Module 2

Vocabulary

 The natural world

A Match the words to their definitions.

1 lake a descent of water from a height

2 ocean b a large natural flow of water
3 river c a dry sandy area with extreme temperatures
4 mountain d a large body of water surrounded by land
5 desert e large body of salt water that makes up most of the Earth’s surface
6 waterfall f a natural rocky elevation of the Earth’s surface

B Fill in cover, drop, home, lack, provide, shelter in the correct form.

1 Some regions of the world ........................... 4 Did you know water .............................
water while others have plenty. 70.9% of the Earth’s surface?
2 The Amazon Rainforest ........................... 5 Forests offer ............................. to a
more than 20% of the world’s oxygen. wide variety of animals.
3 The temperature ........................... by 15 to 6 The oceans are ........................... to over
20 degrees at night-time. 200,000 animal species.

 Animals

C Fill in the table with the words from the list.

 dolphin  beetle  chameleon  butterfly  seal  toad  parrot  salmon  eagle

 iguana  tuna  frog

amphibians birds fish insects mammals reptiles

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 Environmental problems

D Match the words to their opposites.

1 danger a freeze
2 global b die
3 loss c reduce
4 melt d local
5 expand e safety
6 survive f gain

E Choose the correct word.

1 Game wardens patrol wildlife parks to 5 Many forest animals are threatened/
preserve/protect the animals from poachers. endangered by deforestation.
2 Environmentalists say that the great white 6 We will need to find a solution to water
shark is at risk of disappearance/ shortage/lack in the near future.
extinction. 7 How may snow leopards remain/last in
3 There are many rules/laws that are the wild?
supposed to protect sea mammals. 8 Environmentalists are meeting/facing a
4 A large number of turtles die after being range of complex problems these days.
grabbed/trapped in fishing nets.

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F Match the words to form collocations.

1 air a transport
2 energy b spill
3 endangered c cap
4 forest d beaches
5 ice e pollution
6 oil f species
7 public g waste
8 polluted h fire

G Fill in continue, danger, evolve, last, risk, threat in the correct form.

1 The biggest ................................. to animals 4 Sharks are at ................................. of

and their habitat is human activity. being driven to extinction due to human
2 How long does the fears.
documentary .................................? 5 If global warming .................................,
3 Some animals have ................................. the sea levels will surely rise.
peculiar defence systems. 6 At this stage, too many animals are
in ................................. of extinction.

 Phrasal verbs

H Choose the correct item.

1 The organisation is bringing about/out a 4 We are all capable of bringing about/up

new book on water conservation. change and shouldn’t give up.
2 The man had to bring out/up his two 5 He promised to bring up/round the issue
children on his own. of overfishing at the next meeting.
3 The dog was unconscious but the vet
managed to bring it out/round.

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 Module 2
 Word formation

I Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in bold.

1 I had a very interesting ............................................... with a marine CONVERSE

biologist at the conference.
2 The government has a new plan to promote waste ................................. . PREVENT
3 The ............................................... on the oil rig caused a serious oil spill. EXPLODE
4 The recycling scheme had led to a ............................................... in REDUCE
waste treatment costs.
5 The mayor asked for ............................................... to solve the town’s SUGGEST
waste problems.
6 Recycling is one the best ways to reduce ............................................... . POLLUTE
7 Wildlife ............................................... is becoming more and more CONSERVE
urgent.
8 The ............................................... of recyclables takes place every COLLECT
Tuesday.

 Prepositions

J Choose the correct item.

1 Fortunately, some people are trying to save 4 Greenpeace protects whales for/from
animals of/from extinction. whalers.
2 Animals should live in/at the wild and not in 5 The Asian Unicorn is now at risk of/to
zoos. extinction from poaching.
3 Domestic animals rely to/on humans for
food.

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 Module 2
Grammar

 Modal verbs

A Choose the correct item.

1 A: When I’m home alone, I leave all the 4 A: I’m not sure I can afford the ticket to
lights on. the concert.
B: Oh, no! You shouldn’t/needn’t waste B: You don’t have/needn’t worry; I’ll
so much energy! pay for it.
2 A: Is it OK if I leave my car outside the 5 A: Why didn’t Patrick come to school
library? yesterday?
B: No, you mustn’t/needn’t park there. B: He must/had to go to the doctor’s.
3 A: We’re starting a recycling scheme in my 6 A: Did you get a taxi from the airport?
neighbourhood. B: We didn’t need to/mustn’t. Paul
B: Good idea. Everyone had to/ought to picked us up.
do something good for our planet.

B Fill in: mustn't, should, needn't, have to, didn’t need to.

1 Our teacher says we ............................. 4 The Potters ............................. spend

submit our reports on endangered animals much on electricity because they power
by Friday. their house with solar energy.
2 Ian ............................. take the bottles to 5 We ............................. all try to rely less
the recycling centre yesterday; a council on our cars and more on public transport if
lorry came and collected all recyclables. we want a cleaner environment.
3 According to local laws, we
............................. light a campfire within
the Restricted Fire Zone.

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C Rewrite the sentences using appropriate modal verbs.

1 It’s against the law to import endangered 5 He was obliged to pay a fine for
species. littering.
We ............................................................... He ...........................................................
................................................................... . ............................................................... .
2 It’s not necessary for you to come to work 6 It’s necessary to pay to enter the
tomorrow. wildlife park.
You .............................................................. We ..........................................................
................................................................... . ............................................................... .
3 It’s not a good idea to throw away 7 We are advised to turn the tap off when
recyclable items. brushing our teeth.
We ............................................................... We ..........................................................
................................................................... . ............................................................... .
4 It wasn’t necessary for the authorities to 8 You have a strong obligation to report
evacuate the village. animal abuse.
The authorities............................................. You .........................................................
................................................................... . ............................................................... .

D Choose the correct item.

1 A: What are your plans for this weekend, 4 A: Has Lena decided what to do with all
Jack? that money she inherited?
B: I will/am going to visit my B: Yes, she’s going to/will open an
grandparents. animal shelter.

2 A: Would you like to order now? 5 A: You’re really making a lot of noise.
B: Yes, I will/am going to have the fish, B: Sorry! I am going to/will be quiet.
thank you.
6 A: Remember to be on time, right?
3 A: Why is Andrew so happy? B: I promise I won’t/am not going to be
B: He will/is going to see his favourite late.
band in concert tonight.

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 Future continuous/Future perfect

E Complete the sentences with the verbs from the list in the future
continuous or future perfect.

 clean up  finish  die out  finish  heal  lie

1 A: Will you be able to play in the match 4 A: Do you want me to tape the wildlife
next week? documentary when I get home?
B: I’m not sure my injury ........................... B: No, it ....................................... by then.
by then.
5 A: I can’t wait for next week to come!
2 A: Can I come around to your place at B: Me neither. This time on Sunday we
about 7:30? ....................................... on a tropical
B: Come a bit later. I ................................. beach!
dinner with my parents at that time.
6 A: I read somewhere that thousands of
3 A: How about going to the fun park species ....................................... by the
Sunday morning? end of this century.
B: I can’t. I ....................................... the B: That’s shocking!
beach with my volunteer group.

 Will/going to/Future continuous/Future perfect

F Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct
form. Use will, be going to, the future continuous or future perfect.

1 I .................................................................. 5 I’ve decided I ........(join) an environmental

(finish) my homework by 8:00 pm. group.
2 Don’t call Bob now. He ................................ 6 Who do you think .......................................
........................... (have) his French lesson. (win) the match?
3 By next year, Joe. (save) enough money to 7 It looks like it .............................(rain) soon.
travel around Europe. 8 I think I ...............(take) a nap for a while
4 Fiona (go) to her tennis lesson after school
today.

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G Choose the correct item.

1 George is excited because this time on Monday he ........... at his new job.
A ’ll be working B works C is working

2 Watch out! You ........... over that log.

A ’ll trip B ’re tripping C ’re going to trip

3 Environmentalists hope that the huge oil spill ........... the coast.
A isn't to reach B won't reach C isn't reaching

4 They will release the tiger back into the wild as soon as its wounds ........... .
A will heal B will have healed C heal

5 By June, my parents ........... married for 20 years.

A will be B will have been C are going to be

6 Is that my phone ringing? I ........... it up.

A ’ll pick B ’m picking C pick

7 The flight to Rio ........... at 8:00 am so we should be at the airport by 6:00.

A has left B leaves C will have left

8 When ........... out the invitations to your wedding?

A do you send B have you sent C will you send

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 Module 2
Reading

Read the text and choose the best answer, A, B, C or D.

Global warming

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Global warming is the continual rise in the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and
oceans. Although temperatures have been rising gradually over the centuries, in what scientists
believe to be a natural process, there is concern that temperatures are now rising faster due to
greenhouse gases produced by human activity. It is feared that this rapid increase in global
temperatures is causing changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels and hibernation of
animals that will have devastating effects on the environment.
Hibernation is a state of inactivity characterised by low body temperature and slow heart
rate which allows animals to conserve energy during the winter period when food is scarce.
Many animals such as chipmunks, hedgehogs, squirrels and tortoises hibernate during the
winter. In recent years, rising temperatures are causing hibernating animals to wake up earlier
than usual. Several species such as brown bears and chipmunks have been observed to
shorten their hibernation period or to not hibernate at all.
In studies in the USA, researchers have noticed that hibernating animals change their
wake-up time based on a change in temperature as small as one degree. In the Rocky
Mountains, marmots are waking up 38 days earlier than 23 years ago and chipmunks are not
hibernating at all. In other parts of the world, other animals have also changed their hibernation
patterns. Brown bears in Spain skipped their hibernation in recent years, according to the Brown
Bear Foundation. These changes are putting animals at risk of starvation, as their food source
isn’t available when they wake up early. Marmots have been observed trying to eat trees and
many chipmunks died of starvation. This could eventually bring them to the brink of extinction.
Due to the lack of food, some animals are also wandering further and further from their burrows,
putting them at greater risk of being preyed upon.
In addition, some experts believe that the reproduction cycle of hibernating animals may
also be affected by global warming. Waking early causes their breeding season to be altered
and so animals give birth at inappropriate times of the year. It is feared some may end up
abandoning their young. Recently in England, a warm winter put hedgehog pups at great risk.
Probably confused by the temperature change, female hedgehogs gave birth late in the year
and as a result their pups did not have enough time to put on sufficient weight to hibernate.
These changes could eventually put many species at risk of extinction and cause a chain
reaction throughout the Earth's environment. Other species will begin to overpopulate, while
others struggle to survive.

1 Scientists believe that global warming

A is forcing animals to hibernate.
B is causing more animals to hibernate.
C is shortening animal hibernation periods.
D is extending animal hibernation periods.

2 Hibernation patterns are being affected by

A very small temperature rises.

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 Module 2
B moderate temperature rises.
C small temperature fluctuations.
D large temperature fluctuations.

3 The main result of change in hibernation patterns is

A animals are suffering from the cold.
B animals are dying of hunger.
C animals are changing their diet.
D animals are suffering from the heat.

4 Some hibernating animals are

A becoming easy prey for predators.
B preying on other hibernating animals.
C no longer hunting.
D no longer eating.

5 Changes in hibernation have also caused

A a decline in birth rates.
B an increase in birth rates.
C a change in breeding habits.
D animals to abandon their young.

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 Module 2
Listening

Listen, and for questions 1-5 choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

1 The speaker feels that

A people are conscious of how important insects are.
B people are unaware of how important insects are.
C people undervalue the role of insects.

2 Insects have adapted well because

A of their size.
B of their numbers.
C they eat almost anything.

3 Wild ginger flowers

A produce an attractive scent.
B produce an unattractive smell.
C have no scent.

4 In the USA, insects pollinate

A 20 species of crop plants.
B 200 species of crop plants.
C 2000 species of crop plants.

5 According to the speaker, we should

A control insect populations.
B reduce insect populations.
C let insects be.

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