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com

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1.On the earth, originally there was A. Calcium and Sodium

only one huge landmass, which is B. Sodium and Magnesium
known as: C. Oxygen and Silicone
A. Panthalassa D. Oxygen and Hydrogen
B. Pangaea
C. Laurasia 6.Which wave is also known as
D. Gondwanaland compressional wave ?
A. Primary waves
2.Which one of the following sets of B. Secondary waves
elements was primarily responsible for C. Love waves
the origin of life on the Earth? D. Rayleigh waves
A. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sodium
B. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen 7.Plate tectonics is a scientific theory
C. Oxygen, Calcium, Phosphorus that describes the large scale motions
D. Carbon, Hydrogen, Potassium of Earth’s lithosphere. Which one
among the following statements
3.Which one of the following is NOT regarding Plate tectonics is not correct?
related to the evolution of the present A. Tectonic plates are composed of
atmosphere that earth has today? Oceanic Lithosphere and thicker
A. Solar winds Continental Lithosphere
B. Degassing B. Tectonic plates are able to move
C. Differentiation because the Earth’s lithosphere has a
D. Photosynthesis higher strength than the underlying
asthenosphere
4.Consider the following forces: C. The Earth’s lithosphere is broken up
1) Tidal force into Tectonic Plates
2) Fleeing force D. Along divergent plate boundaries,
3) Pressure gradient force subduction carries plates into the
According to Wegener, which of the mantle
following forces are responsible for
continental drift? 8.Which one of the following
A. 1 and 2 statements best describes a
B. 2 and 3 Convergent Boundary in the context of
C. 1 and 3 the Plate Tectonics?
D. All of the above A. Where the crust is destroyed as one
tectonic plate dives under the other at
5.Which elements are found in the the subduction zone.
highest and the lowest quantities,
respectively, in the crust of the earth?

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B. Where new crust is generated as one C. an asteroid comes between the sun
plate dives under the other at the and the moon.
subduction zone D. the moon comes between the earth
C. Where two tectonic plates and the sun.
horizontally move past each other.
D. None of the Above 13.Match the following events with the
date they occur:
9.Which of the following phenomena (i) Vernal Equinox — (a) June 21
might have influenced the evolution of (ii) Summer solstice — (b) September
organisms? 23
(1). Continental drift (iii) Winter solstice — (c) March 20
(2). Glacial cycles (iv)Autumnal equinox — (d) December
Select the correct answer using the 22
code given below. Select the correct answer using the
A. 1 only codes below:
B. 2 only A. i-d, ii-a, iii-c, iv-b
C. Both 1 and 2 B. i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b
D. Neither 1 nor 2 C. i-c, ii-a, iii-d, iv-b
D. i-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c
10.States situated on tropic of cancer
are __ 14.What is the reason for the change in
A. Kerala seasons on Earth?
B. Jharkhand A. The distance between the earth and
C. Orissa the sun is not constant
D. Arunachal Pradesh B. The axis of rotation of the earth is
parallel to the plane of its orbit
11.What are Equinox days? C. The axis of rotation of the earth is
A. When day is smaller than night perpendicular to the plane of its orbit
B. When day is the longest in the year D. The axis of rotation of the earth is
C. When day is greater than night tilted with respect to the plane of its
D. When day and night are equal orbit
E. None of the above/More than one of
the above 15.Consider the following statements
about the Mid-Oceanic Ridges:
12.The solar eclipse occurs 1) The mid-ocean ridge is the most
when_________ . extensive chain of mountains on Earth,
A. the sun comes between the moon stretching nearly 65,000 kms and with
and the earth. more than 90 % of the mountain range
B. the moon moves too far away from lying in the deep ocean.
the sun.

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2) The mid-ocean ridges are the Earth’s 18.Consider the following statements.
largest volcanic system, accounting for 1) Seamount is a mountain with
more than 75% of all volcanic activity pointed summits, rising from the
on the planet. seafloor to the surface of the ocean.
3) Iceland is an example of a mid- 2) Seamounts are volcanic in origin.
oceanic ridge. 3) Guyot is a flat-topped seamount
Select the correct answer using the showing evidence of gradual
code given below: subsidence through stages to become
A. 1 only flat-topped submerged mountains.
B. 2 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the
C. 1 and 2 only code given below:
D. 1, 2, and 3 A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3 only
16.Which of the following Mountains C. 2 and 3 only
are examples of Fold Mountains: D. 1, 2 and 3
1) Himalayas
2) Alps 19.Which of the following statements
3) Andes are correct:
4) Vosges 1) Rift Valleys are formed from process
Choose the correct option: of faulting
A. 1, 2 and 3 only 2) Dead Sea basin is an example of Rift
B. 2, 3 and 4 only Valley
C. 1, 3 and 4 only Choose the correct option:
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 A. 1 only
B. 2 only
17.Why do Fold Mountains have C. 1 and 2
enormous thickness of sedimentary D. Neither of the two
rocks?
A. Due to deposition of sediments in a 20.Which of the following statements
valley for millions of years relating to the tsunami are correct?
B. Due to accumulation of sediments in (a) Meteorites and asteroids can cause
a geosyncline tsunamis.
C. The plains were folded into (b) It is possible to distinguish tsunami
mountains waves from regular ocean waves
D. The sediments were folded into through sky.
recumbent and nappe folds (c) The speed of tsunami waves
increases as they travel towards
shallow waters.
(d) Tsunamis can travel up the rivers
and streams that lead up to the ocean.

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A. (a), (b) and (c) 23.Which rock is also known as primary

B. (a, (c) and (d) rock?
C. (a) and (c) A. Metamorphic rock
D. (a) and (d) B. Igneous rock
C. Sedimentary rock
21.Consider the following statements, D. None of these
1) The intensity of the earthquake is
measured by Mercalli Scale. 24.Choose the correct match:
2) The magnitude of the Earthquake is 1) Solidification of Magma: Igneous
measured by Richter scale. rocks
3) Intensity is measured on the basis 2) Lithification: Metamorphic rocks
of the amount of energy released by an 3) Banding: Sedimentary rocks
earthquake. Choose the correct option:
4) An earthquake has a single A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 only
magnitude all over the area where it is C. 2 and 3 only D. 2 only
felt.
Which of the statements given above 25.Which rocks are formed due to the
is/are correct? cooling, solidification and
A. 1 only crystallisation of hot and molten
B. 2 only magma?
C. 2 and 3 only A. Sedimentary Rocks
D. 1, 2 and 4 only B. Metamorphic Rocks
C. Igneous Rocks
22.With reference to Earthquake D. Both A and B
waves, which of the following E. None of the above/More than one of
statements is/are incorrect? the above
1) Earthquake waves are basically of
two types — body waves and surface 26.Which of the following are the
waves. depositional landforms by various
2) Earthquake waves do not help to geomorphic agents?
understand the inner structure of 1) Potholes 2) Sand dunes
Earth. 3) Pedestal rocks 4) Spits
Select the correct answer using the 5) Terraces
codes given below: 6) Eskers
A. 1 only Select the correct answer using the
B. 2 only code given below:
C. Both 1 and 2 A. 1, 2 and 6 only
D. Neither 1 nor 2 B. 2, 4 and 6 only
C. 3, 4 and 5 only
D. 2, 3 and 4 only

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27.With regard to Karst Landforms, 30.Choose the correct option which

which of the following statements is not represents the arrangement of
correct? atmospheric layers.
A. Karst Landforms are formed due to A. Troposphere, Stratosphere,
the action of underground water in Mesosphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere
limestone region. B. Mesosphere, Ionosphere,
B. Stalactites and Stalagmites are the Exosphere, Troposphere, Stratosphere
examples of Karst Landforms. C. Ionosphere, Exosphere,
C. Karst Landforms are an excellent Mesosphere, Stratosphere,
source of hydrocarbons. Troposphere
D. None of the above D. Exosphere, Troposphere,
Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere
28.Consider the following statements:
1) Longitudinal dunes deposited 31.Which one is the characteristic of
perpendicular to the prevailing wind the Mediterranean Climate (Cs)?
direction. A. Mediterranean climate occurs
2) Transverse dunes are formed around Mediterranean Sea.
parallel to the wind movement. B. It’s mainly found in Central
Which of the following statement California, Central Chile, along the
related to arid depositional landform coast in south-eastern and
are true? southwestern Australia.
A. 1 only C. Its extension is between 30–40-
B. 2 only degree latitude.
C. Both 1 & 2 D. All the above.
D. Neither 1 nor 2
32.Find the correctly matched pairs
29.Which of the following is/are from below:
correctly matched? 1) Stratosphere : Useful Ozone layer
1) Cirrus clouds – High Altitude, Thick 2) Troposphere : Ideal for flying
and attached aeroplanes
2) Cumulus clouds – look like cotton 3) Mesosphere : Temperature
wool, exists in patches Inversion
3) Stratus clouds - layered clouds, 4) Ionosphere: Radio communications.
formed due to mixing of air masses. A. 1only
A. 2only B. 1, 2 and 4
B. 1 and 3 C. 1, 3 and 4
C. 2 and 3 D. 1 and 4 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

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33.Which of the following Tropical 38.Match List-I with List –II ans select
cyclones is correctly matched? the correct answer using the code
A. Cyclone- Indian ocean given below the lists :
B. Hurricane- Atlantic ocean List-I
C. Willy Willies-Western Australia (Climate)
D. All of the above A). Mediterranean
B). Marine west
34.Match the following states with their C). Dry midlatude
respective climate as per Koeppen D). Most
classification - List-II
1). Kerala a) E (Characteristic)
2). Ladakh b) Amw 1). Temperature cycle is moderated by
3). Odisha c) Cwg marine influence
4). Bihar d) Aw 2). Warm summers coast and cold
A. 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 – c winters with three months below
B. 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – d freezing. Very large annual
C. 1 – d, 2 – b, 3 – c, 4 – a temperature range
D. 1 – d, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – b 3). Strong temperature cycle with large
annual arnge. Warm summers to hot
35.Which of the following factors and cold winters to very cold
doesn’t affect the climate of a region: 4). Temperature Continential range is
A. Latitude moderate with warm to hot summers
B. Longitude and mild winters
C. Distance from sea A. A-2 B-1 C-3 D-4
D. Ocean currents B. A-2 B-3 C-1 D-4
C. A-4 B-3 C-1 D-2
36.Which among the following letter D. A-4 B-1 C-3 D-2
code represent tropical wet and dry
climate according to the Koeppen 39.Which among the following
climatic classification type? statements regarding Tropical
A. Af B. Am Savannah Climate is correct?
C. Aw D. Dw A. The dry season in the Savannah
grasslands is cooler than the wet
37.The letter code, Am denotes which season by a few degrees.
type of climate as per Koeppen’s B. On an average, this climatic zone
scheme of classification of climate? receives between 800 & 1,600
A. Tropical wet and dry millimetres of rain annually.
B. Mid-latitude steppe C. The prevailing winds in the tropical
C. Tropical Monsoon grasslands are the Trade Winds.
D. Mid-latitude desert D. All of the above

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40.Match List I with List II and select Select the correct code:
the correct answer using the code A. 1 only
given below the Lists: B. 2 only
List I (Low-Latitude Climate) C. Both 1 and 2
a) Wet Equatorial D. Neither 1 nor 2
b) Monsoon and trade wind coastal
c) Wet-dry tropical 43.Which of the following ocean
d) Dry tropical currents does not belong to Indian
List II (Characteristic) Ocean?
1) Uniform temperatures, mean near A. Agluhas Current
27oC B. Mozambique Current
2) Marked temperature cycle with very C. South Indian Ocean Current
high temperature before the rainy D. Benguela Current
season
3) Temperatures show an annual cycle 44.Which of the following ocean
with high temperature in the high-Sun currents does not belong to Atlantic
season Ocean?
4) Strong tempera ture cycle, with A. Agulhas Current
intense tempera ture during high-Sun B. Labrador Current
season C. Florida Current
A. a-2 b-3 c-4 d-1 D. Canary Current
B. a-1 b-2 c-3 d-4
C. a-2 b-4 c-3 d-1 45.Consider the following statements
D. a-1 b-3 c-2 d-4 1- Ocean currents are the slow-surface
movement of water in the same.
41.Which one of the following is the 2- Ocean currents assist in maintaining
tide produced as a consequence of the Earth’s heat balance.
moon and sun pulling the earth in the 3- Ocean currents are set in motion
same direction? primarily by prevailing winds.
A. Spring tide 4- Ocean currents are affected by the
B. Neap tide configuration of the ocean.
C. High tide Which of these statements are correct?
D. Low tide A. 1 and 2
B. 2,3 and 4
42.Consider the following statements C. 1,3 and 4
regarding Canary Current: D. All of the above
1). Canary current is a cold ocean
current.
2). Canary current is a part of South
Atlantic Ocean currents.

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46.Consider these statements about 50.Match the following ocean currents

Salinity, a basic element of Oceans: with their respective location -
1) The lower salinity water rests above 1) Benguela a. East Coast of Japan
the higher salinity dense water 2) Oyashio b. West Coast of Africa
2) At a point called Halocline, salinity 3) Mozambique c. East coast of Africa
increases sharply. 4) Gulf stream d. North Atlantic Ocean
Which of the statements given above Choose the right code-
is/are correct? A. 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d
A. 1 only B. 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d
B. 2 only C. 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a
C. Both 1 and 2 D. 1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d
D. Neither 1 nor 2
51.Consider the following statement
47.The nature of circulation of the about Andaman and Nicobar:
ocean currents depends on: 1. 10º channel separates Andaman
1) Sea water’s density (Little) from Car Nicobar
2) Sea water’s salinity 2. Little Andaman is separated from
3) Earth’s Revolution Great Andaman by Duncan passage.
4) Earth’s Rotation Select the correct statements using the
Choose the correct option: code given below:
A. 1, 2 and 3 only A. 1 and 2 B. 1 only
B. 1, 2 and 4 only C. 2 only D. None
C. 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 52.Which of the following statements
about Deccan plateau is NOT correct?
48.Which one of the following is known A. The Western Ghats and the Eastern
as a zone of sharp salinity change in Ghats mark the western and the
the vertical section of ocean? eastern edges of the Deccan Plateau
A. Thermocline respectively.
B. Halocline B. The Deccan Plateau is a triangular
C. photic zone landmass of volcanic origin that lies to
D. Pycnocline the south of the river Narmada.
C. The Deccan Plateau is higher in the
49.What is the time gap in occurrence east and slopes gently westwards.
of two successive tides at a given place D. Deccan Plateau is not an
on the ocean surface? earthquake-prone zone as seismic
A. 12 hours waves travel faster in hard rocks of the
B. 12 Hours 26 minutes plateau which helps the tremors
C. 24 hours dissipate faster.
D. 24 hours 52 minutes

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53.Consider the following statements: 4. Anaimalai hills

1) Pulicat lake is spread over two A. Nilgiri – Anaimalai – Cardamom -
States only. Javadi
2) In India the Himalayas are spread B. Javadi – Nilgiri – Anaimali -
over five states only. Cardamom
3) Western ghats are spread over five C. Anaimalai- Cardamom – Nilgiri -
states only Javadi
Which of these statements given above D. Anaimali - Cardamom - Nilgiri -
are incorrect? Javadi
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3 57.River Sarda drains in the Northern
C. 1 and 3 plains of Uttar Pradesh. Before entering
D. All are correct in the plains, Sarda is known as
A. Saraswati
54.Given below are the names of the B. Bhagirathi
Northeastern hills of India. Arrange C. Kali
them in the correct order from north to D. Pindar
south?
1. Mizo hills 58.With reference to the soils found in
2. Naga hills India, consider the following pairs:
3. Javadi hills Soil Region
4. Manipur hills 1) Alluvial : Indo-Gangetic Plains
A. 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 2) Laterite Soils : Great Indian Desert
B. 2 – 4 – 1 – 3 3) Black Soils : Deccan Trap
C. 1 – 3 – 2 – 4 Which of the pairs given above is/are
D. 2 – 4 – 3 – 1 correctly matched?
A. 2 only
55.Palkonda hills are located in which B. 1 and 2 only
state? C. 1 and 3 only
A. Telangana D. 1, 2 and 3
B. Kerala
C. Andhra Pradesh 59.The ganga bifurcate at which of the
D. Tamil Nadu following water body into Hugli and
main stream, that makes Sunder ban
56.Given is the name of the hills of delta with Brahmaputra afterwards?
India. Arrange them in order of north A. Mukutmanipur dam
to south? B. Farrakka barrage
1. Javadi hills C. Durgapur barrage
2. Cardamom hills D. Randhia barrage
3. Nilgiri hills

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60.Which of the following is not correct C. Chota Nagpur Plateau,

about Indian Desert? BaghelKhand, BundelKhand, Malwa
A. During the Mesozoic era, this region Plateau
was under the sea. D. Chota Nagpur Plateau,
B. The Luni river is flowing in the BaghelKhand, Malwa Plateau,
southern part of the desert. BundelKhand
C. Rann of Kachchh is not a part of
Indian Desert. 64.Which among the following, tribal
D. It lies to the northwest of the Aravali groups are found in the Andaman
hills. Islands but not in the Nicobar Islands?
E. None of the above/More than one of 1) Onge
the above 2) Sentinelese
3) Shompen
61.The 11 Degree channel separates 4) Jarawa
which among the following islands? Select the right code:
A. Minicoy Island and Amini Island A. 1, 2 and 3
B. Minicoy Island and Canannore Island B. 1, 3 and 4
C. Canannore Island and Amini Island C. 2, 3 and 4
D. None of the above D. 1, 2 and 4

62.Which among the following is/are 65.Consider the following statements:

tributaries of Godavari? 1) In India, Andhra Pradesh has the
1). Manjra longest mainland coastline.
2). Dharna 2) The coastal plains are one of the
3). Penganga most densely populated areas of the
4). Wainganga world.
Select the correct code: Which of the statements given above
A. 3 only is/are correct? (
B. 1, 2 and 3 only A. 1 only
C. 2 and 4 only B. 2 only
D. All of the above C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
63.What is the correct order of the
given features of the Central Highlands 66.Generally, deltas are seen on the
from the East to West? eastern coast and not on the western
A. BaghelKhand, BundelKhand, Malwa coast of India. Which of the following
Plateau, Chota Nagpur Plateau factors are mainly responsible for such
B. BundelKhand, BaghelKhand, Malwa contrasting feature of the Indian
Plateau, Chota Nagpur Plateau coasts?

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1) East flowing rivers flow over gentle 69.Arrange the following rivers of India
slope of Indian peninsula. from North to South:
2) East flowing rivers have a short 1) Kollidam
course. 2) Attingal
3) East flowing rivers carry huge loads 3) Vaigai
of sediments. 4) Valiyar
4) East flowing rivers flows through a Select the correct answer using the
rift valley. code given below.
Select the correct answer using the A. 4, 3, 2, 1
code given below: B. 2, 1, 4, 3,
A. 1 and 2 only C. 1, 4, 3, 2
B. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 3, 2, 4
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2 and 4 only 70.Consider the following statements:
1) The Nubra River is a left-bank
67.Which one of the following tributary of the Shyok River.
tributaries of river Indus feeds the 2) The three principal tributaries of the
canal system of the Bhakra Nangal Shyok river are: Nubra, Saltoro, and
Project? Hushe river.
A. Chenab Select the correct statements using the
B. Satluj code given below:
C. Ravi A. 1 only
D. Jhelum B. 2 only
C. 1 and 2 only
68.Consider the following statements: D. Neither 1 nor 2
1) River Kaveri has well developed
valley 71.Which among the following below
2) Valley of River Alakananda is still rivers originate from the Aravalli range:
growing 1) Luni
3) River Krishna is largest east flowing 2) Sabarmati
peninsular river 3) Sahibi
Which of the statements given above 4) Sakhi
is/are correct? Select the correct code from below:
A. 1 only A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 B. 1, 3 and 4 only
C. 2 and 3 C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 2 only D. All of the above

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72.River Narmada does not pass B. poor in both potash and phosphorus.
through which of the following states? C. rich in both potash and phosphorus.
A. Madhya Pradesh D. rich in potash and poor in
B. Maharashtra phosphorus,
C. Rajasthan
D. Gujarat 76.Consider the following statements
regarding the weathering process in
73.Consider the following statements the soil formation:
regarding the Ganges-Brahmaputra 1) The Regular wetting and drying of
river delta: rocks result in the loosening of its
1) It is a tide-dominated delta. grains.
2) The delta has Meghna river on its 2) The Repeated freezing and melting
west. results in the creation of cracks and
3) The lower part of the delta is crevices in rocks.
marshy. Select the correct code from below:
Which among the following above A. 1 only
statements is/are correct? B. 2 only
A. 1 and 2 only C. Both 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3 only D. Neither 1 nor 2
C. 1 and 3 only
D. All are correct 77.Which among the following is not
the tree of Deciduous forest?
74.Consider the following statements A. Birches
about alluvial soil: B. Chestnuts
1) They are generally rich in potash. C. Beeches
2) It is found only in Upper Gangetic D. Rubber
plain
3) Khadar and Bhangar are alluvial 78.Consider the following statements
soils. regarding properties of soil:
4) These soils are loamy and clayey. 1) Excessive presence of Iron Oxide.
Choose the correct options: 2) In low lying areas, it is found as clay
A. 1 and 2 and in higher land, it is found as
B. 2 and 3 unconsolidated soil.
C. 1,3 and 4 3) Suitable for growing groundnut and
D. 3 only potato.
4) Poor in lime, humus and phosphoric
75.Alluvial soils vary in nature from acid.
sandy loam to clay. They are generally The above statements are related to-
A. poor in potash and rich in A. Black Soil B. Arid Soil
phosphorus. C. Red Soil D. Laterite Soil

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79.With reference to dry deciduous 2) Madhya Pradesh has the largest area
forests, consider the following under forests in India.
statements: Select the correct answer from the
1) Shedding the leaves completely and codes given below:
appearing as vast grassland in dry A. 1 only
season - is the feature of dry deciduous B. 2 only
forests. C. Both 1 and 2
2) Dry deciduous forests receive D. Neither 1 nor 2
rainfall around 100-200 cm.
3) Khair trees are commonly found in 83.Consider the following statements:
dry deciduous forests. 1) They are more widespread in
Which of the statements given above Sunderban areas of West Bengal.
is/are correct? 2) They are formed due to seawater
A. 1 only intrusion in coastal areas.
B. 3 only 3) These soils can also be formed due
C. 1 and 2 only to excessive irrigation.
D. 1 and 3 only The statements given above are about
which of the following types of soil?
80.Which of the following tree species A. Saline Soils
are commonly found in ‘Coniferous B. Marshy Soils
Forests’? C. Desert Soils
A. Spruce and Sal D. Peaty Soils
B. Teak and Sal
C. Fir and Teak 84.Which of the following statements
D. Spruce and Fir is/are correct with reference to India’s
soils?
81.Which of the following states has 1) Khadar is the new alluvial soil,
the largest forest cover in terms of whereas Bhangar represents the older
area: alluvial soil.
A. Maharashtra 2) Self ploughing is associated with
B. Chhattisgarh Yellow soil in India.
C. Gujarat 3) Laterite soil is rich in organic
D. Madhya Pradesh content.
A. 1 only
82.Which of the following statements B. 1 and 2 only
is/are correct? C. 2 and 3 only
1) In India, Black soil areas are mainly D. 1, 2 and 3
found in the coastal plain.

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85.Which soil is the most widely spread 88.Which micro-element is needed the
soil in India? most for the stabilization of
A. Alluvial soil atmospheric nitrogen in pulses?
B. Red soil A. Mo B. Mn
C. Black soil C. Fe D. N
D. Laterite soil E. None of the above/ More than one of
E. None of the above/More than one of the above
the above
89.Consider the following statements
86.Which of the following statements regarding the geographical conditions
are correct regarding the ‘Bajra’? required for the growth of tea:
1) The highest amount of mineral salts 1) Tea bushes need temperature of
in cereals is found in millet. more than 25°C.
2) Green Ear and Argat are diseases in 2) Tea plant needs heavy rainfall,
Bajra. ranging between 150 cm to 250 cm.
3) The leading Bajra-producing states 3) Tea plant requires a light loamy soil.
are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Which of the statements given above
Gujarat, respectively. is/are correct?
Select the correct answer using the A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only
codes given below: C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only 90.Which of the following statements
C. 1 and 3 only are correct regarding the ‘Coffee’:
D. All of the above are correct 1) The place of origin of coffee is
believed to be the region of Kelfa in
87.Which of the following statements Ethiopia. It is a tropical herbaceous
are correct regarding ‘Sugarcane’? plant.
1) The maturity of the sugarcane is 2) The three main varieties of coffee
measured by saccharimeter or are Coffee Liberia, Coffee Arabica and
refractometer. Coffee Rovesta.
2) Sugarcane requires 100-180 cm of 3) The Blue Mountain of Jamaica is the
average rainfall, and coop and loam highest quality coffee growing area in
soil. the world.
3) Leading sugarcane producing states Select the correct answer using the
include Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra codes given below:
and Karnataka respectively. A. 1 and 2 only
Select the correct answer using the B. 2 and 3 only
codes given below: C. 1 and 3 only
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only D. All of the above are correct
C. 1 and 3 only D. All of the above

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91.The Nokrek biosphere reserve is 95.Which one of following is not a west

located in flowing river?
A. Arunachal Pradesh A. Narmada B. Sabarmati
B. Assam C. Krishna D. Periyar
C. Sikkim
D. Meghalaya 96.Which of the following Peninsular
river form an Estuary?
92.The natural vegetation which covers A. Tapi B. Mahanadi
the maximum geographical areas of C. Krishana D. Cauvery
India is
A. Tropical deciduous forests 97.Which one of the following pairs of
B. Tropical thorn forests rivers and tributaries is not correctly
C. Montane forests matched?
D. Tropical evergreen forests A. Godavari : Indravati
B. Ganga : Penganga
93.Consider the following statements C. Krishna : Bhima
regarding littoral and swamp forests in D. Luni : Sukri
India:
1. Littoral and swamp forests are also 98.Which of the following is a not a
called wetlands. tributary of Krishna?
2. They are found only along the coasts A. Musi B. Tungabhadra
of India. C. Munneru D. Sileru
3. For the protection of these forests,
the Ramsar Convention was signed. 99.Arrange the given states into
Choose the correct option from the increasing order of coastline length in
following: India:
A. 1 only 1) Andhra Pradesh 2) Kerala
B. 2 and 3 only 3) Karnataka 4) Maharashtra
C. 1 and 3 only 5) Tamil Nadu
D. All statements are correct. 6) Goa
7) Gujarat
94.The Red Sandalwood is a native and Codes:
endemic to which part of India? A. 6-5-3-2-1-4-7 B. 4-5-3-2-1-7-6
A. Northern Eastern Ghats C. 6-3-2-4-1-5-7 D. 1-2-3-5-6-4-7
B. Southern Eastern Ghats
C. Northern Western Ghats 100.Which of the following states does
D. Southern Western Ghats not share a boundary with Assam?
A. Meghalaya B. Mizoram
C. Sikkim D. Tripura

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ANSWERS

1. Ans. B. largely contained water vapour,

Continental displacement theory: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane,
Famous German scholar Wagner ammonia and very little of free oxygen.
presented it in 1920 The process through which the gases
According to him, due to the were outpoured from the interior is
connectivity of all the Earth's lands in called degassing. Continuous volcanic
the Carboniferous era, there was eruptions contributed water vapour
originally only one huge landmass on and gases to the atmosphere. As the
earth called Pangaea, and the large earth cooled, the water vapour
water area around it, was called released started getting condensed.
'Panthalassa'. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
2. Ans. B. got dissolved in rainwater and the
All living things need major elements of temperature further decreased causing
biomolecules like carbon, hydrogen, more condensation and more rains.
nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and The rainwater falling onto the surface
sulphur; so, option B is correct. got collected in the depressions to give
3. Ans. C. rise to oceans
Correct answer is Differentiation. It is 3) However, around 2,500-3,000
related to the evolution of lithosphere million years before the present, the
and not atmosphere. The other three process of photosynthesis got evolved.
are related to the evolution of the Life was confined to the oceans for a
present atmosphere that earth has long time. Oceans began to have the
today. contribution of oxygen through the
Let’s see how? process of photosynthesis. Eventually,
1) The early atmosphere, with oceans were saturated with oxygen,
hydrogen and helium, is supposed to and 2,000 million years ago, oxygen
have been stripped off as a result of the began to flood the atmosphere.
solar winds. This happened not only in 4. Ans. A.
case of the earth, but also in all the According to Wegener, two forces are
terrestrial planets, which were responsible for continental drift. These
supposed to have lost their primordial are polar fleeing force and tidal force.
atmosphere through the impact of solar The Polar Fleeing Force (Centrifugal
winds. force due to rotation of the earth) is
2) During the cooling of the earth, related to the rotation of the earth. The
gases and water vapour were released Tidal Force is due to the attraction of
from the interior solid earth. This the moon and the sun, which causes
started the evolution of the present tides in the ocean.
atmosphere. The early atmosphere

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5. Ans. D. between two oceanic plates; and (iii)

• Oxygen is one of the most between two continental plates.
abundant elements in the Earth's Divergent Boundaries: Where a new
crust. crust is generated as the plates pull
• Hydrogen is the most sparse away from each other. Spreading sites
element in the earth's crust. where the plates moves away from
• Earth's crust is made up of several each other. The best-known example of
elements: Oxygen - 46.6 Percent divergent boundaries is the Mid-
and Hydrogen - 1.4 Percent. Atlantic Ridge. At this, the American
6. Ans. A. Plate is separated from the Eurasian
Primary/P waves are also known as and African Plates.
compressional waves because of the Transform Boundaries: Where the crust
pushing any pulling they do. is neither produced nor destroyed as
7. Ans. D. the plates slide horizontally past each
A Tectonic Plate is a massive, other. Transform faults are generally
irregularly-shaped slab of solid rock, perpendicular to mid-oceanic ridges
generally composed of both continental and are the planes of separation.
and oceanic lithosphere.
Plates move horizontally over the
asthenosphere as rigid units because
Earth’s lithosphere has a higher
strength than the underlying
asthenosphere.
The ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics’
proposes that the earth’s lithosphere is
divided into seven major and some
minor plates.
Along Divergent Plate Boundaries, new 9. Ans. C.
crust is generated. It is along Evolution result in alteration of
Convergent Plate Boundaries where heritable traits of biological species
subduction carries plates into the over succeeding production.
mantle. Continental drift theory based on large
8. Ans. A. continent Pangaea broke glacial cycle
Convergent Boundaries: when one leaving signs of evolution at both
plate dives under another crust is stages which influences evolution. With
destroyed. Subduction zone is a place presence of unique primates found in
where sinking of plate occurs... There Australia and South America, the effect
are three ways in which convergence of continental drift on evolution exits
can occur. These are: (i) between whose final evolution stage Genus
oceanic and continental plate; (ii) Homo took place in last glacial cycles.

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With this we see that most appropriate the solstice on the Earth that occurs
answer is option C as both statements each June falling on the 20th to 22nd.
1 and 2 are correct. In the northern hemisphere, June 21
10. Ans. B. will be the longest day of 2019. But in
the southern hemisphere, it will be the
Tropic of cancer shortest.
• On Winter Solstice the sun appears at
passes from Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, its most southern position, directly
overhead along the Tropic of Capricorn.
Tripura and Mizoram.
On the other hand, Winter Solstice
11. Ans. D.
o An equinox is commonly regarded as marks the longest day of the year in the
Southern hemisphere. Winter solstice
the moment in which the plane of
took place on December 21. It is the
Earth's equator passes through the
time of the year when one of the
centre of the Sun's disk, which occurs
Earth’s poles has its maximum tilt away
twice each year, around 21 March and
from the Sun. Winter Solstice happens
23 September.
twice yearly, once in each hemisphere.
o On an equinox, day and night are of
• The autumnal equinox is when the
approximately equal duration all over
Sun is exactly above the Equator and
the planet.
day and night is equal length; also,
12. Ans. D.
either of the two points in the sky
● The solar eclipse occurs when the
where the ecliptic (the Sun’s annual
moon comes between the earth and the
pathway) and the celestial equator
sun.
intersect. In the Northern Hemisphere,
● A solar eclipse can only take place at
the autumnal equinox falls about
the phase of the new moon.
September 22 or 23, as the Sun
● It occurs when the moon passes
crosses the celestial equator going
directly between the sun and Earth and
south.
its shadows fall upon Earth's surface.
14. Ans. D.
13. Ans. C.
Earth's tilt is the reason for the
Vernal equinox, two moments in the
seasons. Summer happens in the
year when the Sun is exactly above the
hemisphere tilted towards the Sun, and
Equator and day and night are of equal
winter happens in the hemisphere
length. In the Northern Hemisphere,
tilted away from the Sun. During the
the vernal equinox falls about March 20
year, the seasons change depending on
or 21, as the Sun crosses the celestial
the amount of sunlight reaching the
equator going north.
Earth as it revolves around the Sun.
• The summer solstice, also known as
midsummer, occurs when one of the
Earth's poles has its maximum tilt
toward the Sun. The summer solstice is

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15. Ans. D. layers within the upper part of the

A mid-oceanic ridge is composed of two Earth's crust.
chains of mountains separated by a • Before either plate tectonic theory
large depression. The mountain ranges developed, or the internal architecture
can have peaks as high as 2,500 m and of thrust belts became well understood,
some even reach above the ocean’s the term was used for most mountain
surface. The Mid-oceanic region belts, such as the Himalayas.
accounts for more than 75 % of all • The term is still fairly common in
volcanic activity. Iceland, part of Mid- physical geography literature but has
Atlantic Ridge is an example of mid- otherwise generally fallen out of use
oceanic bridge. So, all the statements except as described below. The forces
are correct. responsible for formation of fold
16. Ans. A. mountains are called orogenic
The mountains which have been movements.
formed by the uplift of mainly the • The term orogenic has derived from a
folded sedimentary rock strata under Greek word meaning mountain
compressional forces are called Fold building. These forces act at tangent to
Mountains. The Himalayas in Asia, the the surface of the earth and are
Alps in Europe, the Rockies in North primarily a result of plate tectonics.
America and the Andes in South 18. Ans. C.
America are the most prominent fold Seamounts and Guyots are minor relief
mountains of the world. features of the ocean floor.
* Seamount is a mountain with pointed
summits, rising from the seafloor that
does not reach the surface of the
ocean. Seamounts are volcanic in
origin.
* Guyot is a flat-topped seamount that
shows evidence of submergence. It is
estimated that more than 10,000
seamounts and guyots exist in the
Pacific Ocean alone.
The Vosges in France, Black Forest 19. Ans. C.
Mountains in Germany and Sierra • There are various forces which act on
Nevada in North America are the the earth’s crust from side to side i.e.
examples of Block Mountains. horizontally or tangentially. When
17. Ans. B. these forces are working horizontally in
• Fold mountains are mountains that opposite directions, the rock strata is
form mainly by the effects of folding on broken or fractured. As a result cracks
and fractures develop. The

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displacement of rocks upward or Magnitude is measured as a logarithm

downward from their original position of amount of energy released by an
along such a fracture is termed as earthquake.
faulting. The line along which An earthquake has one magnitude. The
displacement of the fractured rock magnitude does not depend on where
strata takes place is called the fault the measurement is made. On the
line. other hand Intensity measures the
• Faulting results in the formation of amount of shaking at a particular
well known relief features such as rift location. An earthquake causes many
valleys and the block mountains. A rift different intensities of shaking in
valley is formed by sinking of rock different areas.
strata lying between two almost 22. Ans. B.
parallel faults. The examples of rift Seismic waves travel at different
valleys in the world include the Midland speeds when they pass through
Valley of Scotland, the Rhine Valley, different types of material. Hence, by
the Valley of Nile, the Dead Sea basin studying seismograms, scientists can
and the Great Rift Valley of East Africa learn a lot about Earth's internal
comprising few lakes of this region. structure.
20. Ans. D. • Earthquake waves are basically of
Tsunamis are giant waves of water two types — body waves and surface
hitting the shore. They can be caused waves.
due to undersea earthquakes and • Body waves are generated due to the
volcanic eruptions. Asteroids and release of energy at the focus and
meteorites can also cause tsunamis. A move in all directions travelling
regular wave and tsunami cannot be through the body of the earth. Hence,
distinguished through the sky. The they are named body waves.
speed of tsunami waves decreases as • The body waves interact with the
they travel towards shallow waters. surface rocks and generate new set of
Tsunamis can travel up the rivers and waves called surface waves. These
streams that lead up to the ocean. waves move along the surface.
21. Ans. D. • There are two types of body waves.
Intensity is the rating of the effect of They are called P and S-waves. P-
an earthquake at a particular place. It waves move faster and are the first to
is based on the observations of the arrive at the surface. These are also
damaged areas, using a descriptive called ‘primary waves’. The P-waves
scale like Mercalli Scale. are similar to sound waves. They travel
Magnitude is expressed with the help of through gaseous, liquid and solid
Richter Scale and is measured on the materials. S-waves arrive at the
basis of ground motion recorded by an surface with some time lag. These are
instrument seismograph. called secondary waves. An important

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fact about S-waves is that they can * Metamorphic rocks are the
travel only through solid materials. This changed form of igneous and
characteristic of the S-waves is quite sedimentary rocks.
important as it has helped scientists to 26. Ans. B.
understand the structure of the interior Earth’s topography is made up of many
of the earth. landforms. Variety of natural forces like
23. Ans. B. erosion from water and wind, plate
• Igneous rocks are also known as movement, folding and faulting and
primary rocks because they are volcanic activity decides landforms.
believed to be the first rocks Running water, groundwater, glaciers,
formed on the Earth. the wind, waves, and currents, etc.,
• All other rocks are ultimately derived can be called geomorphic agents that
from Igneous rocks. play role in formation of various
24. Ans. B. landforms
* Igneous rock is formed through Potholes are the erosional landforms
the cooling and solidification of formed by running water; they are
magma or lava. circular depressions.
* Lithification is the process in Sand dunes, spits and eskers are
which sediments compact under formed by winds, waves and glaciers
pressure and gradually become respectively are example of
sedimentary rock depositional landforms
* In metamorphic rocks, banding is a Pedestal rocks are erosional
process wherein the minerals or landforms by winds.
materials of different groups are Terraces are formed by wave’s
arranged into alternating thin to thick erosional features.
layers appearing in light and dark 27. Ans. D.
shades. • Karst landforms are formed from the
25. Ans. C. dissolution of soluble rocks, such as
* Igneous rocks are formed due to limestone, dolomite and gypsum. 50%
the cooling, solidification and of the world’s hydrocarbon reserves are
crystallisation of hot and molten found in karst systems.
magma. • Stalactites and Stalagmites are the
* They are called primary rocks as all major depositional features formed in
the other rocks are formed directly or the caverns in limestone regions. The
indirectly from the igneous rock. water containing limestone in solution
* The sedimentary rocks are formed seeps through the roofs of the caverns
due to the aggregation and compaction in the form of a continuous chain of
of sediments derived from the older drops. A portion of the water dropping
rocks, plants, animals and contains from the ceiling gets evaporated and a
fossils of plants. small deposit of limestone is left behind

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on the roof. This process continues and four types : (i) cirrus; (ii) cumulus; (iii)
deposit of limestone grows downwards stratus; (iv) nimbus.
like pillars. These forms are called Cirrus
‘Stalactites’. Cirrus clouds are formed at high
• When the water dropping from the altitudes (8,000 - 12,000m). They are
roof of the cavern falls on the floor, a thin and detatched clouds having a
part of it is again evaporated and a feathery appearance. They are always
small deposit of limestone is left white in colour. So clearly 1 is not
behind. This deposit grows upward correct.
from the floor of the cavern. These type Cumulus
of depositional features are called Cumulus clouds look like cotton wool.
‘Stalagmites’. As the process grows, They are generally formed at a height
both Stalactite and Stalagmite often of 4,000 - 7,000 m. They exist in
join together to form vertical columns patches and can be seen scattered here
in the caverns. and there. They have a flat base
Stratus
As their name implies, these are
layered clouds covering large portions
of the sky. These clouds are generally
formed either due to loss of heat or the
mixing of air masses with different
temperatures.
Source: Fundamentals of Physical
geography/class
28. Ans. D. 11/chapter11/page99
Transverse dunes deposited 30. Ans. A.
perpendicular (transverse) to the • The correct option which represents
prevailing wind direction. the arrangement of atmospheric layers
Longitudinal dunes are formed is Troposphere, Stratosphere,
parallel to the wind movement. The Mesosphere, Ionosphere,
windward slope of the dune is gentle Exosphere.
whereas the leeward side is steep. 31. Ans. D.
These dunes are commonly found at Mediterranean Climate (Cs) As the
the heart of trade-wind deserts like the name suggests, Mediterranean climate
Sahara, Thar deserts, etc. occurs around Mediterranean Sea,
29. Ans. C. along the west coast of continents in
According to their height, expanse, subtropical latitudes between 30° - 40°
density and transparency or latitudes e.g. — Central California,
opaqueness clouds are grouped under Central Chile, along the coast in
southeastern and south western

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Australia. These areas come under the 34. Ans. A.

influence of sub-tropical high in
summer and westerly wind in winter.
Hence, the climate is characterised by
hot, dry summer and mild, rainy
winter. Monthly average temperature
in summer is around 25° C and in
winter below 10°C. The annual
precipitation ranges between 35 - 90
cm.
32. Ans. D.
Correct match is:
1) Stratosphere : Useful Ozone layer
2) Stratosphere: Ideal for flying
aeroplanes as there is less turbulence.
Troposphere has the maximum
turbulence because of all major
climatological phenomenons
happening in this layer.
3. Mesosphere: No Temperature
inversion. It shows normal lapse
rate.
4. Ionosphere: Radio communications.
Source: Fundamentals of Physical
geography/class
35. Ans. B.
11/chapter8/page77
• Longitude is a geographic coordinate
33. Ans. D.
that specifies the east–west position of
Tropical cyclones are regarded as one
a point on the Earth's surface. It is
of the most devastating natural
important in determination of time.
calamities in the world.
• Climate is affected by 6 factors:
They originate and intensify over warm
latitude, altitude, pressure and wind
tropical oceans.
system, distance from the sea, ocean
Cyclones- Indian Ocean
currents and relief features.
Hurricanes- Atlantic Ocean
36. Ans. C.
Typhoons- Western Pacific and the
Below is the Koeppen climatic
South China Sea
classification:
Willy-willies- Western Australia

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occupy the midlatitude zone, part of

the subtropical zone and extend
poleward into the subarctic latitude
zone.
· are located mainly in the northern
hemisphere.
· are affected by the poleward portion
of the subtropical high-pressure cells,
37. Ans. C. the westerly wind belt and the conflict
* The Koeppen climate classification, between warm and cold air masses that
given by V. Koeppen recognised five occurs along the polar front zone.
major climatic groups. 39. Ans. D.
Below are the characteristics of the
Tropical Savanna Climate:
Temperature:
Tropical savannah climates are
relatively hot since they lie within the
tropical latitudes. Throughout the year,
signifies monthly temperatures soar
above 64 °F (i.e. 18 °C). The dry
season in the savannah grasslands is
38. Ans. D. cooler than the wet season by a few
Mediterranean - The climate is known degrees. During the time of the wet
for warm to hot, dry summers and mild season, the temperatures are between
to cool, wet winters. Winter 78 to 86 °F (i.e. 25 to 30 °C). In the
temperatures are usually between 30 dry time of the year, the temperature
and 65 degrees. Summer months all ranges between 68 to 78 °F (i.e. 20 -
average above 50 degrees. The 25° C). the temperatures are higher
warmest month averages about 72 during the day as compared to the
degrees. nights. The highest temperatures are
Marine West Coast isinfluenced by the experienced just before that of the
presence of mountains. rainy season, which is October month
Moist Continental Summers warm, in the southern hemisphere and April
winters cold with three months below month in the northern hemisphere.
freezing. Very large annual Precipitation:
temperature range Precipitation in the tropical savannah
Midlatitude and high-latitude climates climate is mainly in the form of rainfall.
as a group: On an average, this climatic zone
receives between 800 & 1,600
millimetres of rain annually. As an

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individual moves away from the become stronger. It lies between 50

equator, the mean annual rainfall and 200 North and south of the
decreases. During the driest month, equator.
the precipitation is less than 60 mm. Dry-tropical climate: It lies in center
Savannah regions have two seasons, and east side of subtropical high
summer and winter. The rainfalls pressure belts. Skies are clear most of
mainly in summer. The precipitation the time here so, sun heats the surface
takes place from May to September in very intensely.
the northern hemisphere and from the Hence, Option D is correct.
October to March months in the 41. Ans. A.
southern hemisphere. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels
Winds: caused by the combined effects of the
The prevailing winds in the tropical gravitational forces exerted by the
grasslands are the Trade Winds. They Moon and the Sun and the rotation of
are easterlies, blowing from the east to the Earth.
west. These winds have a huge impact The times and amplitude of tides at a
on the rains in this climate zone. For locale are influenced by the alignment
example, rainfall in the savannah of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of
decreases from east to west. They are tides in the deep ocean, by the
even the cause of the alternating dry amphidromic systems of the oceans,
and wet seasons. During the summer and the shape of the coastline and
season, onshore winds bring rain and near-shore bathymetry. Some
in winter, offshore winds keep the shorelines experience asemi-diurnal
savannah region dry. The Trade Winds tide - two nearly equal Difficult and low
are most vital in summer. tides each day. Other locations
40. Ans. D. experience a diurnal tide - only one
Wet equatorial climate: it is usually Difficult and low tide each day. A
found between 50 and 100, north and "mixed tide"; two uneven tides a day,
south of the equator. It is having or one Difficult and one low, is also
uniform temperature throughout the possible.
year. The mean monthly temperature Hence, Option A is correct.
is always around 24-270C. 42. Ans. A.
Monsoon and trade wind coastal * Canary Current, also known as
areas: it is having abundant rainfall Canaries Current, is a part of a
but showing string seasonal pattern. clockwise-setting ocean-current
The climate occurs between the 50 to system in the North Atlantic Ocean.
250 North and south of the equator. * It is a type of cold current.
Wet-dry tropical climate: when we * It branches south from that of the
towards pole-wards then seasonal North Atlantic Current and it flows
cycle of rainfall and temperature south-westward along the north-west

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coast of Africa as far south as Senegal 45. Ans. B.

before turning towards westward to The ocean currents are not slow
eventually join the Atlantic North surface movement of water but it could
Equatorial Current. be fast also. Rest three statements 2,3
* The water’s cool temperatureis and 4 are correct.
produced by upwelling which is caused 46. Ans. C.
by offshore winds from the continent. Salinity changes with depth, but the
* As this current flows around the way it changes depends upon the
Canary Islands, it helps to reduce the location of the sea. Salinity at the
heating effect of the Sahara to the east. surface increases by the loss of water
The thermal mixing forms excellent to ice or evaporation, or decreased by
fishing grounds in the region. the input of freshwaters, such as from
43. Ans. D. the rivers. Salinity at depth is very
In the following ocean currents, much fixed, because there is no way
'Benguela' is a cool stream flowing in that water is ‘lost’, or the salt is
the Southern Atlantic Ocean, whereas ‘added.’ There is a marked difference in
Agulhas and Mozambique are the hot the salinity between the surface zones
stream flowing in the Indian Ocean and the deep zones of the oceans.
near the East African coast and the Statement 1. The lower salinity water
southern Indian Ocean is the cold rests above the higher salinity dense
stream. water. Salinity, generally, increases
44. Ans. A. with depth.
List of main currents of Atlantic Ocean Statement 2. At a point called
are Halocline, salinity increases sharply.
1. North Equatorial Current In oceanography, a halocline is a
2. South Equatorial Current subtype of chemocline caused by a
3. Counter-Equatorial Current strong, vertical salinity gradient within
4. Gulf Stream a body of water. Because salinity (in
5. Canary Current concert with temperature) affects the
6. Labrador Current density of seawater, it can play a role
7. Brazil Current in its vertical stratification.
8. Falkland Current 47. Ans. B.
9. South Atlantic Drift • The sea water’s density varies from
10. Benguela Current. place to place according to its
Agulhas Current is the surface oceanic temperature and proportion of salinity.
current that forms the western “The higher the temperature of water,
boundary current of the southern the lesser will be the density”. Hence
Indian ocean. the less dense water of the equator
moves towards the poles while the cold
and dense waters of the poles move

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towards the equator. Thus Cold 49. Ans. B.

Currents always move from the Poles The periodical rise and fall of the sea
to the Equator while the Warm level, once or twice a day, mainly due
Currents move from Equator towards to the attraction of the sun and the
the Poles. moon is called tide. To balance the
• Currents are also produced by force of gravity there is another factor
changes in the salinity of ocean waters. called centrifugal force is acting.
“If the salinity of the water is more, the Together the gravitational pull and
density of the water increases, and the centrifugal force is responsible to
water sinks”. Hence water with Lower creating two major tide bulges on the
salinity flows on the surface of the high
earth. Interval between two high tides
salinity water while an under-current of
and low tides is exactly 12 hours and
high salinity flows towards the less
dense water. 26 minutes.Hence, the correct answer
• Earth’s Rotation deflects air to its is B
right in the Northern Hemisphere and 50. Ans. D.
to its left in the Southern Hemisphere. Correct -
Similarly, ocean water is also affected * Benguela (Cold Current): West Coast
by Coriolis Force and follows the of Africa
Ferrell’s Law. So all the ocean currents * Oyashio (Cold Current): East coast of
follow clockwise direction in the Japan
Northern Hemisphere and * Mozambique (Warm Current): East
anticlockwise direction in the Southern
Coast of Africa
Hemisphere.
* Gulf Stream (Warm Current)- North
48. Ans. B.
Halocline is the region in the ocean Atlantic Ocean
which witnesses a sharp salinity 51. Ans. A.
change in the vertical section of ocean * Consist of two groups – Andaman
with the depth. Group (Great & Little Andaman) – 204
Thermocline is the zone of rapid change islands, and Nicobar Group (Car, Little
of temperature gradient with the and Great) – 19 islands. They are
depth. submerged parts of the mountain
Photic Zone is the zone in upper surface range called Arkan Yoma (Myanmar).
of ocean up to which the sun rays can * Some of them are of volcanic origin
easily penetrate. It is very important
and only active volcano of India is
for the life in ocean.
located on these islands (Barren
Pynocline is the layer where density
gradient is greatest within a body of Island). Narcondam is the extinct
water. Here, density increases rapidly volcanic island.
with increase in depth. * 10º channel separates Andaman
Hence, Option B is correct. (Little) from Nicobar.
* Little Andaman is separated from
Great Andaman by Duncan passage.

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* Great Nicobar is the Largest Island in Himalayas, so Himalayas are spread

the group. over more than five states. Hence,
* Saddle Peak in North Andaman – the Statement 2 is incorrect.
highest peak * The Western ghats are spread over
* The main Tribes here are Great the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Andamanese, Onges, Sentinelese, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Jarawas, and Shompens. so these are six States. Hence,
52. Ans. C. Statement 3 is incorrect.
* The Peninsular plateau consists of
two broad divisions: Central Highlands Hence, Option B is correct.
and Deccan Plateau. 54. Ans. B.
* The part of the Peninsular plateau * The Himalayas along the eastern
lying to the north of the Narmada river boundary of India is called Purvanchal.
is referred as Central Highlands. The They are of medium height and
Deccan plateau lies to the south of the comprise the Patkai Bum, and Naga
river Narmada. Hills in the north, Manipur hills and
* The Deccan plateau is a volcanic Mizo hills.
plateau, which is higher in west and * Naga hills are situated in the state of
slopes gently eastwards. Nagaland. Its highest peak is Mount
* Dur to its hard crust, the deccan Sharamati
plateau is not an earthquake-prone * Manipur hills form the border
zone. between Manipur and Myanmar.
53. Ans. B. * Javadhi Hills are an extension of the
* In Tamil Nadu, the city Pulicat is Eastern Ghats spread across parts of
located in the district of Tiruvallur. It is the state of Tamil Nadu.
situated almost 60kms north of
Chennai city particularly on the
seaward side of Sri Harikota island
blockade that segregates Pulicat Lake
from the Bay of Bengal. Hence,
Statement 1 is correct.
The Himalayas are spread over most of
the northern and North Eastern states
and union territories i.e Jammu and
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, 55. Ans. C.
Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura. besides Palkonda Hills are a range of hills that
these mountain range of Assam and form a part of the Eastern Ghats in
West Bengal are also part of the Andhra Pradesh. The name Palkonda

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translates into "milk hills". The name is 57. Ans. C.

attributed to the presence of pasture River Sarda originates from far
grounds in them. northern Uttarakhand state in Great
Himalayas on the eastern slopes of
Nanda Devi massif. Before entering to
the plains, it is known as River Kali. It
then flows south-west . it enters the
Gangetic plain at Barmdeo Madi
(Nepal). Below that, it is known as
Sarda River. It then enters Uttar
Pradesh and joins the Ghaghara River
56. Ans. B. south of Behraich.
* Collectively Nilgiri, Anaimali Hills & Hence, Option C is correct.
Palni-Cardamom Hills form Southern 58. Ans. C.
Hills Complex. Alluvial Soils are the most common
* Nilgiri is the meeting point of Western soils in India. These are widespread in
Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and Southern northern plains and river valleys. These
Hill Complex here. are rich in humus, lime and organic
* Doda Beta is the highest peak of matter. These are highly fertile.
Nilgiri. Ooty is a hill station located in The name of laterite soils is derived
Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu). Temperate forests from Latin word ‘Later’ which means a
called Sholas are found here. Brick. These soils are most common in
* Anai Mudi is the highest peak of the areas of high temperature and high
Western Ghats. It is located in Anaimali rainfall and are formed due to leaching.
Hills in Kerala. . Also the Famous hill In India, laterite soils are found on the
station of Kodaikanal (T.N) lies in Palni slopes of the Western Ghats and not in
Hills. Indian desert. Black Soils are most
* Javadhi Hills are an extension of the common in Deccan Trap. These are
Eastern Ghats spread across parts of mature soils with high water retaining
the state of Tamil Nadu. capacity. These soils are ideal for
cultivation of cotton.
59. Ans. B.
The Ganga bifurcates at Farakka
Barrage. The Bhagirathi-Hooghly (a
distributary) flows southwards through
the deltaic plains to the Bay of Bengal.
The mainstream flows southwards into
Bangladesh and is joined by the
Brahmaputra leading to the
Sunderbans Delta.

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60. Ans. C. The left bank tributaries of Godavari

The Great Indian Desert lies to the are more in number & more extensive
northwest of the Aravali hills. It is than the right bank tributaries.
believed that during the Mesozoic era, The Manjra (i.e., 724 km) is the only
this region was under the sea. The crucial right-bank tributary. It
desert can be divided into two parts: combines the Godavari after passing
the northern part is sloping towards via NizamSagar.
Sindh and the southern towards the 63. Ans. C.
Rann of Kachchh. Most of the rivers in Central highlands are the area between
this region are ephemeral. The Luni the Ganga plains and the Malwa
river is flowing in the southern part of plateau on the west side. The correct
the desert. order from East to West is Chota
61. Ans. C. Nagpur, Baghelkhand, Bundelkhand,
The islands of the Arabian Sea involve Malwa plateau.
Lakshadweep & Minicoy. These are The Peninsular Plateau can be divided
scattered between 8°N to 12°N and into two sections:
71°E to 74°E longitude. • Central Highland is situated to the
These islands are situated at a distance north of Narmada river. The plateau
of 280 km to 480 km off the Kerala comprisesMalwa Plateau, Chotanagpur
coast. The whole island group is built of Plateau, Vidhya Range, Meghalaya
coral deposits. Plateau, Satpura Range, and the
There are approx. 36 islands, of which Aravali Range. The highest peak here is
11 are inhabited. Guru Shikhar (i.e. 1722 M).
Minicoy is the largest island with an • Deccan Plateau is bounded by the
area of 453 sq. km. Satpura Range in the north, the
The complete group of islands is Eastern Ghats in the east & the
broadly categorized by the 11 Degree Western Ghats in the west. Rivers of
channel, north of which is the Amini Deccan Plateau (Cauvery, Godavari,
Island and to the south of the Krishna) flows from the West to East.
Canannore Island. Deccan Plateau comprises of Andhra
62. Ans. D. Plateau, Karnataka Plateau, and
Left Bank Tributaries of Godavari: Maharashtra Plateau.
Dharna, Wardha, Pench, 64. Ans. D.
Pranahita,Kanhan, Penganga, The Andamanese and Nicobarese can
Wainganga, Sabari, Indravati etc. be split into two broad tribal groups
Right Bank Tributaries of Godavari: mainly based on their place of origin.
Pravara, Manjra, Mula, Peddavagu, The Andaman Islands are home to four
Maner etc. ‘Negrito’ tribes: the Great
Andamanese, the Onge, the Jarawa
and the Sentinelese, whereas the

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Nicobar Islands are home to two Bay of Bengal. Gentle slope means
‘Mongoloid’ tribes – the Shompen and more deposits thus bigger deltas. Such
the Nicobarese. rivers flow with lesser velocity before
The ‘Negrito’ tribes are believed to entering into sea.
have arrived in the islands from Africa Short course of rivers doesn’t provide
up to 60,000 years ago. All are much scope to collect large amount of
nomadic hunter-gatherers, hunting slit. Generally, east flowing rivers like
wild pig and monitor lizard, and Godavari, Krishna which form deltas
catching fish with bows and arrows. have a long course.
They also collect honey, roots and East flowing rivers have enough
berries from the forest. tributaries and big catchment area.
The ‘Mongoloid’ tribes probably came Hence, they are laden with huge
to the islands from the Malay-Burma amount of sediments eroded by such
coast several thousand years ago. tributaries over their long course.
65. Ans. B. Very few east flowing rivers traverse
The total length of India’s coastline is through rift valley. Rift Valley swiftly
7516 km. Of this, mainland coastline drains whatever sediments are carried
length is 5422 km whereas Island by such rivers into the sea without
territories coastline length is 2094 km. forming any delta.
Gujarat is having longest mainland 67. Ans. B.
coastline of approx. 1214.7 lm long. Bhakra Nangal Dam is a concrete
Andhra Pradesh has the second longest gravity dam on the Sutlej River in
mainland coastline with a total length Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh in northern
of 974 km. India. This dam forms the Gobind
Coastal area covers more than 10% of Sagar reservoir. The dam is situated at
the earth surface. Ocean navigation, a gorge near the (now submerged)
coastal fisheries, tourism, recreation, upstream Bhakra village in Himachal
and industrialization are some of the Pradesh’s Bilaspur district at a height of
economic benefit because of coastal 226 m.
areas. Human population is often more Hence, option B is correct.
concentrated, around 40% of world 68. Ans. B.
population lives near the coast. About Statement 1 and 2 is correct, i.e., river
35% of Indians live within 100 km of cauvery has well-developed valley and
the country’s coastline measuring 7517 valley of river alakananda is still in
km. process of growing.
66. Ans. B. • The river Godavari is the largest river
Slight tilting of the peninsular block system of the Peninsular India and then
from northwest to the south-eastern is revered as Dakshina Ganga.
direction gave an orientation to the • The Godavari basin extends over
entire drainage system towards the states of Andhra Pradesh,

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Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh & Odisha in

addition to smaller parts in Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, and Union territory of
Puducherry having a total area of
approx. 3 lakh Sq.km.
• The river Krishna is the second
largest east flowing Peninsular River
which get rises near Mahabaleshwar in
Sahyadri.
69. Ans. C.
The correct order of the above-
mentioned rivers from north to south
is Kollidam, Valiyar, Vaigai and
Attingal.
Hence, Option C is correct.
Kollindam River: The Kollidam is a
70. Ans. B.
river in southeastern India. The
• Shyok river is a tributary of the Indus
Kollidam is the northern distributary of
river which originates from the Siachen
the Kaveri River as it flows through the
glacier and flows through India and
delta of Thanjavur. It splits from the
Pakistan before joining Indus.
main branch of the Kaveri River at the
• The three principal tributaries of the
island of Srirangam and flows eastward
Shyok river are: Nubra (right bank
into the Bay of Bengal.
tributary), Saltoro, and Hushe river.
Valiyar River: The Vellar River or
71. Ans. D.
South Vellar River is a non-perennial
Below are some rivers originate from
river in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
the Aravalli range, both northwards to
that flows southeast into the Palk
Yamuna as well as southwards to
Strait, part of the Bay of Bengal.
Arabian Sea.
Vaigai River: The Vaigai is a river in
Luni River: It is 495 kilometres (308
the Tamil Nadu state of southern India;
mi) originates in the Pushkar valley
it passes through the towns of Theni,
near Ajmer, ends in the marshy lands
Dindigul and Madurai. It originates in
of Rann of Kutch.
Varusanadu Hills, the Periyar Plateau of
Sakhi river: It is 265 kilometres (165
the Western Ghats range, and flows
mi) ends in the marshy lands of Rann
northeast through the Kambam Valley,
of Kutch.
which lies between the Palani Hills to
Sabarmati River: It is 371 kilometres
the north and the Varushanad Hills to
(231 mi) originates on the western
the south. The Vattaparai Falls are
slopes of Aravalli range of the Udaipur
located on this river.
District, ends into the Gulf of Cambay
of Arabian Sea.

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Sahibi River: It originates near east side). Together, these three rivers
Manoharpur in Sikar district flows drain a catchment of about 1.72 million
through Haryana. km2, at the southern side of the
Chambal River: It is 1,024 kilometres Himalaya.
(636 mi) a south bank tributary of characteristics features of Ganga-
Brahmaputra delta are as follows:
Yamuna river.
• It is the largest delta in the world.
Banas River: It is 529 kilometres (329
• It is the most fertile delta in the
mi) a northern-side tributary of world.
Chambal river. • It is formed by the Ganga and the
Berach River: It is 236 kilometres (147 Brahmaputra river.
mi) a southern-side tributary of Banas • It is a tide-dominated delta.
River, originates in the hills of Udaipur • The lower part of the delta is marshy.
District. 74. Ans. C.
72. Ans. C. The alluvial soils vary in nature from
• River Narmada (the largest west sandy loamy to clay. In northern plain,
flowing river of the Peninsula) rises two type of alluvial soils have
developed -> Khadar and Bhangar.
near Amarkantak range of mountains
Khadar is new alluvium deposited by
in Madhya Pradesh. It is the fifth
floods and Bhangar is old alluvium
largest river in the country and the deposited away from the flood plains.
largest one in Gujarat. It traverses Alluvial soil found in different parts of
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and India including northern plains, some
Gujarat and meets the Gulf of Cambay. parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan, eastern
• The Narmada River basin covers large coastal region etc.
areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh 75. Ans. D.
(86%), Gujarat (14%) and a The alluvial soils vary in nature from
comparatively smaller area (2%) in that of sandy loam to clay. They are
Maharashtra. Narmada River does not usually rich in potash but poor in
phosphorous.
pass through Rajasthan.
Even otherwise phosphates are
73. Ans. C.
available in water or soil in a very small
The Ganges Brahmaputra Delta, also fraction. The reasons are phosphates
named Ganges Delta, Sunderban Delta take the longest time among all other
or Bengal Delta is situated in Asia minerals for its complete recycling.
where the Ganges and Brahmaputra Even during the recycling process if not
rivers discharge into the Bay of Bengal. immediately used, a portion of
Approximately two-thirds of the delta is available phosphates gets converted
in Bangladesh, and the rest constitutes into other compounds which again
the state of West Bengal, India takes much time for it to come into the
The Ganges Delta is the floodplain of cycle.
three great rivers: the Ganges, the Hence, option D is correct.
Brahmaputra and the Meghna (on its

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76. Ans. C. Their movement within the soil helps in

Weathering Processes in the soil its mixing & aeration.
formation: 77. Ans. D.
Freezing & Melting: The repeated Oaks, beeches, birches, aspens, elms,
freezing and melting results in the chestnuts, maples, and basswoods (or
formation of cracks and crevices in lindens) are the dominant trees in the
rocks. In the presence of the sun, the mid-latitude deciduous forests. They
rock surface expands. Upon coming in vary in shape & height and form the
contact with the water body, these dense growths that admit relatively
pores get filled with the water. As we little light through the leafy canopy.
are aware about, water expands when The shrubs are present primarily near
gets frozen, which pushes the particles clearings and forest edges, where more
to get further apart, breaking it down. light is available, and herbaceous
When ice melts again, the rock gets flowering plants are abundant inside
breaks into loose soil particles the forest in the spring, before the
Heating & Cooling: In places with an trees come into full leaf.
extreme climatic conditions, like the Some of the commercially significant
arctic circle or the arid region, the rocks trees of the tropical evergreen forest
are subjected to the sudden expansion are ebony, rosewood, mahogany,
and contraction, which results in the rubber and cinchona.
loosening of their particles and rise in Teak is among the most dominant
the air content. With time, the effect species of tropical deciduous forests.
significantly reduces a rock to loose Bamboos, sal, shisham, khair,
soil. sandalwood, kusum, arjun, mulberry
Wetting & Drying: The rocks swell are other commercially important
when they are wet & shrink back when species.
dry. The Regular wetting and drying of 78. Ans. C.
rocks results in the loosening of its Red Soil:
grains. • Develop general on disintegration of
Grinding/Rubbing: As the sea waves crystalline and metamorphic rocks in
gets pound to the rocks along the the areas of heavy rainfall.
seashore, abrasion of the uppermost • Rich in ferromagnesium minerals and
layer happens along with its red color is due to excessive presence
fragmentation into the smaller rocks of Iron Oxide.
and further into the smaller particles. • Soil is porous and coarse grained and
Organisms: The organisms like have low moisture retaining capacity.
earthworm live in the soil. They agitate • It is relatively less fertile soil and
their way through it by eating it. This needs heavy and frequent irrigation for
results in the nutrient-rich manure agriculture.
production in the form of the excreta.

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• In the low lying areas, it is found as to high annual precipitation. Conifers

clay and in the higher land, it is found tend to be evergreen. They bear needle
as unconsolidated soil. like leaves all year long. Some common
• In higher parts, it suitable for growing conifers are spruces, pines and firs.
bazra, groundnut and potato. While Spruce pulp is important in the paper
in low lying areas, rice, ragi, tobacco industry. Timber from the trees is used
and vegetables can be grown. in a variety of applications. Firs are
• These soils are rich in iron, evergreen coniferous trees. Old fir
magnesium and aluminium compounds trees have thick, ridged bark, and
while deficient in lime, humus, nitrogen younger firs have thin, smooth bark.
and phosphoric acid. Teak is a tropical hardwood tree
Black Soil- It is formed by weathering species. They are found in dry
and erosion of volcanic lavas and hence deciduous forests. Teak is high
found in deccan lava plateau. It is good resistance to decay and insect damage
for cotton cultivation. is a high-quality timber species.
Laterite Soil- It is formed in areas of Sal is found in dry and wet deciduous
heavy rainfall due to washing away of forests of India. Also, they are found in
lime and silica and these are mainly Tropical Zone at an elevation of 500 to
found on top of hills and mountains. 1,600 meters. For example: Himalayan
Arid Soil- these are distributed mainly Vegetation.
across the arid and semi-arid areas of Oaks are available in a wide range of
Rajasthan; suitable for cultivation of habitats from Mediterranean semi-
crops like Jowar and bajra. desert to subtropical rainforest. Oak is
79. Ans. D. a very important tree species of the
Tropical deciduous forests are divided temperate broadleaved Himalayan
into moist and dry form on the basis of forests.
availability of water. These are also 81. Ans. D.
called monsoon forests. During dry According to India State of Forest
season tress shed their leaves and it Report 2019, total tree and forest cover
appears as grassland with naked trees. in India is 24.56% which has seen a
Dry deciduous forests spread in the marginal increase of 0.17% since
regions where rainfall ranges between 2017. The top five states in terms of
70 -100 cm. forest area are:
Tendu, Palas, Amaltas, Bel, Khair, 1. Madhya Pradesh
Axlewood, etc. are the common trees 2. Arunachal Pradesh
of these forests. 3. Chhattisgarh
80. Ans. D. 4. Odisha
Coniferous usually consist of evergreen 5. Maharashtra
cone-bearing needle-leaved trees. It is
in areas of long winters and moderate

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82. Ans. B. season, it swells and becomes sticky.

In India, Black soil is spread over the This allows for self ploughing.
northwest Deccan plateau. It covers • Laterite soil occurs in areas where
the areas which include the plateau of there is heavy rainfall. This allows for
Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, greater bacterial activity, and thus,
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. It is effective decomposition of organic
also found in the Godavari and Krishna content is done. Laterite soil lacks in
valleys. organic content.
Madhya Pradesh with an area of over 85. Ans. A.
77,000 square kilometers is the state * Alluvial soil the most important type
with the largest area under forests in of soil found in the country as it covers
India about 40% of the total land.
83. Ans. A. * Alluvial soil is of two types - old
Saline soils are more widespread in alluvium known as bangar, and new
western Gujarat, deltas of the eastern alluvium called khadar.
coast and in Sunderban areas of West * It is found in the northern plains
Bengal. In the Rann of Kuchchh, the beginning from Punjab to West Bengal
Southwest Monsoon brings salt and Assam.
particles and deposits there as a crust. 86. Ans. D.
Seawater intrusions in the deltas The highest amount of mineral salts in
promote the occurrence of saline soils. cereals is found in millet. Green Ear and
In the areas of intensive cultivation Argat are diseases in Bajra. The leading
with excessive use of irrigation, Bajra-producing states are Rajasthan,
especially in areas of green revolution, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat respectively.
the fertile alluvial soils are becoming Bajra is a rich source of insoluble fibre,
saline. which works as a probiotic in our gut,
Excessive irrigation with dry climatic helping keep our digestive health in top
conditions promotes capillary action, form.
which results in the deposition of salt 87. Ans. D.
on the top layer of the soil. In such The maturity of sugarcane is measured
areas, especially in Punjab and by saccharimeter or refractometer.
Haryana, farmers are advised to add Sugarcane requires 100-180 cm of
gypsum to solve the problem of salinity average rainfall, and coop and loam
in the soil. soil. Leading sugarcane producing
84. Ans. A. states include Uttar Pradesh,
• 1st statement is correct. Maharashtra and Karnataka,
• Self ploughing is associated with respectively.
Black soil => In dry season, the black
soil develops cracks, whereas in wet

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88. Ans. A. 91. Ans. D.

Molybdenum is needed the most for the The Nokrek biosphere reserve is
stabilization of atmospheric nitrogen in located in Meghalaya. The Tura Range,
pulses. Molybdenum is a structural which is part of the Meghalaya Plateau,
component of the enzyme that reduces is home to the Nokrek Biosphere
nitrates to ammonia. Without it, the Reserve in northeastern India (avg.
synthesis of proteins is blocked, and altitude: 600 metres). The entire area
plant growth ceases. Root nodule is mountainous, with Nokrek, the
(nitrogen-fixing) bacteria also require highest peak of the Garo hills, rising
it. Seeds may not form completely, and 1,412 metres above sea level.
nitrogen deficiency may occur if plants Hence, option D is correct.
are lacking molybdenum. Deficiency 92. Ans. A.
signs are pale green leaves with rolled • Tropical Deciduous Forests, also
or cupped margins. known as Monsoon Forests, are the
89. Ans. D. most common forests in India and
Tea is the most important beverage covers the maximum geographical
crop in India. The tea plant grows well areas of India.
in tropical and sub-tropical climate. Tea • Tropical deciduous forests can be
bushes require warm and moist, frost- found in areas of rainfall ranging from
free climate throughout the year. Tea 70 to 200 cm.
bushes need a temperature of more • Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair,
than 25°C. Tea plant needs heavy axlewood, and other dry deciduous
rainfall, ranging between 150 cm to forest trees include tendu, palas,
250 cm. The rainfall should be well amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood, and
distributed throughout the year. The others.
plant requires a light loamy soil. The Hence, Option A is correct.
soil should be rich in humus and iron 93. Ans. C.
content. The littoral and swamp forests are also
90. Ans. D. known as ‘wetlands’.
The place of origin of coffee is believed The Himalayan region, deserts, coastal
to be the region of Kelfa in Ethiopia. It plains, and river plains in India are
is a tropical herbaceous plant. The home to wetlands.
three main varieties of coffee are Sunderban deltas, coastal plains of
Coffee Liberia, Coffee Arabica and Godavari, Kaveri, Krishna, and
Coffee Rovesta. The Blue Mountain of Mahanadi, desert plains of Rajasthan
Jamaica is the highest quality coffee and Gujarat, etc. are all wetland
growing area in the world. regions of India.
Wetlands are home to a variety of
species including birds, amphibians,
and land mammals. To conserve

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wetlands, India has signed an Subarnarekha are east flowing

international treaty named Ramsar rivers.
Convention in 1973. • These rivers flow towards Bay of
Currently, India has 42 Ramsar Bengal.
wetlands, out of which, 15 new ones 96. Ans. A.
have been declared since January An estuary is a water body surrounded
2019. by landmass with a narrow opening
94. Ans. B. into a sea. It is generally a transition
The Red Sandalwood is a native & area between river mouth and ocean.
endemic to India, and it can only be In India, Narmada and Tapi river forms
found in the southern parts of the the largest estuary while St. Lawrence
Eastern Ghats. The Red Sandalwood is River of North America forms the world
a small tree which grows to 5 to 8 largest estuary.
meters in height and has dark greyish 97. Ans. B.
bark. The timber is highly demanded Penganga is a tributary of Wardha
domestically & internationally, and River.
especially in the East Asian countries. Hence, Option B is correct.
The Red Sandalwood timber is used for 98. Ans. D.
carvings, furniture, poles, and house Sileru is the tributary of Godavari not
posts. The rare ‘wavy’ grain variant is Krishna.
highly valued in Japan for its acoustic Major Tributaries of Krishna River are
properties, and it is used to make the as follows:
musical instruments. The timber is * Left Bank: Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu,
even exploited for the extraction of Halia, Musi, Paleru, Munneru.
santalin (i.e., a red pigment used as * Right Bank: Venna, Koyna,
dye and colourant in food), medicine, Panchganga, Dudhganga,
and cosmetics. Its IUCN Red List status Ghataprabha, Malaprabha,
is ‘endangered’. Tungabhadra.
95. Ans. C. 99. Ans. C.
• The Indus, the Narmada, the Tapi, India has a long coastline of around
the Sabarmati, the Mahi, the 7500 kms. There are total 9 littoral
Ghagghar, the Luni, the Saravati, the states in India. The correct order from
Pumba, the Periyar, the Bharathapuzha above given list of states is 6-3-2-4-1-
are the west flowing rivers of India. 5-7 i.e. Goa (104 kms), Karnataka
• These rivers flow towards Arabian (300 kms), Kerala (590 kms),
Sea. Maharashtra (720 kms), Andhra
• The Ganga, the Brahmaputra, the Pradesh (974 kms), Tamil Nadu (1076
Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, kms) and Gujarat (1600 kms).
the Cauvery, the Penneru, the Amongst states, Gujarat (1600 kms)
Penneiyar, the Vaigai, and the has the longest coastline whereas

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amongst political units, Andaman and

Nicobar Islands have the longest
coastline (1912 kms) in India.
100. Ans. C.
Assam shares a border with 7 states,
namely: West Bengal, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur,
Nagaland, Tripura and Mizoram.

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