge), NCERT for his administrative support and keen interest in the development of this laboratory manual. I am also grateful to the participating teachers and subject experts who participated in the review workshop and provided their comments and suggestions which helped in the refinement of this manual. We warmly welcome comments and suggestions from our readers for further improvement of this manual. Huxum Sinci Professor and Head Department of Education in Science and MathematicsLABORATORY MANUAL DEVELOPMENT TEAM Mempers Animesh K. Mohapatra, Associate Professor, Regional Institute of Education, CERT, Ajmer B.K. Tripathi, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi C.V. Shimray, Assistant Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi N.V.S.R.K. Prasad, Associate Professor in Botany, Sti Venkateshwara College, ‘New Delhi PK. Durani, Professor (Retired), DESM, NCERT, New Delhi Sunita L. Varte, Assistant Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi S.P, Sinha, Professor of Zoology (Retired), TM Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur V.V. Anand, Associate Professor , Regional Institute of Education, Mysore Memner-coorpinator Dinesh Kumar, Associate Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi[Nol dNioy\/t=b\e)5V1=NIN The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) acknowledges the valuable contribution of the individuals and organisations involved in the development of this laboratory manual. The council also acknowledges the valuable contribution of the following academies for reviewing and refining the manuscript of the laboratory manual A.K, Sharma, Reader in Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow; Iswant Kaur, D.M. School, RIE, Bhopal; K. Muralidhar, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Dell KK. Sharma, Professor Department of Zoology, M.D.S. University, Ajmer; M.M. Chaturvedi, Professor Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi; Nazir Ahmad Kakpori, Department of Education, Govt of Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar; Reena Mohapatra, St. Stephen's Senior Secondary School, Ajmer; Savita Sharma, Mount Carmel School, Dwarka, ‘New Delhi; Savithri Singh, Professor and Principal, Acharya Narendra Dev College, New Delhi; Shalu Dhawan, Amity International School, Saket, New Delhi; Shivani Goswami, Mother’s International School, New Delhi; V.K. Srivastava, Reader in Zoology, J.N. College, Pasighat; Vijay Kumar, Delhi State Science Teacher Forum, New Delhi. We also acknowledge the contributions of Anil Kumar and Binita Kumari, Junior Project Fellows, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi. Special thanks are also due to Hukum Singh, Professor and Head, DESM, NCERT for his interest in the work and administrative support. The Council also acknowledges the efforts of Surender Kumar, Narender Kumar Verma, Monika Rajput and Girish Goyal, DTP Operators, for helping in shaping this laboratory manual. The contributions of Publication Department of NCERT in printing out this laboratory manual are also duly acknowledged.OER Ed UYU. iit Wadlaetl... y uRaa, 1 wat 1: aI dla Gua yi wrriPis aZA(ourh)d aout 5 Ra... war 2 + aighe uaoieyedl astardlell sugtaidl 42¢ 2 wala 3: URL UR UaIaidRsiet Rstatdl aout seal... 14 wD 4 Battal ashy dat aishisal adl weet RM 16 arazairiied sou sedi... wae Ss = an ofleneati wet reyes Bsr RA 18 srazairitel ator dat aout sedi, weltar 6 = joule syne au(ayansr)ai sreapllouryet(l aaaeud)a 20 surat eur sl WA ad eur sed. wie 7: sep anaaud (seal aaids)el Guba. sl aeszeetl 8 RY snarled our sed. wa 8 stad auaue, 2wila esau, ret staat oid 30 (Photographs)l Heeell aaddai sels asst wari aout 424. who: Aart Redvar Harel asael sed, 32 wa 10: AReit et Reduarit Fert arial sel. 35 wa: dacs asaurd dar sal yassea seq, 39 wit 12 + Feibia wast 412 Bedi ez gat, Ausil aatacl 45 a stud) ise, wh 13: ARasise ad yds HAA aPrdPa 52d, 7 WAL -14 2 aH Joisias Aa BA asiai aatedell low seal. 49WATS — = {Prt vyrtiplett citer (Wld-texture)Hil soul 53 adi, wa 16 + oell ettuaeerciiell sera sed, 59 WAIT + 28 (xeric) 21 ella (hydric) VRRaRaiai avaiz, 62 sad anmkaiai wRRalda waged aout seal, WALIS = as (xeric) 1A vel4 (hydric) URRalaiai auaie 65 Sadi walle ae getrdell ou sedi. WAL 19: well ate oP ARH tytailel pH t4sl sell, 68 wit20 welt aymaii eda seit § Haarasn 1m (Turbidity)-il aout sea, WAL 2 + wells tlactd 85 nour seal, wlst 24: gts Nal ate ariaulA-aadlel aught eu 87 adi. well 25: will eu aneulariial zane dat sulaea aivite 89 mola sd. aialanicrs wseu (uiese) sl 92-104 asters user 1 100 rales wser 2 102ule wlan aA rd eart BE ui Bart aa wudia wiloit air asia ase 8. waist war Raitetell ma ururidel Fr x webb sel ua autue 8, mull» wel A wallet noua ridsia ous, 8. walRaured yeliorun A atta Abd aid aay adler YL WB OF vai eletred Gauls wom of wi, dow sac gaa wa Aaulis aalled wel ugleal aA asf wa a Rep aa 8. wiowumtdd aaled aleeteri dab vlad 8, Aaults aaa aid @ WA Aaults wBuriet Aart aiuertai teegu wee B. aul, dead aruda word vse dat awdeti madd we. Roa RY adel ava ade ver avi eradicate vue SA ga yfeell AR Aet, deed wear arora, Aa aiedoier da wlaret wae acid, waatttat Avil att A Abr eal sacs dat weABLY 2a asada woud 4d » za & 3 Ana 8. mur, oaiatt wlio siete Aig ardiara yz Ul 3 owl ladon waleil lat afluatel wBar yao od 3, waatt A oll ada Rent & 3% ssa oueusteten, view wet, Sevier wa ydlet wyeit Ba % asad Aq el, aa Ren Bowed avr va Gwiell 8 GA apevat HZ vids AA Asollem wa asmdai Arie word ue wal O. As dre Bus waa wed aeodiel arate Aten aera WE Yad Aare di ASA UA 2 a ARAA atuRaidl, welled, goril 3 seia qoreal wag wer dia, wuld oe are, wadaiPsni vwal ria ware, els, Auells, adtAr eoidl, ells 3 ofleo AS wer are as ddl ava ddl a2, waders wz eoalet, Asollen weet aA walaze aden Wea aisitd areal Yo gd 8. au TA waar wis a Awa aa ee A madistell sanari, mids Weitetl MUA HZ Uvdeu Gwierii, ware dguald RRs stam aA wBuel apie, aa waleam aera aut GePse WA ougdRucl FA aedrdar Redut AB aielaorg awe B gral gill azediea moana aidiaand B, eal Yl awde weld ya % Mere B. mid noua yo v an AS ab 8. ela, aterll 3 welleiledl sued, Saint 3 one amrailedl our waat Wd becls onic dl % ass, Aoadleii, aise yer Mord weve we Be dar 3 owl ywreds dati awdeu MR curiid maclst dat mou ddl mids 2a Ba wal wsit UR B. AL, FA mows said G a aod Malledyaa vse yoo den qreelleilsiauon austeRist: eoaraeurt aout Mie Rai grated wud are 8. dai Beds BAM Luded (a Gated, Be dar, sarun sag, olden, Fofelleer, mueaiad 424 a2) anda ay 8. Fel yereall ulead wid wud wail 2d. Alaa mA swRala waded aad dai add aad wailed Be Rae vd 8, od warualts, eeubls 3 RRS edu 12 mia Aacidl a2 G, Fai } wus aA wHas otaai, walle gud duiz sil da aevntaat, madist sil da divat wa B42, aelaad sf AS as Food aad, wd AP ue wir seai Aide AR ad dou Fedde dat dai racist eixavti wauerBar yor x ¥gel B. saat 3, a eat dd adazni x Guill B ad all. veq wala eau adl oii alma ver vail 8. aenanyds wich sar wz, awa are wala wilotaua ASA, Fi Adc ouside anda aa Bs 1. wellotuon elitsiel : adh aA act alae eikell ala oll wRdlel wmnaeil Hz. 2. Rasa olisa (Rader VA) : waa wlll BAsat slisaedi Couslion apet-sget dg M2 Ae B, Far } HAs geile Gd aA ree, waist sami, 2ai5s dae seat adiRai, a Bsa cilsaeti ouedl eacai del ASA - tea (A cor, Be atl auollausl A leo DA), any (As nt WA Aly HEEL seq), AML (A, As atch viele AA weer sent qa), aa (A), reall, Bieitdl sia, 2usell (fina), tel alist aa, 3. valet YRaa-yGst (Journal) 4. win wed aBdea (Arild) 5. ABs (ned gue) Reval wd wird da ad yo x adda 2A ald didi ASA. wir rai dai Redd widow Bi auiel yard euied aid ASA, waa vio Revel aeti lear awe’ wa svt sae davell eau sez, AAA, ea, ay, B1add aR Gai ated Gort ang sag WA WEA wae aAPaUl B. afl, ated aAarat wee) wR ur ealda xatrel del Yat aga EL yo % val d. Renell> wahs war’ Wel wRdl ua ddl wda, gl AT Sa aw ad aaaaedd was wear auari Gudlel aa Reewll pad wird acter seated wat cud a asa velar aged auRay aifia 8, Fai wilard aq, ad Baia, wail vetlel wel, wiloraela, aradistdves (egal da di), Piola (aia) wa arydld aruda aa 3. wage 3 ded egal wrddlai uaai ue ealda dai ATA. Beers Dar wilar wer BF Sui velo swat Aeteeai Ceara’) war svard, ave B. ousell ¢ wal oll % aaqad (uel, dl, WRad aA wie) da aid Adar. wala weilbis selai qwieBua augla wer 2Rouw aia eu 8. Revel an a2 Beans wa Gard eutai 2a ade, Gal oughial madrid aed wABin awe a 8, © ade simi arilaza diai URiadl aigle dedl Asa. © AS wat aaqell sugl (anal, well 2 wierd oisaell) dai wae sell Ad ATA © Fl aug deal B ad wa wild dedi ada. ce 2ighiell s2d ated outline (oisiarfl Sou 3 olf) Al Ada, eo doy aeRéat ougai wal 8. ugha ABA oui al aA anise audla aria Ba 3 dle a crctaar ASA. A Bau} dle sl wo. Sola BE AR A aad wall B. sal WM a da cal al wvitEain ugldl emaail are sag ASA. glad Ad AMA adow woud, aud wa aad 8. atest (Manual) a uRa-yRistd yo Gea Geane HRs ateat Reuell ariaultrd, welled at armpil a3 dull eRe Fs wRaritel Based yell way tacit Bau WRa-yRasvii wisi WA wetaaaited aya ada sud da 8. ani aR weivlt eat oat # ALAD/YEALA auad B Fil awa ler AAA, arial, well aA aatewlRen, velliRen, GadsllA wa Hiiaseust a1 valazetd aude adel da 8. es wierd aclaai we wud woud Gud sad ATA. Hai an curd wuda ave + © Sa: & aielirt doa wala B dd lou wal Aq? a ave aa 8. ee Rtaias A yor w goni aistlt Soret welled uae 2A del aA aise Bs vecumitell Rel 2d B. wliarll sudo den dai % aeettedl mou Rate B ad rsa yor gsui wer avlaor a aud da 8. oe egal anil: dai ett a2 Gwiorl Aarti da A anal 4, Gusaaen watz, siti % wall ated B al mir, wBas, easel HA wel staal, AMai Asse WA ollew duel wuihadl, wBasi AA stavil ortdated Adie aude av 8. A gal avoiljavaed/siati wad HH dl det Rss Me gd aed ya ai dai ada, © ula: a Rous wilt saul uel es aut Gaveryds aadeilsiauon austeRist: eoaraeurt dab, av wad ataadl vat caida da 6. Rewell wilor asa Fadi ase sll ah a wR wad wot wg2 Wed walordl augla, Gusee aad walarl sieaell adel Del aA © madlst aA uReuM: wilt eafeut seal aude es sadlet 2 Rouri dinaai aa 8. Rear es rads fl a aad 8. waded awa da di wadist desu pei, dea gal AA wud (histogram)t Bxi xaRud yoo A as B } ay sl wd 8. RH uBuciei wa calad Asie Gulla, xaRaid wud rvleBisrri aid du a. eo Palayatann: ou Royo wed aid acti wRewH yee auzaarri ated Gretel ca ad Foie dow ouridl wadl gant eataaii aud 8. aut Giskaedd welotat dialer dat wall, aaaulA aul wale oan adi aiciy wa ealaavii aud 8. © wad: qa2Wa vRewh Ana wd wad ol x aaddlal a oui dia 8. 82, Ad ust waet Radi aud B 3, wir ela 465 432 auaddl wel a vet ealaarid aud. Reviba ur uBowi aa adi avai alazdl Aad ae ua our euudd ASA Bak wale vailar dow Ja anonad oaSa, ell Braga euell wat diow aaaai walor sla wile wea Aue 9% Gres Genel vaio. eaPad adl oeiefl ait tA del qari Heegu adi did Ada. aA wat asa 8 3 Faas Rewifed wRav-yRasei wider wort asia sei wet ay aul BA wor sl asad DL weg, att wed wees mou Rel DA tid 8% a ds Raw del da wilar avai Gualoil aA auiera agra Raaarai Gvioll ae &, avieBia Ad wa Ha avai 3 3 Rell a Rad aryet wl aaa eudl Ja at aera uRewi Gund dar walatiel Feit tat alviizel a daubis dae Bua vi dia eada a Aaukis aura s2atell ds Yad uisatet Og WA aleaeicrs weer subd Mee XID tt welBis aousil Met (sd) cua ale wuaai waa 8. award wBarii auat alte wed (ize) dria yd we ddl arden da B. aA WABisd aids Gear yal ursar WWE WHR B. ed, WeiBs midlet HR URsert sail anal Asaradl aid alsa areal Gaa wv wii va, waded year sa WA Fost ue wad, mal ygctend wile aiediotinns user odio vateetl aud Bet ue aalteettans user aS a3 Add eld aeriedl acl ue auld 8. A au atel att yas @ HA Rewil oder Avie vidi Bade, aueleala wRRale wer addled Guasia yr AS vet used aadenets weer sae we ad ab 8.yell 1 Baqi wr a Gueiod yada wesilis aes (ousl)d eeu sea, Rigid: yt 42 weit aes Bae aa aa aeni Baras 62 8, oad Wel wet was vflbar dai dd aysal wBaras 42 8. Yard aBead ani 2s Yraadg % veovurdeidia sue wl & dd wuda a d, aural urouae, wrrailWell da ead wide a &. Your aa aldaa 4 side cuaMsardai ael Raa war aA B. au valori aud yeti weeiet adel au Baad our sie, orga : awe Guar yu, ad, alfa, aeadjany 3 02s, a (WM), ends, sa2 Ber, diacaia, Rida sta (Rydeds sia), aaRades amreds ia, aust amreds da add. uela B @ Var XI el wadlovwn wiles weird Mew aia aude wRBvedt ai a witrtl aid aut youl weet desta acta aide wuRRoUles wsdl WRB ata. GH) tA wi, Bed send aaa aan Redes ate qoredsel yrad madlot sal. dei watt dadidl mou sl det Yael ava ois aA Bar dao aa alae qyortelell ie sa. Gi) youd Goh Be ad AA eaids Gua AA AM Rai aaa Felaa el. (a) Yur sisaell (Ass carat) (Placement) (b) leased aud + GuRanyubrnlaedend ivy As Pawr seus ue oneal sl Aei aed cated arousal : @ waved (waouAA) wa Prrdad Aas (b) UIA HBA IZ (URAC Aa AZ) YELLE VAL Blertefl aloud (Pattern) () vaptardleisd ad Be ad dui Wel uavizdd Fala sa.wean asleRist: wafer (vi) WBARA aauds ve aueUd sel Uru, WIA AA elena aout 22 Murua aval aie ella] wsle (nature)el ci sal. (vii) oflenaardl aud Be ad ad reuds Gue awraldd sil, lar sd. (a) cfeaaaai Mat Hadi deat ama (b) waited wsiz, (c) WAS Fermi Wet rissell amu (i) oud AAA 2A waded wEREBa sgh Ad. wall ahh ay Mal Had aU YUyBud WL Bl, wu Wadi Ae apie wr 2 8? amie mou dsm Udell Beels VsRioil yuadl anaulaadei we avi yr A guidRa wale 8° - couri sacle aud ou aid aude £2. aon noswala 1 ure 1 youd watt wad avi Bue as Aartat Ysaal ast 3 asd AS a B. a asa da dl d ADA reine @atglht 1.1 ae) wsizn da Bd: G@ Bwrele/aasele URIUWLA (Syngenesious): di Prrdg 4s ar Rey aaa da 8. ed, ward Gi Aur UaLULLA (Spnandrous): Baa diel dousA aqadA. Adal dy 8. etc, Bo, Gi) YrENEMASAG URLULA (Adelphous): YAU Hse W WAL brady Msdai 28. 4 Adi wsie aud d+ @ 2422 (Monoadelphous): oti ASA As we otid B. elt, WAS (b) Gay (Diadelphous) : Wad A wyeri risa 8. GLa, 428 (©) §2281 (Polyadelphous) : 4 saci ay WySAi YSAAL siisaa 8. e1a., elo aero Ba yuri wer a2 wa visi vad 8. @uglt 1.2) (@ eaaed Bur (Epipetatons): ceva wld Baad Asia 8. eld, whl, ada GH URymacr Be (Epiphylious): Bad wRy wa Aw 8. eva, ell Aaa aie MAUL WAI GUL YBaedg Age Hud B. eid. US leon (Adnare) : EUR Wit dod WA Bardg Ase Wud BL etc, ald, Vsieid SAO (Dorsifixed) > Varig wud yrs wudlrr SEL HUA B. eLet., GEL eal (Versatile): west oi Bal sd 28 A DRG Arf) waisted visit MEH AseL HA B. etc, UAld gor Blzt Cid (Patterm| (@) [WA GIRL (Porous): WRy Coa at AB WA d. (eugli 1.4 a-b) ele. Shove, oriar (i) Aol si2 ci2t Longitudinal: vaewid. (uaa vid)ai Geeadl Goll Basielz au wry AB WAS, eLa., wee, slat Wardgd weu @ aUAdaisie . (mugla 1.3 ad) @ (iii) w)wise austeLilst: coated alae as ofa, ett @ GuBewell pigynous): aa yay azéiel ada oma eet (mug 1.5 a-d) wa sed da B. era, ad, mye Gi) UR (Perigynous): 2 wala a2 oleae aUAMIa! ged AMA HUB. eld, ASA, WHHL arte (Hypogynous) + ae ysis a2 arte, flnaed it Gana wsred B aa, worl adaoaat A ward amu As sedi ay da da A wd da = (aug 16 ac) © yr aad ABA Apocarpous) : wa ye dea B, wads eA Unie] ead UaIRIL UWIAA DH Bebe, e104. (i) ysavlbud aWbue (Spynearpous): aleudysa da 8. eta, old, atdei eflmaani Slee a ws 3 del ay da 8. ae @ As Ae vbr (Unilocular): dui ws si22 ea #8. GLc., elo, ave Gdiedla ada Bilocular) : ari A Aer da B. cua, vad egdeda eflbae (Multilocular) : di aai fer du 8. ele, MS, mye euyReud (auglt 1.7 ac) (iv) (0) wetadl (Marginal) + oleawrll rier laa 4 Geeiadl aa aida v2 qi vei Gur fais Geotd B. 8. eld, deve saad! (Axile) : laa was Azad 3 vidai Roubra a B minh uy ofl u2e wR vei Gerd B. ea, 21g, MAE aladl (Parietal): ois ard viel daari aaa uRuadl oni Rea wi &, olen as deta du 8. vig, Beas Bei g2uedr fA a Béada oi 8. era, wd ‘Usd Brad (Free central) : ols wae eal ue Ged B AA wad Mat audi ell. ele, 4z2ll, svat (carnation) Aa (Basal) : olrawan aM (daourd) yay As wi 9. aut, alyull@ @ aug 11 Yaar AsVAEEMaL + (a) aerWLe (b) AYP (©) FASAAA (A) GHA (e) AWA MYA 1.2 Yrirdl aPrerdal: ead MByraaot tik wig 1.3 Warddd waura aad Mae : (a) aaarn (b) wear () yearn (@) WDEwaitin auslefilst: eoaleut @ © aug 14 wersuaractl adler eis (oud): (a) BAL aiat (b) Boll s12 atet @ @ wig 15° allaaed ead : (@) Guba (be) uel (@) atten @ ) © MIA 1.6 wilbaell dari © (a) HsawilBAe (bc) ysnvibar ©) ©walt 1 ® © Usa 1.7 wayaru : (a) waradl (b) saadl (c) aladl (a) Hat Bente (0) deerwear 2 Sq aga waoiewll zziatdl oisedl seal. Raia : geraai aaa urtouatd ue apod way aga wh 8. yaad gH mani wor digrat W2 Dal asia B. vigrr cabaret, cual Dudes (exine)Hi Waal Xt Goa VA As Gioe cit urioieed ridmuiars (intine) werl@sat gui wie Wa d. waRud + Fawr ~w07e, cis Rs, alo, Feild well, IBRa, raids, sarRay, wal, dla, aetedis do aid Zeke) owe (once)! YS (Jasmine)/ dell) ers) ata oul) mye! Vere wRusa wiry wal | @) FeiRct wisi 100 ml se4i 10 mg sRs AALS, 30 mg BRawwy «sZe 2A. 10 g adios alow uarorarert gaa. mde mura duLe 42 ea Att As 10 % ysrd alae ut Gudovii ad asia 8. Gi) RnrRrett Big2eL HLH HATE 10% slow alawtd As ay sar Raw v2 ad de ue uRusea waved Wasa sal. fii) ¢@ ou saaRena rads we Gl WA a. (iv) 10 Piz cue weredisal au aided raced sa. () (a) ypreddent ePedarni Baud warm ga aur aed. aA (b) a Ad Bedi way righa ala d ddl aoa ail sadist | Badls vary vigha ay & vA diel waiilsiad oie wd 8. rads aadarenart 3-5 Radial ga varrarredl ava aan igBet uarreredl abou aul, dari radisdid desi di tA waves aigaetell asiardlel oveiadl 421. wert Wad 42 GUdli Aaddl ga areuleriel doar yrediott eRedani tmidl ga uusredl ada = N ames eRedani Goud ge righa yan aio aigha Ure 26. = 4x10 aaa “wil 2 1. 2. 3. 4. agai aaa || aL MEAL AEE Ws UIR® aga aA O AL wai, es Wate wri vigretdl estat dar eigre wedi ana aaraar da 8, vigha ware aug ddl dai aeféad 42. wall 1, As uusiewniel Beel uarist Bsd 3? 2. wisi af at wa 8? 3. edls ware rigza wari Fren 24 wa 8 a a aad asell? 4. WB aud wie alge WZ yer UMOL wie 5A WA?5 WALL 3 Sat wetouaet va West Rstard stoma sed Rigia : waitiaa aia ald wie dat ypioid URI YR wud aA B aU aigzet PAA woIkstd Fale 2 8. au writ Agr wd des aa a aidautarsdl doudel our @. urls AS as xinoaiel Geordla urouatd dat uaa Yellad usd wane ad aigs ye Udi B, an sad] warilastd edlae Fler oe wiidesdl veel aS ab 8. gad : uaiouatd WA Aaa sell 5-6 Yrs (Agel) way 4415) wlan) offd (Abelmoschus), sz, weil, 245s, s42Ray, Slat oq wWhes, yaredls aa, oe, DH ala (5-10 Bz we waisuan ollsai Gserai well def Walle AR OL a UE HSL Gi) 3-5 Fubra Hie Sieet oqell alazlrd sil, atid wise well DS avid Gi) eaids we Baad As AY ad dat ue Bt URLouattr aniaalle $21, det UR sar Rau aifl ad aig const and. 6d ail MASSA yoredlsi Freie Gy) A wetrilest tt ded di gal olleo raids oriidl, aadlsr Hi AU del URAL Laflaidorial wane all aiol ateol Zot ase aiid ell @ugla 3.1). HRY Murs eirauleell aught 3.1 alba wusiaileellai wurinsid siewala 3 aal uUstaRet Heiadf Vella ouori waits 26a 8. veil Lt RseAaL har Hd B. uapuated aural we sea etre 28a uavrere sat ourovaiell warilast Geet B a all HAL yall 1. As alte arizalted waviay ved alee atealet vata Ye BERd BLA? s1REL autil. 2. ol w wurst ofeis yl wi 8? 3, atl & urierilsiel coud vel B? A ott, dh aw He?walla 4 Og: aati gulls aan aision act eyvitd Rint sazarid rou seal. Raia : val x ta mtd wet awdail aryfaler dani valid Ad 3 aigsd qslis A aishiod wed. eyPoded Bau} BA weywet 62 8 ani awl used SuPone As &. WM weysrit Bsa ysisrl yssiavete Wa ssi Wsdiwer 52.8. dai wee dgidd Ast HA B 2A A wi GA vise mde oui eeu AS usin 8. ergata : asfis dat risistt ausBerll seal aur aids, aysd ayereds da, HA WS Kaldl sin HA A Wed ge wala | | @ Heras sated ger teat stoLenell Heeell aereals dott Asian tell aed slAL sari Ras ae 2, GH) eau aypredls opal AL wert ‘Auer’ eae ou, ‘wibeter’ul adder BAL srysiat Re doissied Fala 421. Gi) uri mals ele avd aA e-FERd augla da. pradlet || ashisd ad de @ ‘dewar’ wi awa aaivy Ystets Aste gore silsod at Neal «2, HS As gsr ayaa ‘ets- syed war’ai Fisiell aA reyRstaet (qstaed) RY cous wal Aart Deus lag el (ug 4.1) cea Reade Sitewe patent DA aoa wet HAL etet aaltixse, ysreris Si mule yssin, muaBs yd qed, Gd ydasdin, padi, wediu, sueysdi, (quxes 20d) PUA 4.1 adil YsMoril BLL Bewit + (i) qstisrn mut Beat qevestRsr add Rane Bradl aut Aflac aed) ridardlade a3 ddl 2 8. rishisd md de (i) rishisn Berl, win emleverll Auda da ayy var ad B. dat al rissa aia Ha B, ad Bis 5 ety ysl Soda aleve mua Ce 8, Fe sisson usa ae B deed acl auavua au yeaa Fearddiell aivar a B (aula 4.2). Bela wa (i) YBAa Rare aie ds ani As laa Gout aa B. AA disyBAa masa (Antrum) 52 3. aut aigyBsta aasiay size (Antrum) aia wai YH aa B Aa ager 2isyBst (Graafian follicle) 42 8 3 Faiell vissure eat aise gai war Audi da 2d, (iv) efra waasvri, wil Soler eyear eYeraer sila encode evi ala, % iA Aso A suglaie aisyBsrell daliai dae ousid aa wd. ail Hi AQAUAUA UAL YEA Yssrureir BAW wa B wd ddl we wds Yess sl Qed AA Asiaad mara qed Aa wa 8. wud aisRisl cud dni aisysrr Aseria aan duct dar xa 8, aug 42 vedi aidiedd aud de wal - eryeds SdH A onlsaa a aa di af ad? . aisyRstn Rawriidl 45 raed risireug aa 3? . sAresit Rd aad wea B - Bard ada sa. . UKs MusiBerd wH-MERd ag ae. . aisflstt Bed AERA ay aad HA YssiHi Yo + dla dl a ad? . aigdroudel aad Gren mat df wR 20d? Naunene5 WALL 5 Bq yee oleae wet yeast Revell RAK serie slo dee ater sed, Rigid : anya araulteted auc veut (ory) A aigstt Glaei wade xereall rat B. As rissnl avur da rs qerye dia B. wer weyers Asad aged astilengy ugar aa B. 8 = Andee dae 7 = dnl ed adals Hsoiengsla) wsirdl ALeL FYWIS BW yore wefldi d. guid : risise Qou de (V.S.)efl sell aurea eaids, dalous/ ae 3 ARE Fri Wet Beis Bsr ABA wari ealddl da wi weeds da. uel B @ cilenatett Glo Ge (V.S.)AL AU aeU Assi Holl Ld 9. siNeYyds Bas ried madlet 5A GUA GH da aaai a4 ALELrRYRLS raat aruda ealaa Fema wict 22. Gi) yeredis domi Bou del augla aed. wader Hi @ rissHi Vissrareliel za, wee, aigtodla mA disadl yal Gell aissdl araRisdiad lel, (eagle 5.1) - 2 rise Aou Be (VS.)ai Mterseyats (asrye) Held B Hrereryerts sae RY vared aug 5.2 i acttaaiai ada 2. @ risloda ya wa odsada oyaryerd adler #2. mugld 5.1 ssi Bol dewile isd ass Sh Besa SH. Ceclla Srades, @ o) © @® © wlagdla sel UA 5.2 lel syed Risirdl aed : (@) A dod—q wad relly, (b) 4-Sadela mart (c) 8-SlY aR (d) 3 +2 +3 WSR ubededl adaetl caladl SAG aaaal (e) We VE Gi) eryzAi DAL DisMate (F aBELs Uh, As rissa) 3b aislodla Bat crs B, (acl Sods be wei B wi aw why sl 3 ¥ rissaa avs B a a2air died (mugla 5.2). wa 1. HY MA wyWIs BAM Gd Ge BHmd) 2, w4dn A Bers AY ad AS A dead awl. 3. ydla Duda sel f 8?VAL 6 Ug: Pin yl AaCaraal wrypllouyr(fl nawurii)d sat due sal aA ae noua sedi, Rieia = Sede aun axa wa anzufeall 1A wiefledai @Rs gly aa 8. A A analouxie eux WA di dct A Gerrt adi cunsimai Zarate] amar Higsia Feel 628.8. a usted Rous ateulaal yo A wsisel aa opsuell ae B 3 wai atutdell Ja 8 al di SuRoueid Ba narwrl ad wr asia 8. woleiai, wapleure, wsdaleie, Bernd Uelai, wsdl mada wPegdla Soir, ssid Zola rani wel Yoni vdasedl Ad asia 8. wgRad : joull, ual Asics sf ol /orel/ wa, ABa AAAs ABs, Sada, 24% ARASLSA/ARAWAlA wis, N/10 HCI(0.1N HCl) Ruke ary diz az, saz Bau, adil. due, yaidl we aaa Ad vila Ad digit qoteds da, ual yur daw G82 wt serll Bees pul wale #2. sunaouds doi adai aps yo ge 42. wee seal wtofl (4910191 3-4 cm oarred) ai aU Goold YAMA Yor (YAM) GOUdL, BL outer, Mbt Url 3 foiled wsisd Cartel cust) oust well aA 22. owmileaeell GL vai vwolledl az yal sean wai Aisi welll ali GAeai 2dL. rat yer Gora HZ 3-6 Raw adi, cli Adlai BU 4 2-3 cm ative HOA A ari ala Rei slawaAHAi wefidiet - (1:3 = Rata TALS : Cade )al YA. au yal Awa aawrai (Fixative) 24 sans ail 70.% Sardi 4A A (Rmrai sl Gusti seen aad wi.) Gorell yest Bolle] Aas ao1e91 24 sense BLUM da B 82a 3 Bad 24 4a Suara Rowe WAS 2H au Rouse aviier wu wedl aor, 2 443 wi 8, aul, weld gfe wad yA ain ¢ AHA sual datl algal aly A Rouge shawl AB, ands dae sed dadiari wad! (Preserved) Wear yoridl ws 4 A yo as, well 2d alg sl dr alsraraleet 28s We HSL. dell WR N/1O HCI of 2s AY HS cule ous 2-3 Alvi ABA- soir eee ARAL - A rderset HAL A, ais 5-10 Fz wz diz ez ua Hdl (Raat eure ad Bue Gu ua gaia] oa $l). alPidees asd ot 4 Aellwil 6 UAL sin UWL. uA sv (blotting paper) a3 aud whiws ge 4a. va ammalal & eu a4 aaa ee ea da (2-3 mm) sil acts Gua HAL BAA aati OAL ER SAL. ALLL 10-20 Ages UAL As | A weileti ui ysl eudla soo aS da gg sal. aad well as Ay ysl det We Wate weallat t 28 cd Lei saz eee aid, 64, 21 render audlye siorrel a2 afotoll a3 Hdl Aa wsdl 8 Gell saz Rew ariel a2 Bud. 6a, APraet Het Bat ad $02 Ray ur sade aye Bll Fell sar Bay M2 del ataiet Dell wala Dis urcni Foden user aagil oflsaud any. 6a gormyds 442 2eflull 42a waLdl aller Aue Aa Miele a ealyaet (Seal) oi4 421 Ad. zat BA otdell Joutle yeuseetl aeuds amraillousetl BeUAL UD due 8 reds EU add aera Helaa aiyset aoreslsa ou aUSA ols. alum aeuae walle we (10 X aaqsta) 4ataai aeqsta dsm duo wriai da dal Race a. 64, e-ulae Hatin AGA wriadi agg Bon araollouydAa Glue area we Gesvai adler sions yard 4 cupid aaa wad Bs Abesouree a Aa aged FwruWouya Saray Wi ad sud Bows). ¥ Al Rows neal tell det AA atiartazarri weravrii 2d B. a AS arseil 3 yprecisi Bouct A. Whe ada custat aida da 8, aalariazan Bd Alar oud, doaliea, rissa 3 chest wer da 3 Sl naval ae De ale ve Boles Qa 8, dered asa (old vevl) B Ase aA emer dea B, Marvell ve anaud ar &, dele Ds 2 ay ARs Bau weil a B ugh 6.1 a) anydlauvad nara (a) yalazeu, Hudesell wstedl avis Bel WS asia B. dsc (Riararrti MBean Wea 9 AOE dea B) apidqritell nflere zat 2agl da (rp). Habeas sea Aa HAZ wa. HA (auigla 6.1 b).wade ale ist: wales — & Bg. vinm = re 4 4 a b e. ob. yaleaat oS eo c. mURprtta RL d. oueedietaicae €. teu Pode (vicataeat) PUG 6.1 rticiziazen (a) ad BAAlloUytn{l mARUPIL (bee): sLOfl das yRedls ainnil Boudl aaadlas angel dau vvaell dee del Buia aged ealaai aude d A madisct Lemar Sel yd yaieven mewevid da dl dodra daa (dorad)) wel Lat dM B. BB, mick yaiareuri Souda cigad warorai asi Bar HA Bau Ra, rier yale ABenuzd AS atsid el, (b) euyAtazeL Sadequea view ay 8. asi Lori duel Byagaie wa sisadai war wd & UM 6.1 c). ML Ao As Soraifl O ZoaPrsiail daayiden (Age)walt 6 wi Aste da 8 a aeds dad Roleyata eel ad asia 8. a nari dudGas Ma wadl sel, (c) auydrteazer al aan s Sap SAUD gl WS A AS ase d, Adie Pail s1myBsied gal vB B, es dors wa wada doar a2 ad B. 41221 3, EASA vated racks AeABeR da B. Aa oA yal eee SACL A seal dle Ag eu 8, Torapied eat AWM aateett UU BL AB Soapil vide ule $V, atl “1? AALS Be B. ouisedeietaravl Ver weLat-a1491 Swi Sapir canaan ys Hal dvs Marra wsed dd B aA a yd, we % rick oudiaaaear eald & (euglA 6.1 d), (d) euwuFaatazat (rienaeU) Soryall Bye Bal dre UA £21 Mdiefl ead ado gptidl Ga Zordra sm 24g Buy B (MUZlA6.1e). FAll 2d Adored esr uy B F afarrit Aouad 8 sibel 8. dwar ceemlei cuariPauen Wt ei Side diel Poile eua d. au dine atscfl Saati orate cide (Sil 41z/ Sef Baral) das euaia atl Siu & ouvert ada B. a usted Sivla dsl A atl Aue] aialBsat B (BuglA 6.2). 7, welavaai, Sart WRA Racienial oid avg wet ousrti via Gert ae B 3 aicedl ze MIM aH 4A A ous ada 8. aprapllonyetrtt oll oy aussi eatladl wiERid 2uslA etal. e 6 wus 6.2 Sera Reourd al ameds dou aieRos eReenual 2rd Mower aaruri eat suleil ga aun) dar Arde ga aeu(N)at qoiina waell ariapileuse ais (mitotic index = MI) MI= 5100 ealdl asia &. auar aarotar 5 el 10 ateBeos (at random) sadist aS ave Pitt Az aeplleue aiis(MI) AD aievewim weleRist: alent aaudl as 8. yerger walla Pye (Wella Baal Auaad) adr dell Bae wiaylloure ais we awl a4 B Qairi es gfe ead as ane). au Grid, wraploused ARH rari we marsraar weAdiel Maz WEL cual asta 8. puri madsdla lA aude Sresi ied, 1, Sou oueuiste 221 2. Socbesell ueaisie 2 3. dal | dayhast yall 1. applet aout WB ow Fads Aeladal weed aw 4a. 2. Ww HE Bape way’ suReusr Als wer rw 8? 3. curdiniaraet ertiart AaadGes aA aaadbes dari aus 3a AS ab 8? 4. arauladia den wieldivai doa Rouwt 3dl Va rear wy 4?Walor 7 Sq ssl mura (sve 2eids) Geile. sl alee RY aad) sour 424. Raia : else ed Rar wsed AnRouwes 2 Fai Gent aai ound nal weypiai Sorell asus (Bseatiel Assla) ava B. au Rouret @ ous Feu} ated aa alse yl aa 8, afseard A gre Rouwr B32 Fal anrad Lrypilell Aol Asean ai@ol aia O. wtf A away wed our B 3 FA aia ar ssl ata wd 8. yr ssi Brean wvugswal saat qellsdl aRsrid(qdeues ARsri)et Soni G4 Rated ve wifaed ARY awl ad asia 8. egRaud : ls2erdl sued aad aids HA dysd yrds dor ula Hi asa qeiedls soani acids 421 dai aptedls dete ‘Aewae! aaqstaedd Guo. 521 aarsotl Rowreet wrteat Jed aie sad. cue one a ADA ‘wideUAR’ aaqsteL Bsn Frac, madlst Bn atiGaadl ARH staaUiadd AS AA des 7.12 aude ARLE evalssd YH aiorra yaa $2, tout teu Sd atiaaazanl wal, au Soda Hemel ae aiRPea Ds da B. wolldell aude Craw Das auayssod aeploureetel Rouse wore Bat Wa B. Bras 7.1 adfszed ABA vaard 2A Ad avasari 1. yale T aiRourtdl yalarull Build, a aw wuerri wor x vee. ai aafl ARH verted 421d B. dati vier Gurraza aol asd 8. (a) AAA (Lepios = rernureisl , ene = wit aa 22.) @ AGerza den Seals wee eoucl ell @uslA7.1 a). G Adri seid wai dgpiell saoflere wet Asawil Rada wel aa HA 8, 20 dg dP du 8, ¥ vaslell ataiaadei Ase awe 4d.wile weleRist: alent (c) Wad —— (d) Saidr-saserBe aug 7.1 yalaeu-T fl Gunaeaad sol cas yeredls dvi trudl (ad) aadlas 2Iglaell dat AEM daze AXL uid sughal eataaii auda B,wala, 7 2. OUyALAAL_ T 3. ouedzaen 1 4. usubaaaat 1 (rien) (b) onaaddla (Zygon = Aslei) saL staal avin Saad Ae Hud B, & Sry Au Fl dai 4d B (Raph) (ous 7.1 b). (c) AdlAH (Pachy = *ad/ 4) Jahre aatt well ZA WA wad HA B, arene doraziied AMSA Ra HA, es Rapll dori desl gud ags (aqapl) 39 alsa B, au gM aqapl a2 sham B, (d) aA (Diplos = 64121) A area Soryptll Aled (Bsri a soeyPued da) Heol Aga Rraurdl wourell aot eum & ug 7.1 d). 2a Bru DSA Faia zaas sday 8, wie A wad Lory ZoeyPrsie essiritell atcaal - Hell £2 8 (rele, - oxclszet). (c) svasiSAdlat (Dia = Bae, Kinesis = rela % sari) G2 dos BHmd Sorell A a4 BA, az WA Bue Bua B (autgla 7.1 d). (i) eats oy vot tou 8. (ii) Soi oe amend SRP Aad Ara da 9. abeend Soup wy wer AMlatvai a de B AA dai Ryagetaa we silt & (muugle 7.2 a). it 6d Gajall Rarer) svaadl sal 215 8. wey Val Beds Bagall (Zoya) zai zalbes Ha 4a B. Segall Ada dt 8 Bye ig cae well Eo, ourselntacee [ot wa 13, A yl ur Da Awa aa B ug 7.2 b). A wea ory AAA OFA ce Bishi aS oH B, 2 Ma WAS DRAAAI ere BALA dahsed aa ado we d, Ayal ua dal dap 6a Rane adi Azada AB awd (ugha 7.2 ¢). Aas ours uPrreeu 1 ued SRURoUe aL 3 tat, Weg AUR UA 24 ollea ttlsaella Rouyini wad 8. 1. yalazat IT (i) cigue toepsiai, aa esisie dr awe Ma AaB.wade ale ist: wales } a f } muniot\ Ppa Mine wheat | \ jd (a) euettaaet I (b) cuyeiitatdaan | (o) owsrirouae 1 (@icaeat 1) mug 7.2 aHlseer-l aaruel (ac) soll dae aereds dori Goud) adlas aaighei aa ariel aze ad Iie sagen ealaaral ade d. Saas (a) weiaeet TT (b) outa wig 7.3 W421 (abel saamall soll dag ysreds dow Eoudl ardlas aaughiadl at easll aze AHL BiBa mE eafaannl anda d,wal 7 2. Meta TT (Heatareu TH) 3, euuseliniaaeeu I 4, urease I (rienau 1) AL AOUss AHArMouyd Fal ¥ dH B. @) dren Rysant da 42 & dorsal AZBeRA andiell du dai SRA Dea B. vila: audfseerd cuseiazen TT ladl avaRsai ousia oursetraeat [al atest we 8. (i) cwertata Tai ets oad A doris da d (uglA-73 a). wld curtazal 1 ri O-8 dorayfasiatt Fidel Wate Z1YAL Mlrivai oilsardAa Ags (tetrad) od 8. (ii) weifszerd ousiazn 1 Hi aisis 2aBas Hat aa B. cout oucpetiazal TT ai alts at Heute, Soap JA dayPsed AYA wu cue Amal GA Ya we sisaia & (augli 7.3 b). aia: Psrn we wlsee Rous curdaueaea IA USL uve AUaAL 1 A AEA ULL AS B. PUBL Hi, ERs MIYATA Bee DIyisall da B. veq ouyediaaat UHL Bs Poa As x yur da , wal Wai Zopl vd Rade weld zada dud 2a B wall aay ae eo mitered yf aura 8? AMAR (apyd) 2A adler aed gf? musetaaeat T dat ouyrieriaeat 1 ascend s5 Qa var wy 3? aroused curiae aa ailred ouraiaa Tdi de ead, aadterad vid Bear oumsed 1 3? m2 rid zaudt ous wills Ma yer da @ - windl. Zayed (Synapsis){ yf uera 8?yal 8 Sg: staal sued, BuiBa saul, ty UAL Bri (Photographs) Aeeel aadeilai sisi oilgidla aaruriied aout sedi. Raia : sang Seais wnousr via Higa wvieil Sodleut i452 ole Fel wei B2av 8, dedi Mouser ag % Ware ausia vai dni As Aze vue B. da sielsrdl arch 42 B, sielZrdl awit rus Beri ari raw eat var xd G. agai + sell suai, aol aaa susBert auzal / We, asa aeredis eo, Ara (corsa) ale S2ald watdl AA stom ual | reused ‘elwiar'ad aged xeeel Fateh, a ated) Wea aadlad (Photographs) dia, ci ilZndl aerate aasll eudl iteiielad i A tee FEL mug A. nadler | aalst Geri aolrgl maz shasta Alerysd Ew B. au feed aiolsrys 62d ugh 8.1). ADL ack owed 242 4 GA aohieusedz 48 8. aieldedl ack vised dae SiS As BY oroluiasateal Husa Wal Arye Bat WA B, de viiales, SAAS 48.8. ayers 20d. (Rauber st 2.0) srobaall srohaseae arias Brees Se au Regatta ; sols 242 alae, wate aig 841 aiceil 1A ataztwaa 8 val 1. eldest oie HA Ager aah gf dgiad 8? 2, sold steam aus Beri A pa ran yf ar ad B? 3. sland 1 xi zee stazaiild sian I ol aviRuaail wai aa : sland slaa 11 (a) aichivusede () Agate Rowe urrat sed (b) gat (ii) raldrs razend owied 22 (c) aclains (ii) Ard 1352 ode (iv) deeyell 9 Ug s ARae Redueit Fertil asa sell. Raia : ed 4 Mint eal watadi ye gall a asa suaaai 2a ad det ata Gert adl Val (Wer AAA ow HOMAL oiAAiel god AST As Rad aa whrerse a ®. ous 2aguni % aa aPrast a4 B da youd AY asd ad ate dd wert ane 62 8. ould au war Addai sawyer (age) satan ad dl Gert adl Val (olla - 5 301 Vaal 3 woudl aA 1 wai ware aod Mar A B @ rg 2s), a Dd F, Adlai wot aaeiedl yraaGa A “ied Aeduerat Gear wwe RB. waRad + 64 Won 2A 64 car raiRest HELL, OL % AHL BRL BWLse BA SErtL (oud Heist Gua ¢ Cee cud aareiiee evsud gar szlA Guallorii ad aise. aU eran alsa aaalll riled WAM 52 8), aukesd oMszAGMa WA AMsdyetagrtd uel B Rendle au wlio Ue] adleivai Saal. ati aula awit oxen aged, acid 9321 B : @ As oMseABReri 64 Mou was WA Meowi 64 clan was yA % arysA AR cal Het Yryrile] WAR & B. Vw west “Y? aa lel weer ‘y a ahond, GH) WAS Uriel ALRs HEA Gael 3a We Ua AREAJsAgUA ue dA De wa HAA seer eal B), (As Rew woraiel Hest Gala ofa Rew aad A oA Revell AA Zea wa waa ARs un 4gal.) Gi) mL AA ruaten ail BH Ws As Hor ASA AA Bool alsaal 2. au Da due adl(Amatdl) wausiel 64 ADL A 64 Fay war AA (F, WA) eala B. 2A iT} wer BA (Fan ata aac aed sis Mat A As ela HEL ala 2x aI BCWMAMPa 8). Gv) 6a, wan AL (F, Vale 32 aialAanAa As ABLamai aA oul 32 A alley AGRai WA. (F wee Vale wee tat aust 3.) () 68, WAR a As wer Hei Wt MH a Ta 10 armicd ABR weal Ta sdjeaid.wile 9 wi (ii) iy @ madlst ofl Ale wha 2, as Renal Hs worried Ae HA aay ald ana olla wovriedl as Wd mersry alld Geral? often auell Reneifar seal gd. a HAL Adl ama (weResuel cman) Reulf arivi oi wail. oA Renell au weLstell SA Zora ua Wada Ale UR Asa, oti % HeLst BL ld wisi silsaa cai yl au WHat aug 2d. au Da oflzo RAL (F, AA 64 Hale AMA, CBs sed welleeagY wus (YY 2 Vy b yy) oil WA and doraa: ousRagy wHLEL wat fi, au walol 9 amd yiaialdet 42h (alate iell vii). es ame oA aula Ravlfod arasedl Hers Grad. ait es wilarti aadlsed ou sh ied, Mou Rai a fie au etadisdlett efleaagy WALL cal onaeagy wt oad 52. FH atte atsiel amen ad Gari aud aa uo a4 alsaudorf 4A Bd. Ai Seesui waded did: wire yerdad SH OUeRAZH WALL: areoteagu wOUEL +wail wean aUeleLaist: alee aal nl du used URGUA Buaald sia ABZ cds Bla dalani ws eile A asa dB. was wend Vy Ail Ass ase 21d B. eller mL A sell (985) BRL vse (YY S yy) aan yet wstaedl (Vy) did ab B. warn ust (YY 3 yy Ba aatall ABA yon veld od flea wste Cy) A Ba cater Lae a Yor eefledl 42 B. Gueled alereni F and BAA ye wma/aidla 42 8. aA war AA Wate sla wis VA AS As As eld % (MEseU AA) WA B Fell war Ad (F, Aal)ai Vy usta (Rr cnet) Bela ail Geomt et B. F AA AS ws 2234 Ada(allele) asc au & (nouell). ard ofl AS 2agu AAa(allele) aust ad tell (Wz). 2b arti ‘uae’ 62 3. wud F, Adlai F, Aa M2 alse srdarsi na B cud F, Adal eRe WAL A Worreit YryDil Gert £2 B. 50% Worl YALU AL 50 % WIL SYAUAL, BL iA UsIRAL weyril wes (Random) dd gat UMA F, dal Geter 2B. BAIA dona Ye A Beadle wsledt syril (4ss¥ mA aigda)at sere fl calon yell aa usted yeflazagy Yatadl adler Grint vate asrett B. [(ist Ywsiratt vypi + dist oud Veal y WSRAL ageypil) X (ats Y usta weyad + atu ousl ear y wstent weypil)] ley ley , dal YY oneragy aioll +7h aidla Vy usieell +Gh aalt yy i, 1 YY 1 Y 3 > wsterdl, aa wuRrii woudl ouaLeagy auofl aida g YY g YVR G wel aa a 1 wort ouaraguauil aid gY sala lel oneaguavoll dala 3:1 saat 75%: 25 % vai dea 8. ofleo Vale, 3:1 wate Ad ead BY Buwoad F, Vai wrod vel tte Wr well wig ayaucaeid 22.8 A wd woudl (¥) lll BAe ATA at B AR ts Medi we east UL B. 2H dart “HBL Redwerd Ran’ 62 d. 1. A AA wileh atv Hers (WL 3 10 erst) ada wali s2i di wan Udlew 3:1 wer Sai wRewedl ater F, QA 2 ad ad?5 YWAbt 10 ig + Aan yea aaell(Reduerar Farell acral sel. Raia: Geiseer wilova velletll as Ao} Reduer A weet flew seu Rader ysctvdl a d. au cad d 3, A Rint aawiai wilh ysaud ada d } Fell aidlad aioiaa: wHUL DAs srrsell MMe Rrdwerd our wu x oflen steel dat Beduerd aouaett wae Seq Wz 3 B21) x (:1) = 9: 1 Faq wa, gud : eues ols, ul, flat, aia 2a ade tort 64-64 Heisei 3% AA Wed aA dial io oflmare dat aia mA Use ZL Yet JL HZ WA ANsajsigaia. uel Reuiia wdeiai st sed. lati add suas aed + ” @ i) (iy) 1) wi) (sii) AUR MADERA OAL Gs FAL 64 ARLE AL, MAL BA ate MBLAUAL LSE HLA GO OU BA Ala AA Boe, etalon fls2 cual erefl ony wi aul soll ougd ose Vw ols AA aia yud wR Rea 62 8 (woud awe YY, RR), wud ual well ougd oflse clan ofls mA ade Yd WAR 2 oO (ust Gave yy, rr). aL A Ret aasl abel Pigailetl & Bret wimaGarl o. UPA Fda ay eds olsen Hersiel watdl. wd eds HELL te 3b HLeL wrayi wai aes adi ada 64 Boa u2 wai Ret ur Bes wedi Moi, Adi, aia aa age dod Aud 4a. au Ja elute i ell iv ai calor ayer cui Yel eds ofsent Hest He wi cai gl AAA Aen ua odsaet HL aut dd ALU HeLsLL 64 aL A war (F,) Val eald 8. dad pellet AGU dat oHeMAAZH Ass 421, 68 wes alot F, Vali aiseet sail F, Ad Geant said B. wa 2H AUR AURML HALSKril $4 64 BCL VA ars (32 aaw)A ae Mg aa ouslar aise (32 HY) auet Rg owl, 4A, 32 cnet ca 32 Be AALS Ds oflseai 4A (4-1) WA A % GA 32 VM at 32 let Hasta oflenwim weleRist: alent ose HSL (GAeL). UL Gir, SH L te IL ofl FP, mtet uel au DA oudle 32 ale tat 32 abe Hatst As oflse (64 TM)Hi al 2H ouslen 32 Wow dat 32 la ast olen oflse (64 TV)Hi a. au olen oink olls2 so TIT det TV AF, 2 aust, at, craze, ol ype call aia Bs 32 ata + 32 abe (dilse $41) | 32 ala + 32 ade (oilse $4 II) 32 Wu + 32 len (oflse $4 11) | 32 Ylou + 32 ellen (oflse $4 IV) (viii) els oleae Hesadd ARAa ad wad. F, Val aura 12, aivd oie alla wuetett ofl Tiel As dat vet ofls2 IMT Hie As we ad amare auel Renee cami yA. a % la Melt oflse HL wie Bis deat tart oflse IV wid As wel ad ou aul Radha eee ys au all Raul aa, Harstad Road wad (F ole Ade aow eald 8). ot wHar oy HaLsL wall a ae cil Ql aig wi. Bea, olleo Ala 64 aor (2s ae retell aA d) ama. Ge) GAY (flee aid S21) Ay (fled ele $21) Gu vou aa R (ae yu) Der (We wa) Gur youd B a eudai WA B, Velat 64 Aolled elaeagy WeUSL LAL OUEIZAZH ULL AL sal aulai Fresni yei-wei wellnaagy wu ett UsRAZN UBL Ht Reel aden ie, Go) avai. WHat (avait i el ix) & ama Yrietdder sai HA cout URewt sresri il, adit | AA yee URAWDA Aresni TH : () aa ade asia woudl 3 wrt wile wired cela B. aaa, YS y WR ET cui UReurdd aaa (sPislsee) sl iL (9 amd yratada Kai uRewia aan gl AsGlsza sal avi). Fad (a) ga wey - drat (b) suaizagy wat (©) weilaeagy Hatwalt 10 Fd (a) ga ao - aoa (b) cusizagy aivar (©) 22s use cuazagy aoallel aivar = ae eteizagy (@) ouaragy wus (©) eileaagy wustwim weleRist: alent (f) 625 wstel welldaage aorilefl arma eu edlagy (g) wfleaazy wane. al | | SAA Hse As@uarat Har yvo aide wal P Udi ouazagueri ae gel 923231 et uangai HA B. wad weildzazu YALEL (1:2:4:2):(2:1): (2:1):1 4a B. tia 1, A aL Wied Wade werlerr AA seid w arid sad asa a da, a ou wAPLL 3 arta yretafia sat saa Piet Reuelld-d visu as amar wl Asad wll ifr overcast sal ase 8. 2. salt Yet sduerd at Fa sat Mat we weld we wel & 3 Gal AMad Syl A marimar Asti Loyal ua sisardal da, aw 3 Bs Sorat ua oilsatdal du, sae 3 als arp we siisardai aaon sell euler Bla Ysa Rvauer wai il, 3, Ale asa WE oud Bell BF ad cous arden yore wRew 3 aad wt A UeL AM, ai a Hii WRU eotaiol AAFid UBewrdl das AS ad. aouaett Ald Geodai wed uRewr a4 wid wReun aad détad siS-2s42 (2) sald aia aural asa 8 Fa Bad ad ered anousai ener, yal 1. Aart wld yor Medwer ura ve wand. 2. Rad (Retail eA size sd Bsduad Fer sf ald wid 8?welt 11 Og : dauaell asauall dau sal yassra sed, Ragia : dauael asad dae sal act yess2et ata aitaai ut ARYeaL wot BA edyern Fail wind) asia 8. aideurgla etd az, at, aot, Rit Vdd (1, I aA I) a2 eaten wz edleael alsa fl yn B : O WL EL APU AR, aiazated 12 (et eala) pirated Meet (aater extl) © e 3 3 gS ales let [J] ates #2 oO ot QO aoueil wel dala Shae aug 11.1 dauaeil sen dur gat ABA alawell equa : ggouni As saci ay Adlal we aaelysiesyaedla Ad wURdL uch | As Aq gr wie sl 2 Hi As welll Bai aah Bai ¥ wor oda Roll) atoll all, sual arailara “vy MR ain dat, YRr-ya, ate- XY XK! XY X°X'OXY XW X?x! Cra. rtrd XX XY OX XY XK! XY OK XY alg 11.5 AYR 144i caida amid olazagywae. 1 ial age woudl Asus welled FD? a3 cat dd aided ait wert Asus well ‘dad enlary B, A ae 22 3 ygai ws X aw Y gaa (XY) da B wad alli & X dol (KX) da B. yan dd Aart. X dort Aut atveell, a Y doy Met wae And B. ead vl dai HA X dol Usd wis aude dat As Mat waded Aad 8. DL WSR AIRS aU wIBAd MA ye Bs (a) PUL MSLed Aart aorerst Hell o AZlMi Ma NA G mA mtd ALsat BLL (vertical) 8. (b) wil magd da dl dea m4 (50 %) Yl mR OA Bd, (o) A YAY Marat Pa ci del ell % ypHlal ward oad wer AS yr wad 6A AL. (a) sui, ou woe danaell sani BRs srl aad Mat HA B, Ras % Ami yqudl yg ad daw ar wad ael. 4. X-eiaod wet GAUL : BU Aai Usedi cael BE Fu wad wiblas well Xo we dl B mA Mga AAs welt da deed wir Ass well (wild type allele) wid weet da dB. ata-fel domixat du RAB adi melai Gesell 8. at wstert aaa muddsciell mRad a av d (a) wal wud maraed gilded Ms HU d wld wind daa cud 2 ame, abaud 2 8, wud yy Roop du dua aaa aad RB. dual sah LA yor cata & (usta 11.6) Oo CO é a 6 odd Hoo BUA 11.6 X-aicort wert Yelle) aLall