MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

Introduction:
The three fundamental areas of engineering mechanics are statics, dynamics, and mechanics of
materials. Statics and dynamics are devoted primarily to the study of the external effects upon rigid
bodies—that is, bodies for which the change in shape (deformation) can be neglected. In contrast,
mechanics of materials deals with the internal effects and deformations that are caused by the applied
loads.

The differences between rigid-body mechanics and mechanics of materials can be appreciated if we
consider the bar shown in Fig.1.

Sample Problem #2:

Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of an aluminum segment rigidly
connected between steel and bronze segments. What is the stress in each material given that P = 10 kN?
In mechanics of materials, the statics solution is extended to
include an analysis of the forces acting inside the bar to be certain that the bar will neither break nor
deform excessively.

Analysis of Internal Forces; Stress

The equilibrium analysis of a rigid body is concerned primarily with the calculation of external
reactions (forces that act external to a body) and internal reactions (forces that act at internal
connections). In mechanics of materials, we must extend this analysis to determine internal forces—that
is, forces that act on cross sections that are internal to the body itself. In addition, we must investigate
the manner in which these internal forces are distributed within the body. Only after these computations
have been made can the design engineer select the proper dimensions for a member and select the
material from which the member should be fabricated.

CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE STRESS

Axial Stress: Normal Stress

A normal stress is a stress that occurs when a member is loaded by an axial
force. The value of the normal force for any prismatic section is simply the
force divided by the cross sectional area.

Sample Problem #3:

For the Pratt bridge truss and loading shown, determine
where A is the area of the cross section. the average normal stress in member BE, knowing that
the cross-sectional area of that member is 5.87 in2.

Sample Problem #1:

The cross-sectional area of bar ABCD is 600 mm2. Determine the maximum normal stress in the bar.
 Sample Problem #5:
The bell crank, which is in equilibrium under the
forces shown in the figure, is supported by a 20-
mm-diameter pin at D that is in double shear.
Determine (a) the required diameter of the
connecting rod AB, given that its tensile working
stress is 100 MPa; and (b) the shear stress in the
pin.
SHEAR STRESS
Shear stress is tangent to the plane on which it acts. Shear stress arises whenever the applied loads cause
one section of a body to slide past its adjacent section.

(a) (b) (c) Sample Problem #6:

The right-angle bar is supported by a pin at B and a roller at C. What is the maximum safe value of the
load P that can be applied if the shear stress in the pin is limited to 20,000 psi? The 3/4-in.-diameter pin
Examples of direct shear: (a) single shear in a rivet; (b) double shear in a bolt; and (c) shear in a metal is in double shear.
sheet produced by a punch.
Sample Problem #4:
When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden specimen
shown failed in shear along the surface indicated by the
dashed line. Determine the average shearing stress along
that surface at the time of failure.
 concrete foundation by a square bearing plate. The working compressive stress is 26 000 psi for the
column, and the working bearing stress is 1200 psi for concrete. Find the largest force P that can be
applied to the column.

BEARING STRESS
If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are developed on the area of contact.
The pressure caused by these surface loads is called bearing stress.

Assignment:

Prob.1
Knowing that link DE is 18 in. thick and 1 in. wide,
Example of bearing stress: (a) a rivet in a lap joint; (b) bearing stress caused by the bearing force Pb is determine the normal stress in the central portion of that link
assumed to be uniform on projected area td. when (a)  = 0, (b)  = 90.
Sample Problem #7:
The lap joint shown is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in.
diameter. Find the maximum load P that can be applied if Prob.2
the working stresses are 14 ksi for shear in the rivet and 18 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together
ksi for bearing in the plate. Assume that the applied load is at B and loaded as shown. Determine the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stress in rod AB
distributed evenly among the four rivets, and neglect has the same magnitude as the compressive stress in rod BC.
friction between the plates.

Prob.3
The load P applied to a steel rod is distributed to a timber support by an
annular washer. The diameter of the rod is 22 mm and the inner diameter of
the washer is 25 mm, which is slightly larger than the diameter of the hole.
Determine the smallest allowable outer diameter d of the washer, knowing
that the axial normal stress in the steel rod is 35 MPa and that the average
bearing stress between the washer and the timber must not exceed 5 MPa.

Sample Problem #8:

The cylindrical steel column has an outer diameter of 4 in. and
inner diameter of 3.5 in. The column is separated from the
Prob.4
A 40-kN axial load is applied to a short wooden post that
is supported by a concrete footing resting on undisturbed
soil. Determine (a) the maximum bearing stress on the
concrete footing, (b) the size of the footing for which the
average bearing stress in the soil is 145 kPa.