CHARACTER

FORMATION 2:
Leadership, Decision making, Management and
Administration
What is decision making ?
■ The process of making choices by
identifying a decision, gathering
information, and assessing alternative
resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision-
making process can help you make more
deliberate, thoughtful decisions by
organizing relevant information and
defining alternatives.
 The Decision making process the
following steps:

1. Define the problem;

2. Identify limiting factors ;
3. Development potential alternatives;
4. Analyze the alternatives;
5. Select the best alternatives;
6. Implement the decision;
7. Establish a control and evaluation control;
Entertain all ideas
-- In fact , the more ideas that comes up , the better.
In other words, there are no bad ideas .
Encouragement of the group to freely offer all
thoughts on the subject is important. Participants
should be encouraged to present ideas no matter
how ridiculous they seem, because such ideas may
spark a creative thought on the part of someone
else.
Nominal group technique
-- This method involves the use of a highly structured
meeting, complete with an agenda, and restricts
discussion or interpersonal communication during the
decision-making process. This technique is useful
because it ensure that every group member has equal
input in the decision-making process. It also avoids
some of the pitfalls, such as pressure to conform ,
group dominance , hospitality, and conflict, that can
plague a more interactive, spontaneous, unstructured
forum such as brainstorming.
Delphi technique
--With this technique , participants never meet, but a group leader uses written questionnaires to
conduct the decision making.

No matter what technique is used, group decision making has clear advantages and
disadvantages when compared with individual decision making. The following are among the
advantages:

✓groups provide a broader perspective.

✓Employees are more likely to be satisfied and to support the final decision.
✓Opportunities for discussion help to answer questions and reduce
uncertainties for the decision makers.
 • These points are among the disadvantages:
✓This method can be more time-consuming than one individual making the
decision on his own.
✓The decision reached could be a compromise rather than the optimal solution.

Individuals become guilty of group think

-- the tendency of members of a group to conform to the prevailing opinions of the
group.
Evaluating the alternatives can be done in numerous ways. Here are a
few possibilities:
✓Determine the pros and cons of each alternative.
✓Perform an cost-benefit analysis for each alternative.
✓Weigh each factor important in the decision, ranking each alternative relative to
it’s ability to meet each factor, and then multiply by a probability factor to provide a
final value for each alternative.
Regardless of the method used, a manager needs to evaluate
each alternative in terms of it’s
✓Feasibility --- Can it be done?
✓Effectiveness ---- How well does it resolve the problem situation?
✓Consequences ---- What will be it’s costs ( financial and non-financial ) to the
organization?

Make pre-planning based on results of evaluation.

Detailing Types of Plans
-plans commit individuals, departments, organizations, and the resources of each to
specific actions for the future . Effectively designed organizational goals fit into a
hierarchy so that the achievement of goals at low levels permits the attainment of
high-level goals. This process is called a means –end chain because low-level goals
leads lead to accomplishment of high-level goals.
 The major types of plans can help
managers achieve their
organization’s goals

*Strategic Plans
*Tactical Plans
*Operational Plans
*Contingency Plans
 Decision Making Process

■ In the decision-making process, we choose one

course of action from a few possible alternatives. In
the process of decision making , we may use many
tools, technique and perceptions.
Decision Making Process Steps
■ Step 1: Identification of the purpose of the decision:
- In this step , the problem is thoroughly analyzed. There
are a couple of questions one should ask when it comes to
identifying the purpose of the decision.

✓ What exactly is the problem?

✓ Why the problem should be solved?
✓ Who are the effected parties of the problem?
✓ Does the problem have a deadline or a specific time-line?
Step 2: Information gathering:
- A problem of an organization will have many stakeholders.
In addition, there can be dozens of factors involved and
affected by problem.

Step 3: Principles for judging the alternatives ;

-In this step, the baseline criteria for judging the criteria,
organizational goals as well as the corporate culture should
be taken into consideration.
Step 4: Brainstorm and analyze the different choices:
- In this step, brainstorming to list down all the ideas is the
best option. Before the idea generation step, it is vital to
understand the causes of the problem and periodization of
causes.

Step 5: Evaluation of alternatives :

- In this step , experience and effectiveness of the judgment
principles come into play. You need to compare each alternative for
their positives and negatives.
Step 6: Select the best alternatives:
- Once you got through from the step 1 to step 5, this
step is easy. In additional, the selection of the best
alternative is an informed decision since you have
already followed a methodology to derive and select
the best alternative.
Step 7: Executive the Decision ;
- Convert your decision into a plan or a sequence of
activities. Execute your plan by yourself or with the
help of subordinates.
Step 8: Evaluate the Results;
- Evaluate the outcome of your decision. See whether there is
anything you should learn and then correct in future decision
making. This is one of the best practices that will improve your
decision making skills.

Who are authorized to make Decisions?

*Legal Decision Making – is determined as part of
some form of legal separation, or in relation to matters
related to maternity and paternity.
What Does Legal Decision Making Authority Grant?

- According to the Arizona Department of

Economic Security, legal decision making is
defined as the court granting authority to a
person or persons to care for a minor child .

■Example of Legal Decision Making

Types of legal Decision Making Authority

1. Sole Legal Decision Making Authority

2. Joint Legal Decision Making Authority
How Parenting Time
Relates to Legal
Decision Making
Authority?
Types of Decision

* Decision rights 101

* What Decision must be made
* Achieving clarify about the who, what,
and how of decision-making doesn’t happen
by accident
* What’s so hard about decision rights
 Five (5) ways to get decision rights right:
1. Simplicity and clarify decision rights across the
organization
2. Who is Responsible for executing the work
3. Who should be Consulted for input, information insight, and
perspectives
4. Who should be Informed about the decision and it’s
outcome
5. Simplicity and clarity in decision rights
Establish strong, transparent accountability for
decision made:

* Who is the primary owner of the decision’s

outcomes?
* How using what metrics will these outcomes be
evaluated ?
* Where, when, and how will progress against
these outcomes be evaluated?
* To what degree will the answers to these
questions be shared openly and broadly within the
organization?
 - Align individual is the decision-making groups
to a common mission

- Encourage Distributed Authority

- Prioritize the Customer Voice in Decisions

- Decision Rights Competitive Advantage

 What Are the Ethical Decisions That Impact
Any Organization?
- Ethics are often thoughts separately from business
skills. In fact, they affect every business. They are not
an after though. As you build your company, you must
dell with ethical considerations that affect how
successful you will be. Though you might be tempted
to focus on the nuts and bolts aspects for running a
business and making a profit, you can’t avoid ethical
concerns that are common to all businesses.
Impact of Decisions

1. Treatment of Employees
2. Fair Competition
3. Financial Reporting
5. Social Impact
Ethical Dimensions of Leadership and
Decision Making
-- The field of organizational ethics deals with
the issues that inevitably arise when a desire for
financial success conflicts with moral duty. While
the academic study of ethics is complex, there
are some basic steps you can take to foster an
ethical, socially responsible company.
1. Consideration
2. Employees
3. Customer
4. Community
5. Customer Transparency
6. Community Relationships
7. Fair Employment
8. Partner Integrity
 Ethical & Moral Values in Industrial
Organization
-- The benefits of adopting ethics in business are
more important than ever before in maintaining a
sustainable and profitable business. It is no longer
acceptable for a business to operate in an entirely
self-interested manner, having no regard to the
impact it has on the local community. In the modern
commercial environment there is a strong emphasis
on businesses meeting their legal obligation. Trading
in an ethical and socially-conscious manner will
benefits businesses off all sizes on a number of
levels.
1. Goodwill and Publicity
2. Shareholders and Investor Benefit
3. Gives the Business a Competitive Edge
4. Moral Obligation to the Community
5. Positive Knock-On Effects
The Importance of Confidentiality in Mentoring

1. Communicating Values
2. Internal System
3. Enforcement of Policies
4. Conversations About Ethics
 What is the Difference between Unethical
and ethical ?

1. Defrauding Customers
2. Conflicts of Interest
3. Employment Policies and Practices
4. Social and Environmental Impact
The Value of Strong Ethical Business
Practices and Social Responsibility

1. Stakeholders Group
2. Financial Impact
3. Social Impact
4. Operations Impact
 The Advantages of Being Ethical

1. Community Responsible
2. Conflicts of Interest
3. Employment Practices
4. Honey
5. Property Rights
6. The Laws
 Values and Culture in Ethical Decision
Making
1. The Rule of Private Gain
2. If Everyone Does it
3. Benefits vs. Burden
4. Neutral vs. Prescription
5. Encouragement vs. Discouraging
6. Judgmental vs. Nonjudgmental
ᴛʜᴀɴᴋ ʏᴏᴜ ғᴏʀ ʟɪsᴛᴇɴɪɴɢ^_^

ᴡʜᴀᴀʜʜʜʜ!!
MEMBERS :

Cañete , John Mark

Salveron , Juliet
Malmis , Joshua
Restauro , Ben Adam
Mapula , Ariel
Fuerte , Kent Angelo