Ministry of Higher Education

Marag Higher Institution for Engineering and Modern Technology

Mechanics of Structures Stress Analysis

MED141

Dr. Amira Fouad

2024-2025
 References

1. Strength of Materials (Fourth Edition) Ferdinand L. Singer , Andrew Pytel .

2. Mechanics of Materials (sixth Edition) Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
3. Mechanics of Materials (Seventh Edition) R.C. Hibbeler.
4. Intermediate Mechanics of Materials (2001) J.R BARBER.
5. Mechanics of Materials (2002) Madhukar Vable .
6. Mechanics of Materials (Seventh Edition) James M. Gere , Barry J. Goodno.
7. Mechanics of Materials (2000) Anthony Bedford, Kenneth M. Liechti .
8. Introduction to Mechanics of Materials (1989) William F. Riley, Loren
9. Mechanics of Materials (Fourth Revised Edition) James M. Gere, Stephen P. Timoshenko.
10. Mechanics of Materials (Sixth Edition) William F. Riley, Leroy D. Sturges,
Don H. Morris.
11. Mechanics of Materials (Second Revised Edition) Roy R. Craig, Jr.
12. Mechanics of Materials (1985) David Q. Fletcher.
13. Mechanics of Materials (Second Edition) E. P. Popov.
 TOPICS
1.concept of stress
2.Concept of Strain
3.Sefty factors

4.Deflection

5.Beams, shear force and bending moment equations

6.Centroied

7. Bending Moment
 CHAPTER 1
Stress
Concept of Stress:

Let us introduce the concept of stress, as we know that the main

problem of engineering mechanics of material is the investigation of the
internal resistance of the body, i.e. the nature of forces set up within a
body to balance the effect of the externally applied forces.

The externally applied forces are termed as loads. These externally

applied forces may be due to any one or more of the followings:

(i) due to service conditions

(ii) due to environment in which the component works
(iii) through contact with other members
(iv) due to fluid pressures
(v) due to gravity or inertia forces (Self weight of the structure).

As we know that in mechanics of deformable

solids, externally applied forces acts on a body
and body suffers a deformation. From
equilibrium point of view, this action should be
opposed or reacted by internal forces which are
set up within the particles of material due to
cohesion. These internal forces give rise to a
concept of stress. Therefore, let us define a
term stress:

Stress:
Let us consider a rectangular bar of some
cross–sectional area and subjected to some
load or force (in Newton ).
Let us imagine that the same rectangular bar is assumed to be cut into two halves at
section XX. Each portion of this rectangular bar is in equilibrium under the action of
load P and the internal forces acting at the section XX has been shown.

Simple Stress
Simple stress is expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by
the resisting area or :

σ = Force / Area.
It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are
subjected to external forces and/or induced forces. Here we are using an
assumption that the total force or total load carried by the bar is
uniformly distributed over its cross_section.

Units :
The basic units of stress in S.I units i.e. (International System) are N /
m2 (or Pa , Pascal)

MPa = 106 Pa , GPa = 109 Pa , KPa = 103 Pa

Sometimes N/mm2 units are also used, because this is an equivalent to

MPa , while US customary unit is pound per square inch , psi. (lb/in2).

Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and

bearing stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied
perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the material. If the force is
going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and
compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by
two opposing forces.

Shear stress is developed if the applied force is

parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt
that holds the tension rod in its anchor. Another
condition of shearing is when we twist a bar
along its longitudinal axis. This type of shearing
is called torsion and covered in Chapter 3.

Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure
between two bodies. ( It is in fact a compressive stress ).

Suspension bridges are good example of structures that carry these stresses. The
weight of the vehicle is carried by the bridge deck and passes the force to the
stringers (vertical cables), which in turn, supported by the main suspension
cables. The suspension cables then transferred the force into bridge towers.

Normal Stress
The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus normal. There are
two types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile stress
applied to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive stress tend to shorten
the bar.

σ = Force / Area

σ = P/ A
Bar in Tension Bar in Compression

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The
maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the
load.
The first and necessary step in the analysis of a structure is to find forces
in individual members. The normal stress in a member of cross-
sectional area A subjected to an axial load P is obtained by:

Example Problems in Normal Stress

Example (1):
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at
B and loaded as shown. Knowing that the average normal
stress must not exceed 175 MPa in rod AB and 150 MPa in
rod BC, determine the smallest allowable values of d1 and
d2.

Solution:
Example (2):
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a
tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
Solution :
Example (3)
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as
shown in Fig. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not
to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Solution:
Example (4)
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as
shown in Fig. P-108. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the
maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in
aluminum of 90 MPa, or in
bronze of 100 MPa.

Solution:
Example (5) A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-
inches diameter wooden post and a concrete footing as shown in Fig. P-
110. Determine the maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood is
limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.

Shearing Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It
differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces

perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also

known as tangential stress.

where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of
the area
A being sheared.
Shearing stress is obtained when an equal and transverse forces P and
P’ are applied to a member AB. Normal stress caused by forces
perpendicular to the area on which it act, while shear stress caused by
forces parallel to the area resisting the forces.

Bolt subject to single shear

average shearing stress in case of single shear:

average shearing stress in case of double shear:

Solved Examples in Shearing Stress

Example (1):
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is
25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Solution:

Example (2)
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b
if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Solution:

Example (3)
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for
the member supported as shown in Fig. The
pin diameter is 20 mm.
Solution:
Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the points of contact (bearing
surfaces).

Bearing stress obtained by:

Solved Examples in Bearing Stress

Example (1)
In Fig., assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are
each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in
the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the
minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile
stress in the plates.
Solution

Example (2)
The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in
the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18
ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

Solution
Example(3):
In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt
diameter and the minimum thickness of each yoke that
will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

Solution:

Example (4)
A 6-mm diameter pin is used at the connection c of the pedal shown.
knowing that P = 500 N, determine: (a) the average shearing stress in
the pin, (b) the nominal bearing stress in the pedal C. (c) the nominal
bearing stress in each support bracket at C.
Solution:
Example (5)
An axial load P is supported by a short
W 8 × 40 column of cross-sectional
area A = 11.7 in.2 and is distributed to a
concrete foundation by a square plate
as shown. Knowing that the average
normal stress in the column must not
exceed 30 ksi and that the bearing
stress on the concrete

foundation must not exceed 3 ksi, determine the side a of the plate
that will provide the most economical and safe design.

Solution:
Factor of Safety
The maximum load that a structural member or a machine component will be
allowed to carry is smaller than the ultimate load. This smaller load is the
allowable load.
The ratio of the ultimate load to the allowable load is used to define
the factor of safety:

Example (1)
Two loads are applied to the bracket BCD as shown. (a) Knowing that the control
rod AB is to be made of a steel having an ultimate normal stress of 600 MPa,
determine the diameter of the rod for which the factor of safety with respect to
failure will be 3.3. (b) The pin at C is to be made of a steel having an ultimate
shearing stress of 350 MPa.
Determine the diameter of the pin C for which the factor of safety with respect to
shear will also be 3.3. (c) Determine the required thickness of the bracket supports
at C, knowing that the allowable bearing stress of the steel used is 300 MPa.
 CHAPTER 2

STRAIN
Simple Strain

Strain (  ) is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied force, to the
original length.(Also known as unit deformation).

where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.

Stress-Strain Diagram
Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing
machine. As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total
elongation over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load
and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the
original cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ
and the strain ε can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with the stress
σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis is called the stress-strain
diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The
diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon structural steel.
Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle
materials. A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up
to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas
brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like
cast iron and concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently
taken as the dividing line between these two classes.

Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)

From the origin o to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain
curve is a straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial
force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called
Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain or:

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or

Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from
O to P. Then :

Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back
to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that
may be developed such that there is nonpermanent (or residual deformation
when the load is entirely removed.
Elastic and Plastic Ranges
The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region
from P to R is called the plastic range.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.
Rupture Strength
Rupture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the
breaking strength.
Modulus Of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under
the stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in
the figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without
creating a permanent distortion.

Modulus Of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under
the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to
absorb energy without causing it to break.

STIFFNESS, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.
k=P/δ
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, And Factor Of Safety
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The
maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The
allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable
tress is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety.
The ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the
factor of safety.

AXIAL DEFORMATION

In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and
is given by:σ = Eε

since σ = P / A and ε= δ / L, then P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,

To use this formula, the load must be

axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-
sectional area, and the stress must not exceed
the proportional limit. If however, the cross-
sectional area is not uniform, the axial
deformation can be determined by
considering a differential length and applying
integration.

where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be

 expressed in terms of x.

For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total
elongation due to its own weight is :

where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of
the rod in kg, A is the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81
m/s2.

SOLVED EXAMPLES ON STRAIN & AXIAL DEFORMATION

Example(3): A uniform bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and unit
mass ρ is suspended vertically from one end. Show that its total elongation is
δ = ρgL2 / 2E. If the total mass of the bar is M, show also that δ = MgL/2AE.
Solution
Example (4)
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end.
If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total
elongation of the rod.

Solution:
Example (5):
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi.

Solution :

Example (6):
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied
at the positions shown in Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E
= 10 × 106 psi. Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.
Solution

Example(7):
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will
not exceed an overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in
the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze, and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the
assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and
Ebr = 83 GPa.
Solution

Example(7) :
The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. P-212 is hinged at A
and supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the largest
load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel
rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of
end C must not exceed 0.10 in.
Solution

Example(8) :
The rigid bar AB, attached to two
vertical rods as shown in Fig. P-213, is
horizontal before the load P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if
its magnitude is 50 kN.
Solution
 CHAPTER 3
BEAMS

Introduction :
• Beams - structural members supporting
loads at various points along the
member.
• Transverse loadings of beams are
classified as concentrated loads or
distributed loads.
• Applied loads result in internal forces
consisting of a shear force (from the
shear stress distribution) and a bending
couple (from the normal stress
distribution).

Classification of Beams:
1- Statically Determinate Beams:
Statically determinate beams are those beams in which the reactions of the
supports may be determined by the use of the equations of static equilibrium.
The beams shown below are examples of statically determinate beams.

2- Statically Indeterminate Beams:

If the number of reactions exerted upon a beam exceeds the number of equations in
static equilibrium, the beam is said to be statically indeterminate. In order to solve the
reactions of the beam, the static equations must be supplemented by equations based
upon the elastic deformations of the beam.
The degree of indeterminacy is taken as the difference between the number of
reactions to the number of equations in static equilibrium that can be applied. In the case
of the propped beam shown, there are three reactions (R1, R2, and M) while only two
equations (ΣM = 0 and ΣFv = 0) can be applied, thus the beam is indeterminate to the
first degree (3 – 2 = 1).

TYPES OF LOADING
Loads applied to the beam may consist of a concentrated load (load applied at a point),
uniform load, uniformly varying load, or an applied couple or moment. These loads are
shown in the following figures.

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are plots of
the shear forces and bending moments, respectively, along
the length of a beam. The purpose of these plots is to
clearly show maximum of the shear force and bending
moment, which are important in the design of beams.
The most common sign convention for the shear force and
bending moment in beams is shown in Fig. 9.12
One method of determining the shear and moment diagrams is by the following
steps:
1. Determine the reactions from equilibrium of the entire beam.
2. Cut the beam at an arbitrary point.
3. Show the unknown shear and moment on the cut using the positive sign
convention shown in Fig. 9.12.
4. Sum forces in the vertical direction to determine the unknown shear.
5. Sum moments about the cut to determine the unknown moment.

Example (1)

For the beam shown, derive equations for shear force and bending moment at any point
along the beam

Solution:
We cut the beam at a point between A and B at
distance x from A and draw thefree-body diagram of
the left part of the beam, directing V and M as
indicated in the figure.
Σ Fy = 0 : Σ Mx = 0 :
P+V=0 P.x + M = 0
V = -P ( ) M = - Px( )
 • Note that shear force is constant (equal P) along the beam, and bending
moment is a linear function of ( x ).

Example (2):
For a cantilever beam AB of span L supporting
a uniformly distributed load w, derive
equations for shear force and bending moment
at any point along the beam.

Solution:
We cut the beam at a point C between A and B and draw free-
body diagram of AC, directing V and M as indicated in Fig.
Denoting by x the distance from A to C and replacing the
distributed load over AC by its resultant (wx) applied at the
mid point of AC, we write:

Σ Fy = 0 : Σ Mx = 0 :
-wx -V =0

V =-wx
Example (3):
For the simply supported beam AB of span L
supporting a single concentrated load P, derive
equations for shear force and bending moment at
any point along the beam
Solution:
We first determine the reactions at the supports from the
free-body diagram of the entire beam; we find that the
magnitude of each reaction is equal to P/2. Next we cut the
beam at a point D between A and C and draw the free-body
diagrams of AD and DB. Assuming that shear and bending
moment are positive, we direct the internal forces V and V’
and the internal couples M and M’ as indicated in Fig.
Considering the free body AD and writing that the sum of
the vertical components and the sum of the moments about D
of the forces acting on the free body are zero, we find:
V =+P/2 and M =+Px/2.
Both the shear and bending moment are therefore positive; this
may be checked by observing that the reaction at A tends to
shear off and to bend the beam at D as indicated in Figs. b and
c. The shear has a constant value V =P/2, while the bending
moment increases linearly from M = 0 at x = 0 to M =PL/4 at x
=L/2.
Cutting, now, the beam at a point E between C and B and considering the free body EB (Fig. c), we
write that the sum of the vertical components and the sum of the moments about E of the forces
acting on the free body are zero. We obtain:
V = - P/2 and M =P(L -x)/2.
The shear is therefore negative and the bending moment positive; this can be checked by observing
that the reaction at B bends the beam at E as indicated in Fig. c but tends to shear it off in a manner
opposite to that shown in Fig. b.
Note that the shear has a constant value V = -P/2 between C and B, while the bending moment
decreases linearly from M = PL/4 at x = L/2 to M = 0 at x = L.
 Shear Force and Moment Diagram

The determination of the maximum absolute values

of the shear and of the bending moment in a beam are
greatly facilitated if V and M are plotted against the
distance x measured from one end of the beam.
Besides, as you will see later, the knowledge of M as a
function of x is essential to the determination of the
deflection of a beam.
In the examples and sample problems of this section,
the shear and bending-moment diagrams will be
obtained by determining the values of V and M at
selected points of the beam. These values will be found
in the usual way, i.e., by passing a section through the
point where they are to be determined (Fig. a) and
considering the equilibrium of the portion of beam
located on either side of the section (Fig. b). Since the
shear forces V and V have opposite senses, recording
the shear at point C with an up or down arrow would be
meaning less, unless we indicated at the same time
which of the free bodies AC and CB we are
considering.

For this reason, the shear V will be recorded with a sign: a plus
sign if the shearing forces are directed as shown in Fig.a, and a
minus sign otherwise. A similar convention will apply for the
bending moment M. It will be considered as positive if the
bending couples are directed as shown in that figure, and negative
otherwise. Summarizing the sign conventions we have presented,
we state:
The shear V and the bending moment M at a given point of
abeam are said to be positive when the internal forces and
couples actingon each portion of the beam are directed as shown
in Fig. a.
Example (4): For the beam shown, plot the shear and moment diagram.
Solution:
First, solve for the unknown reactions using the free-body
diagram of the beam shown in Fig,
(a). to find the reactions, sum moments about the
left end which gives:
6R2 − (3)(2) = 0 or R2 = 6/6 = 1 kN
Sum forces in the vertical direction to get:
R1 + R2 = 3 = R1 + 1 or R1 = 2 kN
Cut the beam between the left end and the load as shown in
(b). Show the unknown moment and shear on the cut using
the positive sign convention. Sum the vertical forces to get:
V = 2 kN (independent of x)
Sum moments about the cut to get:
M = R1x = 2x
Repeat the procedure by making a cut between the right end
of the beam and the 3-kN load, as shown in (c). Again, sum
vertical forces and sum moments about the cut to get:
V = 1 kN (independent of x ), and M = 1x
The plots of these expressions for shear and
moment give the shear and moment diagrams (as
shown in Fig.(d) and (e)
 • It should be noted that the shear diagram in this example has a jump at the point of the
load and that the jump is equal to the load. This is always the case. Similarly, a moment
diagram will have a jump equal to an applied concentrated moment. In this example, there
was no concentrated moment applied, so the moment was everywhere continuous.

• Another useful way of determining the shear

and moment diagram is by using differential
relationships. These relationships are found by
considering an element of length Δx of the beam.

The forces on that element are shown in Fig.

 Fy = 0 : V − (V + V ) − w x = 0
V = −w x
Summation of forces in the y direction gives :

which gives:
dV
= −w
dx
xD
VD −VC = −  w dx
xC
x
 MC = 0 : (M + M ) − M −V x + wx =0
2
M = V x − 12 w(x) 2

dM
=V
dx
xD

M D − MC =
 V dx
xC
Example(5)
The simply supported uniform beam shown in
Exhibit 16 carries a uniform load of w0 . Plot
the shear and moment diagrams for this beam.
It can be seen that the shear diagram is a straight line, and the moment varies
parabolically with x. Shear and moment diagrams are shown in Exhibit 17(b) and
Exhibit 17(c). It can be seen that the maximum bending moment occurs at the center of
the beam where the shear stress is zero. The maximum bending moment always has a
relative maximum at the place where the shear is zero because the shear is the
derivative of the moment, and relative maxima occur when the derivative is zero.

Solved problems

Solution:
 CHAPTER 4

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid (for any object in dimensional space): is the mean position of all the
points in all of the coordinates directions, it can be determined by:
∑ 𝑥̅⋅𝐴
Centroid (Center of mass): 𝑥̅ = ∑𝐴
∑ 𝑌⋅𝐴
Centroid (Center of mass): 𝑌=
∑𝐴
Moment of inertia of the rectangular cross
section:
1 1
𝐼𝑥̅ = 𝑏ℎ3 𝐼𝑦 = ℎ𝑏3
12 12

Moment of inertia for circle: I = (π/64)d4 = (π/4)r4

Parallel Axes Theorem of Moment of Inertia

1
Symmetric around y, get Iy: 𝐼𝑦 = ℎ𝑏3
12
If symmetric around y we get Ix using
Parallel axes theory:
Ix = Σ [Ix + A(Y- 𝑌)]= [Ix1 + A1(Y1- 𝑌) 2 ]+ [Ix2 + A2(Y2- 𝑌) 2 ]
Solved Example (1)
Determine the moment of inertia of the shown figure:

Solution:
For rectangle cross sectional area

Solved Example (2)

Calculate the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia of the shown bar.

Solution:
location of the section centroid:
and moment of inertia of the shown bar, symmetric around x and y: centroid 𝑌
and 𝑋lies in the midpoint of the bar.
𝑋= 50 mm 𝑌= 40 mm

Moment of inertia:
For circle I = (π/64)d4 = (π/4)r4
Stress Due to Bending
Formula to find the maximum tensile and compressive normal stresses due to
bending:

σm = 𝑀 ⋅ 𝑦
𝐼
σm: max bending stress
M: Bending moment
I: moment of inertia
y: section centroid

Solved Example (3)

Knowing that the couple shown acts in a vertical plane, determine the: stress at
(a) point A, (b) point B.
Solution:

Solved Example (4)

Based on the given cross section geometry, calculate maximum
tensile and compressive normal stresses at point A and point B.

Solution:
1
Iy = hb3 = ( 1 )(20)(903) + ( 1 )(40)(303)
12 12 12

Iy = 1305×103 mm4
 (𝟐𝟎×𝟗𝟎)(𝟓𝟎)+(𝟑𝟎×𝟒𝟎)(𝟐𝟎)
𝑌= = 38 mm
(𝟐𝟎×𝟗𝟎)+(𝟑𝟎×𝟒𝟎)

If symmetric around y we get Ix using

Parallel axes theory:

Ix = Σ [Ix + A(Y- 𝑌)] = [Ix1 + A1(Y1- 𝑌) 2 ]+ [Ix2 + A2(Y2- 𝑌) 2 ]

Ix = [ 1 (90×203) + (20×90)(50-38)2]+ [ 1 (30×403) + (30×40)(20-

12 12
2
38) ]

Ix = 868×103 mm4
𝑀 3×106
σA = ⋅ 𝑦A = 868×103 (22) = 76 MPa
𝐼𝑥̅
 Sheet 1
Normal stresses

Problem 1
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine
the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.

Problem 2
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig. Calculate the
smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
Problem 3
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Fig.3. Axial loads
are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel
of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

Problem 4
A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post and a concrete
footing as shown in Fig. 4. Determine the maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood is limited to
1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.

Problem 5

Two steel plates are to be held together by means of 16-mm diameter high-
strength steel bolts fitting snugly inside cylindrical brass spacers. Knowing
that the average normal stress must not exceed
200 MPa in the bolts and 130 MPa in the spacers, determine the outer diameter of the
spacers that yields the most economical and safe design.

Problem 6

A cast iron link, as shown in the figure is required to transmit a steady tensile load of 45
kN. Find the tensile stress induced in the link material at sections A-A and B-B.
 Sheet 2
Shear stresses

Problem 1
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength
is 350 MN/m2.

Problem 2
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN. The
shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Problem 3
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in Fig. The pin diameter
is 20 mm
Problem 4

Three steel bolts are to be used to attach the steel plate shown
to a wooden beam. Knowing that the plate will support a 110-
kN load, that the shearing stress for the steel used is 107 MPa,
determine the required diameter of the bolts.

Problem 5

A pull of 80 kN is transmitted from a bar X to the bar Y through a pin. If the

maximum permissible tensile stress in the bars is 100 N/mm2 and the
permissible shear stress in the pin is 80 N/ mm2, find the diameter of bars and
of the pin.
Problem (6)
When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden
specimen shown failed in shear along the surface
indicated by the dashed line. Determine the average
shearing stress along that surface at the time of failure.
 Sheet 3
Bearing stresses

Problem 1
The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe
load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in
the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

Problem 2
In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum thickness of each
yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing
stress of 20 ksi.
 Sheet 4
Deflection

Problem 1

Problem 2
A uniform bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and unit mass ρ is suspended vertically from one end.
Show that its total elongation is δ = ρgL2 / 2E. If the total mass of the bar is M, show also that δ =
MgL/2AE.
Problem4
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended vertically from
one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E
= 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Problem 5
An aluminum bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied at the positions
shown in Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi. Assume the bar is
suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.
Problem 6
Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an
overall deformation of 3.0 mm, or the following stresses: 140 MPa in the steel, 120 MPa in the bronze,
and 80 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use Est =
200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Problem 7
The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. P-212 is hinged at A and supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the
largest load P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 30 ksi and the vertical
movement of end C must not exceed 0.10 in.
Problem 8
The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig., is horizontal before the load P is applied.

Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 kN.

 Sheet 6
Beams under concentrated or distributed loads

1. Knowing that the couple shown acts in a vertical plane,

determine the stress at (a) point A, (b) point B.

2. A beam of the cross section shown is extruded from an

aluminum alloy for which σu = 450 MPa. Using a

factor of safety of 3.00, determine the largest couple
that can be applied to the beam when it is bent about
the z-axis.

3. Knowing that the couple shown acts in a vertical plane,

determine the stress at (a) point A, (b) point B.

4. A nylon spacing bar has the cross section shown.

Knowing that the allowable stress for the grade of

nylon used is 24 MPa, determine the largest couple Mz
that can be applied to the bar.
5. Knowing that the couple shown acts in a

vertical plane, determine the stress at (a)

point A, (b) point B.

6. Knowing that for the extruded beam shown the

allowable stress is 120 MPa in tension and 150 MPa

in compression, determine the largest couple M that
can be applied.

7. Knowing that for the extruded beam shown the

allowable stress is 12 ksi in tension and 16 ksi in

compression, determine the largest couple M
that can be applied.

8. The beam shown is made of a nylon for which the

allowable stress is 24 MPa in tension and 30 MPa

in compression. Determine the largest couple M
that can be applied to the beam.