Portugal

Portugal,[e] officially the Portuguese Republic,[f] is a

country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Portuguese Republic
Europe, and whose territory also includes the Macaronesian República Portuguesa (Portuguese)
archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. It features the
westernmost point in continental Europe, its mainland west
and south border with the North Atlantic Ocean and in the
north and east, the Portugal-Spain border constitutes the
longest uninterrupted border-line in the European Union. Its
Flag Coat of arms
archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own
regional governments. In the mainland, Alentejo region Anthem:
occupies the biggest area but is one of the regions in Europe A Portuguesa
"The Portuguese"
with a lower population density. Lisbon is the capital and
largest city by population, being also the main spot for tourists 1:19

alongside Porto and Algarve.

One of the oldest countries in Europe, its territory has been

continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times.
The territory was inhabited by the Celtic and Iberian peoples,
such as the Lusitanians, the Gallaecians, the Celtici, Turduli,
and the Conii. These peoples had some commercial and
cultural contact with Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and
Carthaginians. It was later ruled by the Romans, followed by
the invasions of Germanic peoples together with the Alans,
and later the Moors, who were eventually expelled during the
Reconquista. Founded first as a county within the Kingdom of
León in 868, the country officially gained independence as the
Kingdom of Portugal with the Treaty of Zamora in 1143.[14] Show globe
Show map of the European Union
Show all
During the 15th and 16th centuries Portugal led the Age of
Location of Portugal (dark green)
Discovery and established one of the longest-lived maritime – in Europe (green & dark grey)
and commercial empires, becoming one of the main economic – in the European Union (green)
and political powers of the time.[15] By the early 19th century, Capital Lisbon
events such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the country's and largest city 38°46′N 9°9′W
occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the resulting
Official languages Portuguese
independence of Brazil in 1822 led to a marked decay of
Recognised Mirandese[a]
Portugal's prior opulence.[16] This was followed by the civil war regional languages
between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists
Nationality 92.5% Portuguese
over royal succession from 1828 to 1834. The 1910 revolution (2022)[3] nationals
deposed Portugal's monarchy, and established the democratic
7.5% resident foreigners
but unstable Portuguese First Republic, later superseded by
the authoritarian regimes of Ditadura Nacional (National Religion (2021)[4] 84.6% Christianity
Dictatorship) and Estado Novo (New State). Democracy was 80% Catholicism
4.6% other Christian
restored after the Carnation Revolution (1974), ending the
14% no religion
Portuguese Colonial War and eventually losing its remaining
1.1% other
colonial possessions.
Demonym(s) Portuguese
Portugal has had a profound cultural, architectural and
Government Unitary semi-presidential
linguistic influence, with a legacy of around 250 million republic[5]
Portuguese speakers around the world. It is a developed
• President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
country with an advanced economy, and big tourism and
infrastructure industries .[17] A member of the United Nations, • Speaker José Pedro Aguiar-
Branco
the European Union, the Schengen Area and the Council of
• Prime Minister Luís Montenegro
Europe, Portugal was one of the founding members of NATO,
the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Legislature Assembly of the Republic
Language Countries. Establishment
• First County 868
Etymology • Second County 1095
• Sovereignty 24 June 1128
The word Portugal derives from the combined Roman-Celtic • Kingdom 25 July 1139
place name Portus Cale[18][19] (present-day's conurbation of • Treaty of Zamora 5 October 1143
Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia). Porto stems from the Latin for • Restoration 1 December 1640
port, portus; Cale's meaning and origin is unclear. The • First Constitution 23 September 1822
mainstream explanation is an ethnonym derived from the • Republic 5 October 1910
Callaeci, also known as the Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the • Democratization 25 April 1974
north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.[20] One theory proposes • Current 25 April 1976[b]
constitution
Cale is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'.[21] Another is
• EEC accession[c] 1 January 1986
that Cala was a Celtic goddess. Some French scholars believe it
may have come from Portus Gallus,[22] the port of the Gauls. Area
• Total 92,230 km2
Around 200 BC, the Romans took Iberia from the (35,610 sq mi)[6][7]
Carthaginians during the Second Punic War. In the process (109th)
they conquered Cale, renaming it Portus Cale ('Port of Cale') • Water (%) 1.2 (2015)[8]
and incorporating it into the province of Gallaecia. During the Population
Middle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by • 2022 estimate 10,467,366[9] (90th)
the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale. The name Portucale • 2021 census 10,343,066[10]
changed into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries, and • Density 113.5/km2 (294.0/sq mi)
by the 9th century, it was used to refer to the region between
GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate
the rivers Douro and Minho. By the 11th and 12th centuries,
• Total $465.1 billion[11] (50th)
Portugale, Portugallia, Portvgallo or Portvgalliae was already
• Per capita $45,227[11] (41st)
referred to as Portugal.
GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate
$276.4 billion[11] (50th)
History • Total
• Per capita $26,879[11] (41st)

Gini (2023) 33.7[12]

Prehistory medium
The region has been inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 HDI (2022) 0.874[13]
years ago, when Homo heidelbergensis entered the area. The very high (42nd)
oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old
Currency Euro[d] (€) (EUR)
Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis skull discovered in the Cave of
Aroeira in 2014.[23] Later Neanderthals roamed the northern Time zone UTC (WET)
UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores)
Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da
• Summer (DST) UTC+1 (WEST)
Columbeira cave in Estremadura.[24] Homo sapiens sapiens UTC (Atlantic/Azores)
arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago and spread Note: Continental
rapidly.[25] Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal. The Cynetes Portugal and Madeira use
developed a written language, leaving stelae, which are mainly WET/WEST; the Azores
are 1 hour behind.
found in the south.
Calling code +351
Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts
ISO 3166 code PT
invaded Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried with
the local populations to form several different ethnic groups. Internet TLD .pt
The Celtic presence is patent in archaeological and linguistic
evidence. They dominated most of northern and central Portugal, while the south maintained its older
character (believed non-Indo-European, likely related to Basque) until the
Roman conquest.[26] In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent
commercial coastal settlements were also founded by Phoenician-
Carthaginians.

Roman Portugal
Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians,
Rome's adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal
Chalcolithic Dolmen Anta da Arca
colonies. During Julius Caesar's rule, almost the entire peninsula was
annexed to Rome. The conquest took two hundred years and many died,
including those sentenced to work in slave mines or sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. Roman
occupation suffered a setback in 155 BC, when a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other
native tribes, under the leadership of Viriathus,[27][28] wrested control of all of western Iberia. Rome sent
legions to quell the rebellion but were unsuccessful. Roman leaders bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him in 139
BC; he was replaced by Tautalus.

In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province was separated from the
province of Tarraconensis, under Emperor Diocletian's reforms, known as Gallaecia.[29] There are still ruins
of castros (hill forts) and remains of the Castro culture, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga.

Germanic kingdoms
In 409, with the decline of the Roman Empire, the Iberian Peninsula was
occupied by Germanic tribes.[30] In 411, with a federation contract with
Emperor Honorius, many of these people settled in Hispania. An
important group was made up of the Suebi and Vandals in Gallaecia, who
founded a Suebi Kingdom with its capital in Braga. They came to dominate
Aeminium (Coimbra) as well, and there were Visigoths to the south.[31]
The Suebi and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most
lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As
elsewhere in Western Europe, there was a sharp decline in urban life
during the Dark Ages.[32]

Roman institutions disappeared in the wake of the Germanic invasions

with the exception of ecclesiastical organizations, which were fostered by
Map of the Kingdom of the Suebi in
the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. the 5th and 6th centuries
Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of Arianism and
Priscillianism, they adopted Catholicism from the local inhabitants. St.
Martin of Braga was a particularly influential evangelist.[31]

In 429, the Visigoths moved south to expel the Alans and Vandals and founded a kingdom with its capital in
Toledo. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. In 585, the Visigothic King Liuvigild
conquered Braga and annexed Gallaecia; the Iberian Peninsula was unified under a Visigothic Kingdom.[31] A
new class emerged, unknown in Roman times: a nobility, which played a key social and political role during
the Middle Ages. It was under the Visigoths that the Church began to play an important part within the state.
As the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on bishops to continue the Roman
system of governance. The laws were made by councils of bishops, and the clergy emerged as a high-ranking
class.

Islamic period
Today's continental Portugal, along with most of modern Spain, was invaded from the South and became part
of al-Andalus between 726 and 1249, following the Umayyad Caliphate conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. This
rule lasted decades in the North, up to five centuries in the South.[33]
After defeating the Visigoths in a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the
peninsula. Beginning in 726, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's
empire of Damascus, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under
Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. The Emirate became the Caliphate of
Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution in 1031, into 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.[33]

The governors of the taifas proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic
relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of present-day Portugal fell into the hands of the
Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and in 1022 the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa
period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids in 1086, then by the Almohads in 1147.[34] Al-Andaluz was
divided into districts called Kura. Gharb Al-Andalus at its largest consisted of ten kuras,[35] each with a
distinct capital and governor. The main cities were in the southern half of the country: Beja, Silves, Alcácer do
Sal, Santarém and Lisbon. The Muslim population consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam and
Berbers.[36] The Arabs (mainly noblemen from Syria) although a minority, constituted the elite. The Berbers
who joined them, were nomads from the Rif Mountains of North Africa.[33]

Invasions from the North also occurred in this period, with Viking incursions raiding the coast between the
9th and 11th centuries, including Lisbon.[37][38] This resulted in the establishment of small Norse settlements
in the coastline between Douro and Minho.[39]

Reconquista
The Reconquista was a period when Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula
from Moorish domination. An Asturian Visigothic noble named Pelagius of Asturias
was elected leader in 718[40] by many of the ousted Visigoth nobles. Pelagius called
for the remnants of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and
regroup in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, known today as the
Cantabrian Mountains, in north-west Spain.[41] After defeating the Moors in the
Battle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the
Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest.[41]

At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal between the rivers Minho and
Douro, was reconquered from the Moors by nobleman and knight Vímara Peres on
the orders of King Alfonso III of Asturias.[42] Finding many towns deserted, he
decided to repopulate and rebuild them.[43] A statue of Count
Vímara Peres, first
Vímara Peres elevated the region to the status of County, naming it the County of Count of Portugal
Portugal after its major port city – Portus Cale or modern Porto. One of the first
cities he founded is Vimaranes, known today as Guimarães – "birthplace of the
Portuguese nation" or the "cradle city".[43]

After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King
Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region
became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália.[43] With the forced abdication of
Alfonso III in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms; they were reunited in 924
under the crown of León.

In 1093 Alfonso VI of León bestowed the county to Henry of Burgundy and married him to his daughter,
Teresa of León. Henry thus became Henry, Count of Portugal and based his newly formed county from
Bracara Augusta (modern Braga).

Independence
In the Battle of São Mamede in 1128, Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother Countess
Teresa and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava, establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso continued his father
Henry of Burgundy's Reconquista wars. His campaigns were successful and in 1139, he obtained a victory in
the Battle of Ourique, so was proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. This is
traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal became the
independent Kingdom of Portugal. Afonso was recognized in 1143 by King Alfonso
VII of León, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III as Afonso I of Portugal. Afonso
Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, continued pushing
southwards against the Moors. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of
the Algarve and expulsion of the last Moorish settlements. With minor
readjustments, Portugal's territorial borders have remained the same, making it one
of the oldest established nations in Europe.

After a conflict with the kingdom of Castile, Denis of Portugal signed the Treaty of
Alcañices in 1297 with Ferdinand IV of Castile. This treaty established the border
between the kingdoms of Portugal and Leon. The reigns of Denis, Afonso IV, and
Peter I mostly saw peace with the other kingdoms of Iberia.
King Afonso I of
In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Portugal ruled between
1143–1185.
Death.[44] In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, the oldest standing
alliance in the world.

Age of Discoveries
In 1383 John I of Castile, Beatrice of Portugal, and Ferdinand I of Portugal
claimed the throne of Portugal. John of Aviz, later John I of Portugal, defeated
the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota, and the House of Aviz became the
ruling house. The new ruling dynasty led Portugal to the limelight of European
politics and culture. They created and sponsored literature, such as a history of
Portugal, by Fernão Lopes.[45][46][47]

Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of

Discovery under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator. Portugal
explored the Atlantic, encountering the Azores, Madeira, and Portuguese Cape
Verde, which led to the first colonization movements. The Portuguese explored
the Indian Ocean, established trade routes in most of southern Asia, and sent
the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China Vera Cruz Caravel replica
(Jorge Álvares) and Japan (Nanban trade). In 1415, Portugal acquired its first sailing on the Tagus River,
colonies by conquering Ceuta, in North Africa. Throughout the 15th century, near Lisbon
Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for
commodities, ranging from gold to slavery. Portugal discovered the Portuguese
India Armadas via the Cape of Good Hope.

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 was intended to resolve a dispute created following the return of Christopher
Columbus and divided the newly located lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a line west
of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. In 1498 Vasco da Gama became the first European to
reach India by sea, bringing economic prosperity to Portugal and helping to start the Portuguese Renaissance.
In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real reached what is now Canada and founded the town of
Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, one of many Portuguese colonies of the Americas.[48][49][50]

In 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on Colonial Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.[51] Ten years later, Afonso
de Albuquerque conquered Goa in India, Muscat and Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca, now in
Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic.
Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe, landing in Taiwan, Japan,
Timor, Flores, and the Moluccas. Although it was believed the Dutch were the first Europeans to arrive in
Australia, there is evidence the Portuguese may have discovered it in 1521.[52][53][54]
Between 1519 and 1522 Ferdinand Magellan organized a Spanish
expedition to the East Indies which resulted in the first
circumnavigation of the globe. The Treaty of Zaragoza, signed in
1529 between Portugal and Spain, divided the Pacific Ocean
between Spain and Portugal.[55]

Iberian Union and Restoration

Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union (1580–1640) Areas that were, at some point, part of the
because the last two kings of the House of Aviz died without Portuguese Empire.
heirs, resulting in the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580.
Philip II of Spain claimed the throne and was accepted as Philip
I of Portugal. Portugal did not lose its formal independence, forming a union of kingdoms. But the joining of
the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy, and led to its involvement in the Eighty
Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.

War led to a deterioration of relations with Portugal's oldest ally, England,

and the loss of Hormuz, a strategic trading post located between Iran and
Oman. From 1595 to 1663 the Dutch-Portuguese War primarily involved
Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies and commercial interests
in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of Portugal's
Indian sea trade monopoly.

In 1640 John IV of Portugal spearheaded an uprising backed by

disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The Portuguese Restoration Palace of Mafra built by John V, now
a UNESCO World Heritage Site
War ended the 60-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of
Habsburg. This was the beginning of the House of Braganza, which
reigned until 1910. John V saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the royal treasury, supplied
largely by the royal fifth (tax on precious metals) from the Portuguese colonies of Brazil and Maranhão. Most
estimates place the number of Portuguese migrants to Colonial Brazil during the gold rush of the 18th century
at 600,000.[56] This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies,
during colonial times.

Pombaline era and Enlightenment

In 1738 Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, later ennobled 1st Marquis of
Pombal, began a career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London, then
later in Vienna. Joseph I, was crowned in 1750 and him as Minister of
Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in Carvalho e Melo increased, he
entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Carvalho e Melo
was made Prime Minister.

Impressed by British economic success witnessed as Ambassador, he

successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal.
The Marquis of Pombal effectively
ruled Portugal during the reign of
In 1761, during the reign of King José I, he banned the import of black
Joseph I of Portugal
slaves into mainland Portugal and India, not for humanitarian reasons,
which were foreign to his nature, but because they were a necessary work
force in Brazil. At the same time, he encouraged the trade of black slaves ("the pieces", in the terms of that
time) to that colony, and with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal, two companies
were founded - the Companhia do Grão-Pará e Maranhão and the Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e
Paraíba - whose main activity was precisely the trafficking of slaves, mostly Africans, to Brazilian lands.[57][58]
He reorganized the army and navy and ended legal discrimination against different Christian sects. He created
companies and guilds to regulate commercial activity and one of the first appellation systems by demarcating
the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality. This was the first attempt to control wine quality
and production in Europe. He imposed strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society, along with a
widespread review of the tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes.

Lisbon was struck by a major earthquake on November 1st 1755, magnitude estimated to have been between
7.7–9.0, with casualties ranging from 12,000 to 50,000.[59]

Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister

more power, and Carvalho de Melo became an enlightened
despot.

In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination.

The Marquis of Távora, several members of his family and
even servants were tortured and executed in public with
extreme brutality (even by the standards of the time), as The 1755 Lisbon earthquake devastated Portugal.
alleged part of the Távora affair.[60][61][62]

The following year, the Jesuits were suppressed and expelled. This crushed opposition by publicly
demonstrating even the aristocracy was powerless before Pombal. Further titled "Marquês de Pombal" in
1770, he ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1777. The new ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked
Pombal because of his excesses, and upon her accession to the throne, withdrew all his political offices.
Pombal was banished to his estate at Pombal, where he died in 1782.

Historians argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for
enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition,
suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial exploitation and consolidating personal control, and profit.[63]

Crises of the 19th century

In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to accede to the Continental
System of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under
General Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807. British
intervention in the Peninsular War helped maintain Portuguese
independence; the last French troops were expelled in 1812.[64]

Rio de Janeiro in Brazil was the Portuguese capital between 1808 and
1821. In 1820, constitutionalist insurrections took place at Porto and In pink are areas in Africa claimed
Lisbon. Lisbon regained its status as the capital of Portugal when Brazil by Portugal before the 1890 British
declared its independence in 1822. The death of King John VI in 1826 led Ultimatum
to a crisis of royal succession. His eldest son, Pedro I of Brazil, briefly
became Pedro IV of Portugal, but neither the Portuguese nor Brazilians
wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his 7-year-old
daughter, Maria da Glória, on the condition that when she came of age she would marry his brother, Miguel.
Dissatisfaction at Pedro's constitutional reforms led the "absolutist" faction of landowners and the church to
proclaim Miguel king in February 1828. This led to the Liberal Wars in which Pedro forced Miguel to abdicate
and go into exile in 1834 and place his daughter on throne as Queen Maria II of Portugal.

After 1815 the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control
of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836. In Portuguese India, trade flourished in
the colony of Goa, with its subsidiary colonies of Macau, near Hong Kong, and Timor, north of Australia. The
Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most
settlers continued to head to Brazil.[65][66]
The 1890 British Ultimatum was an attempt to force the retreat of Portuguese military forces in the land
between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola. The area had been claimed by Portugal, which
included it in its "Pink Map", but this clashed with British aspirations to create a railway between Cairo and
Cape Town, thereby linking its colonies. This diplomatic clash led to waves of protest and prompted the
downfall of the Portuguese government. The Ultimatum was considered by Portuguese historians and
politicians at that time, to be the most outrageous action of the British against her oldest ally.[67]

First Republic and Estado Novo

On 5 October 1910, a coup d'état overthrew the near 800 year-old Monarchy
and the Republic was proclaimed. During World War I, Portugal helped the
Allies fight the Central Powers; however the war hurt its weak economy.
Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos
and unrest during the First Portuguese Republic. These conditions led to the
failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and creation of the
National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional). This in turn led to the right-
wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo (New State), under António de Oliveira
António de Oliveira Salazar ruled
Salazar in 1933.
Portugal between 1932-68,
within the Estado Novo regime.
Portugal remained neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to 1960s,
Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD, the European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) and joined the United Nations in 1955. New economic
development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens, into
the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and
Mozambique, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were
used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not a
colonial empire.
Paratroopers in a Portuguese Air
Force helicopter during the
Pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, separated those territories
Portuguese Colonial War
from Portuguese rule in 1954.[68] In 1961, Fort of São João Baptista de
Ajudá's annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the start of a process
that led to the dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire. Another forcible retreat occurred in 1961
when Portugal refused to relinquish Goa. The Portuguese were involved in armed conflict in Portuguese India
against the Indian Armed Forces. The operations resulted in the defeat and loss of the remaining Portuguese
territories in the Indian subcontinent. The Portuguese regime refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over the
annexed territories, which continued to be represented in the National Assembly until the coup of 1974.

Also in the early 1960s the independence movements in the Portuguese oversaw the provinces of Portuguese
Angola, Portuguese Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea in Africa, resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War
lasting from 1961 till 1974). The war mobilized around 1.4 million men for military or for civilian support
service,[69] and led to large casualties. Throughout the colonial war period Portugal dealt with increasing
dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by the international community. The
authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime, first governed by Salazar and from 1968 by Marcelo
Caetano, tried to preserve the empire.[70]

Carnation Revolution and return to democracy

The government and army resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a left-
wing military coup in Lisbon, the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of territories, as
well as the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo
Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by power disputes between left- and right-wing
political forces. By the summer of 1975, the tension was so high, that the country was on the verge of civil war.
Forces connected to the extreme left-wing launched another coup on 25 November, but a military faction, the
Group of Nine, initiated a counter-coup.
The Group of Nine emerged victorious, preventing the establishment of a
communist state and ending political instability. The retreat from the overseas
territories prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from its African
territories.[71][72] Over one million Portuguese refugees fled the former
Portuguese provinces, as white settlers were usually not considered part of the
former colonies. By 1975, all Portuguese African territories were independent
and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years.

Portugal continued to be governed by a National Salvation Junta until the

Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist
Party and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister. Soares would be
Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and 1983 to 1985. Soares tried to resume the
economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Crowd celebrates on a
Carnation Revolution. He initiated the process of accession to the European Panhard EBR armoured car
Economic Community (EEC). in Lisbon on 25 April 1974.

After the transition to democracy, Portugal flipped between socialism and

adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese
Constitution was rewritten to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the revisions of 1982
and 1989, the constitution had references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist
economy. Portugal's economic situation after the revolution obliged the government to pursue International
Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programmes in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

In 1986 Portugal alongside Spain, joined the European Economic

Community which later became the European Union (EU). Portugal's
economy progressed considerably as a result of European Structural and
Investment Funds and companies' easier access to foreign markets.

Portugal's last overseas territory, Macau, was peacefully handed over to

China in 1999. In 2002, the independence of East Timor (Asia) was
formally recognized by Portugal. In 1995, Portugal started to implement The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in
Schengen Area rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen 2007, when Portugal held the
members. Expo '98 took place in Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the presidency for the European Council

founding countries of the euro and eurozone. In 2004 José Manuel

Barroso, the then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of
the European Commission. On 1 December 2009 the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, enhancing the
efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union. Economic disruption and an unsustainable growth in
government debt during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 led the country to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF
and the European Union, through the European Financial Stability Mechanism and the European Financial
Stability Facility, a loan to help the country stabilize its finances.

Geography
Portugal occupies an area on the Iberian Peninsula (referred to as the continent by most Portuguese) and two
archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean: Madeira and the Azores. It lies between latitudes 30° and 42° N, and
longitudes 32° and 6° W.

Continental Portugal is split by its main river, the Tagus, that flows from Spain and disgorges in the Tagus
Estuary at Lisbon, before escaping into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the
interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south, including the Algarve and the
Alentejo regions, is characterized by rolling plains.[73]

Portugal's highest peak is Mount Pico on Pico Island in the Azores. The archipelagos of Madeira and the
Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on a tectonic
triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed by in-plate hotspot geology. Geologically, these islands
were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic
eruption occurred in 1957–58 (Capelinhos) and minor earthquakes occur
sporadically.

The exclusive economic zone, a sea zone over which the Portuguese have
special rights in exploration and use of marine resources, covers an area of
1,727,408 km2 (666,956 sq mi). This is the 3rd largest exclusive economic
zone of the European Union and the 20th largest in the world.[74]

Climate
Portugal is mainly characterized by a Mediterranean climate,[75]
temperate maritime climate in the mainland north-western highlands and
mountains, and in high altitude zones of the Azorean islands; a semi-arid
climate in parts of the Beja District far south and in Porto Santo Island, a
tropical savanna climate in Madeira, a hot desert climate in the Selvagens
Islands and a humid subtropical climate in the western Azores, according
to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. It is one of the warmest
countries in Europe: the average temperature in mainland Portugal varies
from 10–12 °C (50.0–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16– Topography and administration
18 °C (60.8–64.4 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. There
are variations from the highlands to the lowlands.[76] The Algarve,
separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto da Fóia, has a
climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

Annual average rainfall in the mainland varies from just over 3,200 millimetres (126.0 in) on the Peneda-
Gerês National Park to less than 500 millimetres (19.7 in) in southern parts of Alentejo. Mount Pico receives
the largest annual rainfall (over 6,250 millimetres (246.1 in) per year), according to Instituto Português do
Mar e da Atmosfera.

In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual diurnal average temperatures can be as high as 24.5 °C
(76.1 °F), and summer's highest temperatures are routinely over 40 °C (104 °F). The record high of 47.4 °C
(117.3 °F) was recorded in Amareleja.[77][78]

Snowfalls occur regularly in the winter in the interior North and Centre,
particularly on the mountains. In winter, temperatures may drop below
−10.0 °C (14.0 °F). In these places snow can fall any time from October to May.
In the South snowfalls are rare but still occur in the highest elevations. While
the official absolute minimum by IPMA is −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) in Penhas da Saúde
and Miranda do Douro, lower temperatures have been recorded. Continental
Portugal receives around 2,300-3,200 hours of sunshine annually, an average of
4–6 hours in winter and 10–12 hours in the summer, with higher values in the
south-east, south-west, Algarve coast and lower in the north-west.

Portugal's central west and southwest coasts have an extreme ocean seasonal
lag; sea temperatures are warmer in October than in July and are their coldest
in March. The average sea surface temperature on the west coast of mainland
Portugal varies from 14–16 °C (57.2–60.8 °F) in January−March to 19–21 °C
The Marinha Beach in the
(66.2–69.8 °F) in August−October while on the south coast it ranges from 16 °C
Algarve is considered by the
(60.8 °F) in January−March and rises in the summer to about 22–23 °C (71.6– Michelin Guide, one of the 10
73.4 °F), occasionally reaching 26 °C (78.8 °F).[79] In the Azores, around 16 °C most beautiful beaches in
(60.8 °F) in February−April to 22–24 °C (71.6–75.2 °F) in July−September,[80] Europe.
and in Madeira, around 18 °C (64.4 °F) in February−April to 23–24 °C (73.4–
75.2 °F) in August−October.[81]
Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist. The Madeira and
Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C
(68 °F) in some parts of the coast.[82] Some islands in Azores have drier months in the summer.
Consequently, the islands of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate, while some
islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Humid subtropical, transitioning into an Oceanic climate at
higher altitudes. Porto Santo Island in Madeira has a warm semi-arid climate. The Savage Islands, which are
part of the regional territory of Madeira and a nature reserve are unique in being classified as a desert climate
with an annual average rainfall of approximately 150 millimetres (5.9 in).

Biodiversity of Portugal
Portugal is located on the Mediterranean Basin, the third most diverse
hotspot of flora in the world.[83]

It is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: Azores temperate mixed forests,

Cantabrian mixed forests, Madeira evergreen forests, Iberian
sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests, Northwest Iberian montane
forests, and Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed
forests.[84] Over 22% of its land area is included in the Natura 2000
network.[85][83] Eucalyptus, cork oak and maritime pine together make up
71% of the total forested area of continental Portugal.[86]

Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic Peneda-Gerês National Park is the
species that later turn to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. only nationally designated park in
Around 20 percent of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal, owing to the rarity and
Portugal are exotic.[87] Portugal is the second country in Europe with the significance of its environment

highest number of threatened animal and plant species.[88][89]

Portugal as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.[90][91]

The large mammalian species of Portugal (deer, Iberian ibex, wild boar, red fox, Iberian wolf and Iberian lynx)
were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation and growing pressure
from agriculture and livestock reduced population on a large scale in the 19th and early 20th century, others,
such as the Portuguese ibex were even led to extinction. Today, these animals are re-expanding their native
range.[92][93]

The Portuguese west coast is part of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems of the ocean. This
seasonal upwelling system typically seen during the summer months brings cooler, nutrient rich water up to
the sea surface promoting phytoplankton growth, zooplankton development and the subsequent rich diversity
in pelagic fish and other marine invertebrates.[94] This makes Portugal one of the largest per capita fish-
consumers in the world.[95] 73% of the freshwater fish occurring in the Iberian Peninsula are endemic, the
largest out of any region in Europe.[96]

Some protected areas of Portugal include: the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros,[97] the Southwest Alentejo and
Vicentine Coast Natural Park,[98] and the Montesinho Natural Park which hosts some of the only populations
of Iberian wolf and Iberian brown bear.[99]

Politics
Portugal has been a semi-presidential representative democratic republic since the ratification of the
Constitution of 1976, with Lisbon, the nation's largest city, as its capital.[100] The Constitution grants the
division or separation of powers among four sovereignty bodies: the President of the Republic, the
Government, the Assembly of the Republic and the Courts.[101]
The Head of State is the President of the Republic, elected to a
five-year term by direct, universal suffrage; the current
President is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Presidential powers
include the appointment of the Prime Minister and other
members of the Government; dismissing the Prime Minister;
dissolving the Assembly; vetoing legislation (which may be
overridden by the Assembly); and declaring war. The President
has also supervisory and reserve powers and is the ex officio
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President is
advised on issues of importance by the Council of State.[102]
President Prime Minister
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Luís Montenegro
Government
The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament
composed of a maximum of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term.[103]
The Government is headed by the Prime Minister and includes Ministers
and Secretaries of State, that have full executive powers.[104] The Council
of Ministers – under the Prime Minister (or the President at the latter's
request) and the Ministers – acts as the cabinet.[105] The Courts are
organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal
branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A
Belém Palace serves as the official
thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the residence and workplace of the
laws.[106] President of the Republic

Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local

administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The
Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities
and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party
and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to Enough, the Liberal
Initiative, the Left Bloc, the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese
Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), LIVRE, the CDS –
People's Party and the People Animals Nature.[107]

Assembly of the Republic building in

Foreign relations Lisbon
A member state of the United Nations since 1955, Portugal is a founding
member of NATO (1949), the OECD (1961) and EFTA (1960); it left the
last in 1986 to join the European Economic Community, which became the European Union in 1993. In 1996,
Portugal co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone
Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations where
Portuguese is an official language.

Portugal was a full member of the Latin Union (1983) and the Organization of Ibero-American States (1949).
It has a friendship alliance and dual citizenship treaty with its former colony, Brazil. Portugal and the United
Kingdom share the world's oldest active military accord through their Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (Treaty of
Windsor), signed in 1373.

Territorial disputes
Olivenza: Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the
Treaty of Badajoz in 1801, after the War of the Oranges. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the Treaty of
Vienna. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory
theirs not only de facto but also de jure.[108]
Savage Islands: A small group of mostly uninhabited islets which fall under Portuguese Madeira's regional
autonomous jurisdiction. Found in 1364 by Italian mariners under the service of Prince Henry The
Navigator,[109] it was first noted by Portuguese navigator Diogo Gomes de Sintra in 1438. Historically, the
islands have belonged to private Portuguese owners from the 16th century on, until 1971[110] when the
government purchased them and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago. The
islands have been claimed by Spain since 1911,[111] and the dispute has caused some periods of political
tension between the two countries.[112] The main problem for Spain's attempts to claim these small islands,
has been not so much their intrinsic value, but the fact that they expand Portugal's exclusive economic zone
considerably to the south, in detriment of Spain.[113] The Selvagens Islands have been tentatively added to
UNESCO's world heritage list in 2017.[114]

Military
The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force,
commanded by the Portuguese Armed Forces General Staff. They serve
primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial
integrity of the country but can also be used in offensive missions in
foreign territories.[115] In recent years, the Portuguese Armed Forces have
carried out several NATO and European Union military missions in
various territories, namely in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Kosovo, Mali, Central African Republic, Somalia, Portuguese Navy frigate NRP
Mozambique and East Timor. As of 2023, the three branches numbered Bartolomeu Dias
24.000 military personnel. Portuguese military expenditure in 2023 was
more than 4 billion US$, representing 1.48 per cent of GDP.[116]

The Army of 11,000 personnel comprises three brigades and other small units. An Infantry Brigade (mainly
equipped with Pandur II APC, M114 howitzer and MIM-72 Chaparral air defence systems), a Mechanized
Brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113A2 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade
(consisting of Paratroopers, Commandos, Rangers and Artillery Regiment). The Navy (7,000 personnel, of
which 900 are marines), the world's oldest surviving naval force, has five frigates, two corvettes, two
submarines, and 20 oceanic patrol vessels. The Air Force (6,000 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16M Fighting
Falcon as the main combat aircraft.

In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a security force
subject to military law and organization (gendarmerie) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the
authority of both the Defence and the Interior Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in
international operations in Iraq and East Timor.

The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in
the Azores. The Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon (JFC Lisbon) is one of the three main subdivisions of
NATO's Allied Command Operations.

Law and justice

The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system. The main
laws include the Constitution (1976), the Portuguese Civil Code (1966) and
the Penal Code of Portugal (1982), as amended. Other relevant laws are
the Commercial Code (1888) and the Civil Procedure Code (1961).
Portuguese laws were applied in the former colonies and territories and
continue to be influences for those countries.

The supreme national courts are the Supreme Court of Justice and the
Constitutional Court. The Public Ministry, headed by the Attorney General Lisbon's Campus of Justice
of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors.
Drug decriminalisation was declared in 2001, making Portugal the first country to allow usage and personal
possession of all common drugs. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug
consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with HIV infection cases,
which dropped 50 percent by 2009. Overall drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds declined, however use of
marijuana rose slightly.[117][118][119]

LGBT rights in Portugal have increased substantially in the 21st century. In 2003, Portugal added an anti-
discrimination employment law on the basis of sexual orientation.[120] In 2004, sexual orientation was added
to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.[121] In 2010, Portugal became
the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalize same-sex marriage at the national level.[122]

LGBT adoption has been allowed since 2016[123] as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted
reproduction.[124] In 2017 the Law of Gender Identity,[125] simplified the legal process of gender and name
change for transgender people, making it easier for minors to change their sex marker in legal documents.[126]
In 2018, the right to gender identity and gender expression self-determination became protected, intersex
minors became protected by law from unnecessary medical procedures "until the minor gender identity
manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics became
protected by the same law.[127]

Euthanasia has been legalised after reviews in parliament. Nationals over 18 who are terminally ill and in
extreme suffering, but who can still decide to, will have the legal right to request assisted dying. However,
non-residents will not.[128] Despite the Parliamentary approval, Euthanasia legislation is yet to be regulated
and a timeline for it is still unknown, meaning that Euthanasia is currently on hold.[129]

Law enforcement
Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional
Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the
Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian
police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ
(Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is
overseen by the Public Ministry.

Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total run by the Ministry of

Public Security Police agents
Justice. They include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons,
patrolling in bicycles
twenty-seven regional prisons, and one 'Cadeia de Apoio' (Support
Detention Centre).[130] As of 1 January 2023, their current prison
population is about 12,257 inmates, which comes to about 0.12% of their entire population.[131] The
incarceration rate has been on the rise since 2010, with a 15% increase over the past eight years.[132]

Administrative divisions
Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (municípios or concelhos), which after a reform
in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and
civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally local administrative units identified by
the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be
used as catchment for the defining services).

Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are
governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal and
the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).

The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: Aveiro, Beja, Braga, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora,
Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisbon, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real and Viseu –
each district takes the name of the district capital.
Within the European Union NUTS system, Portugal is divided into seven regions: the Azores, Alentejo,
Algarve, Centro, Lisboa, Madeira and Norte, and with the exception of the Azores and Madeira, NUTS areas
are subdivided into 28 subregions.

Regions[133]
Region Capital Area Population

1 North Region Porto 21,284 km2 3,586,586

(8,218 sq mi)
2 Central Region Coimbra 28,200 km2 2,227,239
(10,888 sq mi)
3 Lisbon Region Lisbon 3,001 km2 2,870,208
(1,159 sq mi)
4 Alentejo Region Évora 31,603 km2 704,533
(12,202 sq mi)
5 Algarve Region Faro 4,960 km2 467,343
(1,915 sq mi)
Madeira Autonomous
6 Funchal 801 km2 (309 sq mi) 250,744
Region
7
Azores Autonomous Ponta 2,333 km2 236,413
Region Delgada (901 sq mi)
Districts[133]
District Area Population District Area Population

1 Lisbon 2,761km2 2,275,385 10 Guarda 5,518 km2 142,974

(1,066 sq mi) (2,131 sq mi)
2 Leiria 3,517 km2 458,605 11 Coimbra 3,947 km2 408,551
(1,358 sq mi) (1,524 sq mi)
3 Santarém 6,747 km2 424,973 12 Aveiro 2,808 km2 700,787
(2,605 sq mi) (1,084 sq mi)
4 Setúbal 5,064 km2 874,806 13 Viseu 5,007 km2 351,292
(1,955 sq mi) (1,933 sq mi)
5 Beja 10,225 km2 144,401 14 Bragança 6,608 km2 122,804
(3,948 sq mi) (2,551 sq mi)
6 Faro 4,960 km2 467,343 15 Vila Real 4,328 km2 185,695
(1,915 sq mi) (1,671 sq mi)
7 Évora 7,393 km2 152,444 16 Porto 2,395 km2 1,785,405
(2,854 sq mi) (925 sq mi)
8 Portalegre 6,065 km2 104,923 17 Braga 2,673 km2 846,293
(2,342 sq mi) (1,032 sq mi)
Castelo 6,675 km2 Viana do 2,255 km2
9 177,962 18 231,266
Branco (2,577 sq mi) Castelo (871 sq mi)

Economy
Portugal is a developed and high-income country[134][135][136] with a GDP
per capita of 79% of the EU27 average in 2022 (an increase from 75% in
2021)[137] and a HDI of 0.87 (the 38th highest in the world) in
2021.[138][139] It holds the 14th largest gold reserve at its national central
bank,[140] has the 8th largest proven reserves of lithium,[141][142][143] with
total exports representing 49% of its GDP in 2022.[144] Portugal has been
a net beneficiary of the European Union budget since it joined the union,
then known as EEC, in 1986.[145][146][147][148] Vasco da Gama Tower in Parque
das Nações with the Vasco da
By the end of 2022, GDP (PPP) was $44,963 per capita, according to the Gama Bridge, the longest bridge in
OECD.[149] In 2021, Portugal had the 4th lowest GDP per capita (PPP) of the EU, in Lisbon
the eurozone out of 19 members, and the 8th lowest of the European
Union out of 27 member-states.[150] In 2022, labour productivity had
fallen to the fourth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than
the EU average.[151] Within the EU, Portugal's economy ranks lower than most Western states.[152]
Portugal was an original member of the eurozone. The national currency, the euro (€) started transitioning
from the Portuguese Escudo in 2000 and consolidated in 2002. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de
Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial
institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas – the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga,
Coimbra, Leiria and Faro districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas. According
to World Travel Awards, Portugal was Europe's Leading Golf Destination in 2013.[153]

Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases
of economic expansion,[154] a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[155]
After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a
process that continues. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model
has changed to a system focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector.
Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear
and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer),[156] wood products and beverages.[157]

In the 2010s, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, which resulted in the
country receiving a 78-billion-euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in
May 2011.[158] At the end of 2023, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell below 100%, to 98.7%.[159]

The average salary is €1,046 per month, excluding self-employed individuals[160] and the minimum wage,
which is regulated by law, is €820 per month (paid 14 times per annum) as of 2024.[161] The Global
Competitiveness Report for 2019, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal 34th. The
Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world in 2023.[136]

Companies listed on Euronext Lisbon stock exchange like EDP, Galp,

Jerónimo Martins, Mota-Engil, Novabase, Semapa, Portucel Soporcel,
Portugal Telecom and Sonae, are amongst the largest corporations by
number of employees, net income or international market share. The
Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange and part of the pan-
European group of stock exchanges Euronext. The PSI-20 is Portugal's
most selective and widely known stock index. Volkswagen Autoeuropa cars in the
Port of Setúbal
The OECD economic reports since 2018 show recovery.[162][163][164] Rents
and house prices have skyrocketed in Portugal, particularly Lisbon, where
rents jumped 37% in 2022. The 8% inflation rate in the same year exacerbated the problem.[165] According to
the IMF, Portugal's economic recovery from the COVID pandemic in 2022 was substantially better than the
EU average. Although modest, economic growth continued in 2023 while inflation continued decreasing to
5%.[166][167]

In 2024 the annual inflation level is forecast at 2.3% accompanied by a small economic growth.[168][169]

Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector
also includes larger scale intensive farming, export-oriented agrobusinesses. The country produces a variety of
crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, wheat, barley, maize, olives,
oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef. According
to FAO, Portugal is the top producer of cork and carob in the world, accounting for about 50% and 30% of
world production, respectively.[170] It is the third largest exporter of chestnuts and third largest European
producer of pulp.[171] Portugal is among the world's top ten largest olive oil producers and fourth largest
exporter.[172] The country is one of the world's largest exporters of wine, reputed for its fine wines. Forestry
has played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry. In 2001, the gross
agricultural product accounted for 4% of the economy; in 2022 it was 2%.[173]

Tourism
Travel and tourism is an extremely important part of Portugal's economy.
It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions,
such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its
competitors.[174]

Portugal is among the top 20 most-visited countries, receiving an average

of 20,000,000 foreign tourists each year.[175] In 2014, Portugal was
elected The Best European Country by USA Today.[176] In 2017, Portugal
was elected both Europe's Leading Destination[177] and in 2018 and 2019, Portuguese coast in Algarve

World's Leading Destination[178]

Tourist hotspots in Portugal are: Lisbon, Cascais, Fatima, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and Coimbra. Lisbon
attracts the sixteenth-most tourists among European cities[179] (with seven million tourists occupying the
city's hotels in 2006).[180]

Science and technology

Scientific and technological research activities are mainly conducted
within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-
managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto
Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto
Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos. Funding and management of this
system is conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science,
Technology and Higher Education and the Fundação para a Ciência e
Tecnologia (Foundation for Science and Technology). The largest R&D Champalimaud Foundation, one of
units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer- the leading research centers for
reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions. neuroscience and oncology in the
world.
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions are the Instituto
Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a
neuroscience and oncology research centre. National and multinational high-tech and industrial companies,
are responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the
Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.

Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology
Laboratory and the Ibercivis distributed computing platform. Portugal is a member of pan-European scientific
organizations. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics
(CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe,
the Lisbon Oceanarium, and have other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and
divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva,[181] the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the
National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium. The European
Innovation Scoreboard 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation 15th, with increase in innovation expenditure
and output.[182] Portugal was ranked 30th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[183]

Transport
Portugal has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system
of 44 motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid (see Via Verde). Vasco da Gama bridge is the
longest bridge in the EU (the second longest in Europe) at 12.345 km.[185][186]

Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located
near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for
many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Air Portugal,
although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country.
The most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal
(Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport
authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal. A new airport, to replace
the current Lisbon airport, has been planned for more than 50 years, but it
has been always postponed by a series of reasons.[187]

A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into
Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Rail
transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) Marão tunnel, the longest road

of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are tunnel in the Iberian Peninsula.[184]

electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than
120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by Infraestruturas de Portugal while the transport of
passengers and goods are the responsibility of CP, both public companies. In 2006, the CP carried
133,000,000 passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.

The major seaports are located in Sines, Lisbon, Leixões, Setúbal, Aveiro,
Figueira da Foz, and Faro. The two largest metropolitan areas have
subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo light rail system in
the Lisbon metropolitan area, and Porto Metro light metro system in the
Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines.
Coimbra is currently developing a Bus rapid transit system, Metro
Mondego.

In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia Metro do Porto Bombardier Flexity
Swift train in Maia
de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram
network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remains,
began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have
their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.

Energy
Portugal has considerable resources of wind and hydropower. In 2006, the
world's then largest solar power plant, the Moura Photovoltaic Power
Station, began operating, while the world's first commercial wave power
farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By
2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel
power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by
wind energy.[188] In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing
43% of the nation's electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased
with severe droughts.[189] As of 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered Alqueva Dam, the largest dam and
imports and 70% of energy came from renewable sources.[190] artificial lake in Western Europe

Portugal's national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas

Nacionais (REN), uses modelling to predict weather, especially wind patterns. Before the solar/wind
revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New
programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night; then water flows
downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is
now two-way. It draws electricity small generators, like rooftop solar panels.

Demographics
Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE – Instituto Nacional de Estatística) estimates that, by 31 December
2022, the population was 10,467,366, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male.[10][191] In 2024 the median
life expectancy was 82.8 years[192] and United Nations projections point to 90 or above, by 2100.[193] The
population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history, with a
single religion (Catholic church) and language.

Despite good economic development, the Portuguese have been the

shortest in Europe since around 1890. This emerging height gap started in
the 1840s and increased. A driving factor was modest real wage growth,
given late industrialization and economic growth compared to the
European core. Another determinant was delayed human capital
formation.[194]

Portugal has to deal with low fertility levels: the country has experienced a
sub-replacement fertility rate since the 1980s.[195] The total fertility rate
(TFR) as of 2024 was estimated at 1.36 children born/woman, one of the
lowest in the world, similarly to countries such as Japan, South Korea,
Italy, all well below the replacement rate of 2.1,[196][197] and considerably
below the high of 5 children born per woman in 1911.[198] In 2016, 53% of
births were to unmarried women.[199] Portugal's population has been
steadily ageing and was the 11th oldest in the world, with a median age of Population density in Portugal by
46 years in 2023. In the same year, it had the world's 4th highest number municipality.
of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the whole population.[200][201]

The structure of Portuguese society shows social inequality, which in 2019 placed the country 24th in the
Social Justice Index, in the EU.[202] In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that
included tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to attract back those who left during the financial crisis of
2007–2008.[203] According to projections by the national statistics office, Portugal's population will fall to 7.7
million by 2080 from 10.3 million and the population will continue to age.[204]

According to a National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted shortly after the 2021 census, between
2022 and 2023, 6,4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%),
almost 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), 47,500 as Romani (<1%) and more than 262,000
identify as Mixed-race (3%).[205] The same study found that 1,4 million people, (13% of the population), have
immigration background, in which 947,500 are first generation immigrants, concentrated mainly in the
Lisbon metropolitan area and the Algarve.

Urbanization
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight metropolitan areas of Portugal.[206] Only two
have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two which
also have administrative legal status of metropolitan areas: Lisbon and Porto,[207][208] Several smaller
metropolitan areas (Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho and Viseu)[208] also held this status from 2003 to 2008,
when they were converted into intermunicipal communities, whose territories are (roughly) based on the
NUTS III statistical regions.[209][208]

Largest cities or towns in Portugal

INE 2022 Estimate[210]
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
1 Lisbon Lisboa 548,703 11 Oeiras Lisboa 172,742
2 Sintra Lisboa 388,767 12 Seixal Lisboa 169,797
Vila Nova de
3 Norte 307,563 13 Gondomar Norte 166,900
Gaia
Lisbon 4 Porto Norte 240,592 14 Guimarães Norte 156,277
5 Cascais Lisboa 213,928 15 Odivelas Lisboa 150,366 Vila Nova de Gaia
6 Loures Lisboa 203,724 16 Coimbra Centro 142,252
Santa Maria da
7 Braga Norte 197,594 17 Norte 138,344
Feira
Sintra 8 Almada Lisboa 178,254 18 Vila Franca de Xira Lisboa 137,994
 Vila Nova de
9 Matosinhos Norte 176,617 19 Norte 134,883
Famalicão
10 Amadora Lisboa 174,511 20 Leiria Centro 130,605

Porto
Immigration
As of 2022, Portugal has 10,467,366 inhabitants, of whom about
781,915 are legal resident foreigners.[212][213] Resident foreigners now
make up approximately 7.47% of the population. These figures do not
include people of foreign descent, as it is illegal to collect data based
on ethnicity in Portugal. For instance, more than 300,000 people
who have acquired Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2021
are not taken into account in immigration figures as they are
Foreigners living in Portugal as of 2022 by
Portuguese citizens.[214] In 2021 alone, almost 25,000 residents of
country of origin. Only communities with
foreign origin acquired Portuguese citizenship, of which 12,666 were 1,000+ residents are shown.[211]
female and 11,850 were male.[215]

Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry),[216] became
a country of net immigration,[217] and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African
(Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. In the aftermath of
the COVID-19 Pandemic, Portugal's emigration rate has increased and stood at 5.3% as of 2024.[218]

Since the 1990s, along with a boom in construction, several new waves of Ukrainian, Brazilian, Lusophone
Africans and other Africans have settled in the country. Romanians, Moldovans, Kosovo Albanians, Russians,
Bulgarians, and Chinese have also migrated to the country. Portugal's Romani population is estimated at
50,000.[219]

Numbers of Venezuelan, Pakistani, Indian, and Bangladeshi migrants are also significant. It is estimated that
over 30,000 seasonal, often illegal immigrants work in agriculture, mainly southern cities such as Odemira
where they are often exploited by organized seasonal workers' networks. These migrants, who often arrive
without due documentation or work contracts, make up over 90% of agricultural workers in the south of
Portugal. Most are Indo-Asians, from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand. In the interior of the
Alentejo there are many African workers. Significant numbers also come from Eastern Europe, Moldova,
Ukraine, Romania and Brazil.[220]

In addition, a number of EU citizens, mostly from Italy, France, Germany or other northern European
countries, have become permanent residents in the country.[221] There is also a large expatriate community
made up of Britons, Canadians and people from the United States of America. The British community is
mostly composed of retired pensioners who live in the Algarve and Madeira.

Religion
Roman Catholicism, which has a long history in Portugal, remains the dominant religion. Portugal has no
official religion, though in the past, the Catholic Church in Portugal was the state religion.[222][223]

According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was Roman Catholic Christian.[4] The
country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's
Witnesses, Baháʼí, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion
and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional African Herbal Medicine. Some 14.1% of the population
declared themselves to be non-religious.[4]

Portugal is a secular state: church and state were formally separated during the First Portuguese Republic,
and this was reiterated in the 1976 Portuguese Constitution. Other than the Constitution, the two most
important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in
1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom
Act. Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian
origin or connotation.

Languages
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Mirandese is also recognized
as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern
Portugal. It is part of the Astur-Leonese group of languages.[224] An estimate
of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for
Portugal.[225] Furthermore, a particular dialect known as Barranquenho,
Religion in Portugal
spoken in Barrancos, is also officially recognized and protected in Portugal
(Census 2021)[4]
since 2021.[226] Minderico, a sociolect of the Portuguese language, is spoken
by around 500 people in the town of Minde.[227] Roman Catholicism (80.20%)
Protestantism (2.13%)
According to the International English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high Jehovah's Witnesses
proficiency level in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking (0.72%)
European countries like Spain, Italy or France.[228] Eastern Orthodoxy (0.69%)
Other Christian (1.04%)
Islam (0.42%)
Education
Hinduism (0.22%)
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), Buddhism (0.19%)
basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary Judaism (0.03%)
education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education Other religion (0.28%)
(subdivided in university and polytechnic education). Universities are usually No religion (14.09%)
organized into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations
for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions.

The total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8% in 2021.[229] According
to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018,
Portugal scored around the OECD average in reading, mathematics and
science. Although, with a sharp downwards trend.[230][231] In reading and
mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in
2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of A sign in Mirandese in Miranda do
2015, and returned close to the level observed in 2009 and 2012, near Douro, Trás-os-Montes
below average.[232][233][234]

About 47.6% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education
institutions[235][236][237] (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD on average). In
addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for
international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totalled 380,937 in
2005.

Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university[238] was first established in
Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese
founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e
Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica
of Goa) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

The Bologna process has been adopted by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes in 2006.
Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of
numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher
education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission
processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from
the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from
other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and
course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set
by each institution or course department.

Most student costs are supported with public money. Portugal has entered
into cooperation agreements with the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology and other US institutions to further develop and increase the
effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.[239]
King Diniz statue at the University of
Coimbra: the first university in
Health Portugal (now the University of
Coimbra).
In 2023, Portugal ranked as 40th best healthcare system in the world,[240]
which was significantly lower than the previous 12th place in the 2000
World Health Organization ranking of best public health systems in the world. The health system is
characterized by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (Serviço Nacional de Saúde, SNS),
special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private
health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 47% of the population is covered by
the health subsystems, 35% by private insurance schemes and another 12% by mutual funds.[241][242]

The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well

as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of
implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines
and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization
efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to
the regional level. In practice, the autonomy of regional health
administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to
primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation.
Hospitais da Universidade de
Employer (including the state) and employee contributions represent the Coimbra
main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct
payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums
account for a large proportion of funding.

Similarly to other 'Eur-A countries', (Western Europe), most Portuguese die from noncommunicable
diseases.[243] Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is around 30,000 deaths per year, a third of all
annual deaths,[244] but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease,
display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in
Portugal, with more than 11,000 deaths per year.[245] Oncological diseases represent 22% of all deaths in the
country,[243] with lung and breast cancer cases being lower, and cervical and prostate cancer being more
frequent. Diabetes mortality rates have been decreasing, from 4.5% in 2010 down to 2.8% in 2021.[243]

Portugal's infant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024.[246] An opinion
poll in 2021 found that 50% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest rate collected in
the European Union.[247] The largest university hospital in the country is Hospital de Santa Maria,
Lisbon.[248]

Culture
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the
European continent and Mediterranean, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of
Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to
the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon.
These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation
and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural
facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or
renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to
17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 9th in Europe and 18th in the
world.

Architecture Rooster of Barcelos, the iconic

Portuguese souvenir and symbol.
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also
known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style
of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century,
followed by Pombaline style of the 18th century.

A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese

style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern
Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de
Casa da Música is an example of
Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo modern architecture
Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for
stadium design.[249][250] The azulejo is a mainstream, typical element
among Portugal's traditional building materials and construction techniques.[251][252]

Cuisine
Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod
(bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are many recipes ranging from
bacalhau à Brás, bacalhau à Gomes de Sá, to bacalhau com natas. Other
fish recipes include grilled sardines and caldeirada, a tomato-based stew
that can be made from several types of fish or shellfish, with a mix of
onion, garlic, bay leaf, potatoes, peppers, parsley.[253]
Pastéis de Nata in Lisbon
Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of the customary beef, pork,
chicken, goat, lamb or duck meat, include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada,
frango de churrasco, leitão (roast suckling pig), chanfana and carne de porco à alentejana. Typical fast food
dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef)
sandwiches.[254] A egg custard tart pastry, the pastel de nata, typical and popular among the Portuguese,
became popular abroad and among foreign tourists visiting the country as well.[255][256]

Portuguese wines have enjoyed recognition since the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god
Bacchus, due to its climate. Some of the best Portuguese wines are Vinho Verde, Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro,
Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet Port Wine, Madeira Wine, and the
Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios.

Visual art
Portugal has a rich history in painting. The first well-known painters dating back to the 15th century – like
Nuno Gonçalves and Vasco Fernandes – were part of the late Gothic painting period. During the Renaissance,
Portuguese painting was highly influenced by Northern European painting. In the Baroque period Josefa de
Óbidos and Vieira Lusitano were the most prolific painters. José Malhoa, known for his work Fado, and
Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (who painted the portraits of Teófilo Braga and Antero de Quental) were both
references in naturalist painting.

The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese
painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the
Delaunays (Robert and Sonia). Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Other
great modernist painters/writers include Carlos Botelho and Almada
Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted Pessoa's
portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends.

Prominent international figures in visual arts today include painters Vieira

da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula
Rego.

Literature Domingos Sequeira was one of the

most prolific neoclassical painters.
Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed (Adoration of the Magi; 1828).
through text as well as song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician
troubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian
Peninsula,[257] like King D. Dinis (1261–1325) who became famous for his poetry.
Other kings would write and sponsor works of literature across Portuguese
history, like D. Fernando (1367–1383) who supported Pêro Menino in writing o
Livro da Falcoaria[46]

Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem Os
Lusíadas (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence.[258] Modern
Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified
by Bocage (1765–1805), Antero de Quental (1842–1891) and Fernando Pessoa
(1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Luís Vaz de Camões,
Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queirós, Fernando Pessoa, legendary poet of the
Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes, Miguel Torga and Portuguese Renaissance
Agustina Bessa-Luís. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago,
recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Music
The Music of Portugal encompasses a wide variety of genres. The
traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local
customs, utilising instruments such as bagpipes (gaita), drums, flutes,
tambourines, accordions and ukuleles (cavaquinho). Within Portuguese
folk music is the renowned genre of Fado, a melancholic urban music
originated in Lisbon in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian
environments, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and saudade,
or longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of "troubadour serenading" fado,
is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Amália
Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, José Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, António Amália Rodrigues performing in
1969
Chainho, Mísia, Dulce Pontes and Madredeus.

In addition to Folk, Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at
Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom,
as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and Brazilian artists and bands. Artists
with international recognition include Dulce Pontes, Moonspell, Buraka Som Sistema, Blasted Mechanism,
David Carreira and The Gift, with the three latter being nominees for a MTV Europe Music Award.

Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de
Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-
Nova Municipality, NOS Alive, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super
Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to
an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto.
The student festivals of Queima das Fitas, which are major events in a number of cities across Portugal, show
every year a selection of well-established, high-profile musicians and bands to the public as well as newer, on
the rise, upcoming success artists seeking definite recognition.[259] In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe
Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon. Furthermore, Portugal won the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in
Kyiv with the song "Amar pelos dois" presented by Salvador Sobral, and subsequently hosted the 2018
contest.[260][261]

Sport
Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football
competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. All-
time greats Eusébio, Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo are major symbols of Portuguese
football history.[262][263] Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with
José Mourinho[264][265] and Abel Ferreira[266][267] among the most renowned.

The Portugal national football team has won one UEFA European Championship
title: the UEFA Euro 2016, with a 1–0 victory in the final over France, the
tournament hosts. In addition, Portugal finished first in the 2018–19 UEFA
Nations League, second in the Euro 2004, third in the 1966 FIFA World Cup and
fourth in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. At youth level, Portugal have won two FIFA
World Youth Championships.
Cristiano Ronaldo is
S.L. Benfica, Sporting CP and FC Porto are the largest sports clubs by popularity considered one of the
and number of trophies, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They greatest football players of
have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions and present in 21 all time
finals. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federação Portuguesa de
Futebol – annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a women's football tournament.

Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in other sports events
with a varying level of success and popularity, these include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball,
volleyball and athletics. The Portuguese national rugby union team qualified for the 2007 Rugby World Cup
and the Portuguese national rugby sevens team has played in the World Rugby Sevens Series.

Road cycling, with Volta a Portugal the most important race, is a popular sports event and includes
professional cycling teams such as Sporting CP, Boavista, Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira and União Ciclista da
Maia. In motorsport, Portugal is noted for the Rally of Portugal, and the Estoril and Algarve Circuits as well as
the revived Porto Street Circuit which holds a stage of the WTCC every two years, as well as for a number of
internationally noted racers such as Miguel Oliveira, Tiago Monteiro, António Félix da Costa, Filipe
Albuquerque, Pedro Lamy, Armindo Araújo and others in a range of varied motorsports.

In water, Portugal has three major sports: swimming, water polo and surfing. Portugal had success in
canoeing with several world and European champions, such as olympic medalists. Annually, the country hosts
one of the stages of the World Surf League men's and women's Championship Tour, the MEO Rip Curl Pro
Portugal at the Supertubos in Peniche. Northern Portugal has its own original martial art, Jogo do Pau, in
which fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents. Other popular sport-related recreational
outdoor activities include airsoft, fishing, golf, hiking, hunting and orienteering. Portugal is one of the world's
leading golf destinations.[268][269]

See also
Portugal portal

Europe portal
 Outline of Portugal

Notes
a. Mirandese, spoken in the region of Terra de Miranda, was officially recognized in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29
de Janeiro),[1] awarding it an official right-of-use.[2] Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized.
b. Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and
2005.
c. European Union (EU) since 1993
d. The Escudo before 2002
ⓘ
e. Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾtuˈɣal]
f. Portuguese: República Portuguesa [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ]
In recognized minority languages of Portugal:

Mirandese: República Pertuesa

References
1. "Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic
rights of the Mirandese community)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sap
o.pt/LMPSlei.html). Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL). Archived from the original (htt
ps://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html) on 18 March 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
2. The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal (http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/d
ownloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&SKU=C29
295845ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160
205202451/http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29
295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumb
er=C2-92-95-845-EN-C) 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, europa.eu – European Commission
website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015
3. "SEF - Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras" (https://www.sef.pt/pt/pages/conteudo-detalhe.aspx?nID=9
2). Portal Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230813183842/ht
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1 August 2023.
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23 November 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221123182010/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pai
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original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
5. "Constitution of Portugal, Preamble" (http://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Portugal_2005.pdf)
(PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103114/https://www.constituteproject.org/constituti
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External links
Portugal (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Portugal) at Curlie
Geographic data related to Portugal (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/295480) at
OpenStreetMap
National English language newspaper (http://www.theportugalnews.com/)
National Wine Website (http://www.winesofportugal.info/?market=2)
News about Portugal (http://portuguese-american-journal.com/?s=portugal&x=0&y=0) from the
Portuguese American Journal
Portugal (https://web.archive.org/web/20080727024243/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/portu
gal.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Portugal profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17758217) from the BBC News
Portugal (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal/). The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency.
Prestage, Edgar; Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). "Portugal" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclo
p%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Portugal). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 134–163.
Portuguese Pamphlets Collection (https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/portpam.html) from the Rare Book
and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress (https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/)
Wikimedia Atlas of Portugal

Government

Official Parliament website (http://www.en.parlamento.pt/)

Official Portuguese Government website (http://www.portugal.gov.pt/en.aspx) (in English and Portuguese)

Trade

World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Portugal (http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/PRT/

Year/2012/Summary)

Travel

Official Portuguese Government Travel/media website (https://web.archive.org/web/20220407215705/htt

p://www.turismodeportugal.pt/Paginas/PageNotFoundError.aspx?requestUrl=http://www.turismodeportuga
l.pt/english/TurismodeportugalIP/Pages/TurismodePortugalIP.aspx)
Official Travel and Tourism office website (https://www.visitportugal.com/en)

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