UNIT LAWS OF MOTION

1
Important Points

 Mechanics is divided into statics and dynamics.

 Ability of a body to maintain its state of rest or motion is called Inertia.
 Moment of the couple is measured by the product of any one of the forces and the
perpendicular distance between two forces.
 SI unit of force is newton (N). C.G.S unit is dyne.
 When a force Facts on a body for a period of time t, then the product of force and time is
known as ‘impulse’.
 The unit of weight is newton or kg f.
 The weight of a body is more at the poles than at the equatorial region.
 Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in the object. Its SI unit is kilogram
(kg).
 Apparent weight is the weight of the body acquired due to the action of gravity and other
external forces on the body.

TEXT BOOK EVALUATION

I. Book Exercise – Choose the best answer

1. Inertia of a body depends on

a. weight of the object b. acceleration due to gravity of the planet
c. mass of the object d. Both a & b
Ans : (c) mass of the object
2. Impulse is equal to
a. rate of change of momentum b. rate of force and time
c. change of momentum d. rate of change of mass
Ans : (c) change of momentum
3. Newton‟s III law is applicable
a. for a body is at rest b. for a body in motion
c. both a and b d. only for bodies with equal masses
Ans : (c) both (a) & (b)
4. Plotting a graph for momentum on the X-axis and time on Y-axis. slope of momentum-time graph
gives
a. Impulsive force b. Acceleration c. 1/Force d. Rate of force
Ans : (c) 1/F)
5. In which of the following sport the turning of effect of force used
a. swimming b. tennis c. cycling d. hockey
Ans : (c) cycling
6. The unit of „g‟ is m s-2. It can be also expressed as
a. cm s–1 b. N kg–1 c. N m2 kg–1 d. cm2 s–2
Ans : (b) N Kg–1
7. One kilogram force equals to
a. 9.8 dyne b. 9.8 × 104 N c. 98 × 104 dyne d. 980 dyne
Ans : (c) 98 × 104 dyne
 8. The mass of a body is measured on planet Earth as M kg. When it is taken to a planet of
radius half that of the Earth then its value will be kg
a. 4 M b. 2M c. M/4 d. M
Ans : (c)
M/4
9. If the Earth shrinks to 50% of its real radius its mass remaining the same, the weight of a
body on the Earth will
a. decrease by 50% b. increase by 50% c. decrease by 25% d. increase by 300%
Ans : (c) decrease by
25%
10. To project the rockets whice of the following principle(s) is /are required?
a. Newton’s third law of motion b. Newton’s law of gravitation
c. law of conservation of linear momentum d. both a and c
Ans : (d) both (a) and (c)

II. Book Exercise – Fill in the blanks

1. To produce a displacement is required. Ans
: Force
2. Passengers lean forward when sudden brake is applied in a moving vehicle. This can be
explained by
Ans : Inertia of motion
3. By convention, the clockwise moments are taken as and the anticlockwise moments are
taken
as . Ans : Negative,
Positive
4. is used to change the speed of car. Ans :
Gears
5. A man of mass 100 kg has a weight of at the surface of the Earth. Ans :
980 N

III. Book Exercise – True or False (correct the statement if it is false)

1. The linear momentum of a system of particles is always conserved.
Ans : False. The linear momentum of a system of particles is always conserved only if no external
force is applied.
2. Apparent weight of a person is always equal to his actual weight.
Ans : False. Apparent weight and actual weight is not equal during upward or downward motion.
3. Weight of a body is greater at the equator and less at the polar region.
1
Ans : False. Weight of a body is lesser at the equator and more at the polar region as g α .
R2
4. Turning a nut with a spanner having a short handle is so easy than one with a long
handle. Ans : False. Moment of force in longer handle is easy than one with a short
handle.
5. There is no gravity in the orbiting space station around the Earth. So the astronauts feel
weightlessness. Ans : False. Apparent weight is zero. They are in the state of weightlessness.

IV. Book Exercise – Match the following

Column I Column II
1. Newton's I law (a) propulsion of a rocket
2. Newton's II law (b) stable equilibrium of a body
3. Newton's III law (c) law of force
4. Law of conservation of linear momentum (d) flying nature of bird
Ans :
Column I Column II
1 Newton's I law b stable equilibrium of a body
2 Newton's II law c law of force
3 Newton's III law d flying nature of bird
4 Law of conservation of linear momentum a propulsion of a rocket
V. Book Exercise – Assertion and Reason
Mark the correct choice as
a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
b) If both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.
d) Assertion is false, but the reason is true.
1. Assertion: The sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise momen.
Reason: The principle of conservation of momentum is valid if the external force on the system is zero.
Ans : (b) both the assertion and the reason are true, but the
reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
2. Assertion: The value of 'g' decreases as height and depth increases from the surface of the Earth.
Reason: 'g' depends on the mass of the object and the Earth.
Ans : (c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false
VI. Book Exercise – Answer briefly

1. Define inertia. Give its classification.

The inherent property of a body to resist any change in its state of rest (or) the state of uniform motion,
unless it is influenced upon by an external unbalanced force is known as Inertia.
Types of Inertia :
Inertia of rest.
Inertia of motion.
Inertia of direction.
2. Classify the types of force based on their application.
The 2 types of forces are,
Like parallel forces.
Unlike parallel forces.
3. If a 5 N and a 15 N forces are acting opposite to one another. Find the resultant force and the
direction of action of the resultant force.
Resultant Force = F2 – F1
= 15N – 5N
= 10N.
4. Differentiate mass and weight.

S.No. Mass Weight

1 Fundamental quantity Derived quantity
2 It is the amount of matter contained in a body It is the gravitational pull acting on the body
3 It's unit is kilogram It is measured in newton
4 Remains the same Varies from place to place
5 It is measured using physical balance It is measured using spring balance
5. Define moment of a couple.
The line of action of the two forces does not coincide. It does not produce any translatory motion since the
resultant is zero. But a couple results in causes the rotation of the body. Rotating effect of a couple is known
as moment of a couple.
Moment of couple = F × S
M = F × S. (S I Unit is Nm)
 6. State the principle of moments.
When a number of like or unlike parallel forces act on a rigid body and the body is in equilibrium, then the
algeberic sum of the moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments in the
anticlockwise direction.
7. State Newton‟s second law.
The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum of the body and
the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the force.
8. Why a spanner with a long handle is preferred to tighten screws in heavy vehicles?
The turning effect of a force is called moment of force.
Moment of Force = Force × Perpendicular distance
=F×d
For the spanner with a long handle, 'd' is large. Therefore the moment of force is also large and hence
it is easier to rotate the object (nut).
9. While catching a cricket ball the fielder lowers his hands backwards. Why?
In cricket, a fielder pulls back his hands while catching the ball. He experiences a smaller force for a longer
interval of time to catch the ball, resulting in a lesser impulse on his hands.
10. How does an astronaut float in a space shuttle?
On the astronaut there is no external force on him due to planet or space ship. By the first law of motion the
acceleration on him is zero. So he floats.
VII. Book Exercise – Solve the given problems
1. Two bodies have a mass ratio of 3:4 The force applied on the bigger mass produces an acceleration
of 12 ms-2.What could be the acceleration of the other body, if the same force acts on it.

Let mass of the body A = 3 m

Mass of the body B = 4 m
Force applied = F
For body A
F = mass × acceleration
F = 3m × 12 ms–1
F = 36 N.
For body B
F = mass × acceleration
Force
Acceleration = Mass
36 N
=
4m
= 9 ms2.
2. A ball of mass 1 kg moving with a speed of 10 ms-1 rebounds after a perfect elastic collision with the
floor. Calculate the change in linear momentum of the ball.

Mass of the ball = 1 kg

Initial speed = 10 ms–1
Final speed = –10ms–1 (rebounds)
Change in momentum
P = mV – mu
P = 1 × (–10) – 1 × 10
= –10 – 10
P = –20 kg m/s.
3. A mechanic unscrew a nut by applying a force of 140 N with a spanner of length 40 cm. What should
be the length of the spanner if a force of 40 N is applied to unscrew the same nut?

Equating the torque in both the cases.

F1 l1 = F2 l2
140N × 40cm = l2 × 40N
140 N 40 cm
l2 =
40 N
l2 = 140 cm.
l2 = 1.4 m.
4. The ratio of masses of two planets is 2:3 and the ratio of their radii is 4:7 Find the ratio of their
accelerations due to gravity.

GM1
g1 = 2
1

GM2
g2 = 2
2

M1 : M2 = 2 : 3
R1 : R2 = 4 : 7
g GM R2
1
= 1
 2

2 1 GM2
M R2
=
1
2
 2

1 M2
2 (7)2
= 
(4)2 3
2 49

16 3
98
=
48
g1 49
= .
g2 24

VIII. Book Exercise – Answer in detail

1. What are the types of inertia? Give an example for each type.
There are 3 types of Inertia. They are;
Inertia at rest : The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
Example : When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and
fruits are detached and they fall down (Inertia of rest).
Inertia of motion : The resistance of a body to change its state of motion iscalled inertia of
motion.
Example : An athlete runs some distance before jumping because this will help him jump
longer and higher.
Inertia of direction : The resistance of a body to change its direction of motioniscalled inertia of
direction.
Example : When a bus turn towards right, the passangers are thrown towards left.
2. State Newton‟s laws of motion?
Newton's First Law : This law states that everybody continues to be in its state of rest (or) the state of
 uniform motion along a straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force.
Newton's Second Law : According to this law, the force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate
of change of linear momentum of the body and the change in momentum takes
place in the direction of the force.
Newton's Third Law : Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. They always act on two different bodies.
3. Deduce the equation of a force using Newton‟s second law of motion.
This law helps us to measure the amount of force. So it is also called as "law of force". Let 'm' be the mass
of a moving body, moving along a straight line with an initial speed 'u' after a time interval of 't', the velocity
of the body changes to 'v' due to the impact of an unbalanced external force 'F'.
Initial momentum of the body Pi = mu
Final momentum of the body Pf = mv
Change in momentum P = Pf – Pi
= mv – mu
By Newton's second law of motion,
Force, F  rate of change of momentum.
F  change in momentum / time.
mv – mu
F
t m(v–u)
F=K
t
Here K is the proportionality constant. K=1 in all systems of units. Hence,
m(v–u)
F =
t
change in velocity
since acceleration =
time
(v–u)
a =
t
Hence we have
F=m×a
Force = mass × acceleration
No external force is required to maintain the motion of a body moving with uniform velocity. When the
net force acting on a body is not equal to zero, then definitely the velocity of the body will change.

4. State and prove the law of conservation of linear momentum.

There is no change in the linear momentum of a system of bodies as long as no net external force acts on
them.
Let us prove the law of conservation of linear momentum with the following illustration.
u1 u2 FA FB V1 V2

m1 m1 m1
A A A
B B B

Proof : Let two bodies A and B having masses m1 and m2 move with initial velocity u1 and u2 in a straight
line. Let the velocity of the first body be higher than that of the second body. i.e., u1 > u2. During an interval
of time 't' second, they tend to have a colliusion. After the impact, both them move along the same straight
line with a velocity V1 and V2 respectively.
Force on body B due to A
m2(v2–u2)
FB =
t
Force on body A due to B
m1(v1–u1)
F A=
t
By Newton's III law of motion,
Action Force = Reaction Force
FA = – FB
 m1(v1–u1)
= _ m2(v2–u2)
t t
m1 V1 + m2 V2 = m1 u1 + m2 u2
The above equation confirms in the absence of an external force, the algebraic sum of momentum after
collision is numerically equal to the algebraic sum of the momentum before collision.
Hence the law of conservation of linear momentum is proved.
5. Describe rocket propulsion.
 Propulsion of rockets is based on the law of conservation of linear momentum as well as Newton's
III law of motion.
 Rockets are filled with a fuel in the propellant tank.
 When the rocket is fired, this fuel is burnt and a hot gas is ejected with a high speed from the nozzle of
the rocket, producing a huge momentum.
 To balance this momentum, an equal and opposite reaction force is produced in the combustion chamber,
which makes the rocket project forward.
 While in motion, the mass of the rocket gradually decreases, until the fuel is completely burnt out.
 Since, there is no net external force acting on it, the linear momentum of the system is conserved.
 The mass of the rocket decreases with altitude, which results in the gradual increase in velocity of
therocket.
 At one stage, it reaches a velocity, which is sufficient to just escape from the gravitational pull of the
Earth. This velocity is called escape velocity.
6. State the universal law of gravitation and derive its mathematical expression.
This law states that every particle of matter in this universe attracts every other particle with a force. This
force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the centers of these masses. The direction of the force acts along the line joining the
masses.
Force between the masses is always attractive and it does not depend on the medium where they are
placed.

Let, m1 and m2 be the masses of two bodies A and B placed r metre apart in space
Force F  m1 × m2
1
F
r2
On combining the above two expressions
m1  m2
F
r2
G m1m2
F=
r2
Where G is the universal gravitational constant. Its value in SI unit is 6.674 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2.
7. Give the applications of universal law gravitation.
Dimensions of the heavenly bodies can be measured using the gravitation law. Mass of the Earth, radius
of the Earth, acceleration due to gravity, etc. can be calculated with a higher accuracy.
It helps in discovering new stars and planets.
One of the irregularities in the motion of stars is called 'Wobble' lead to the disturbance in the motion of
a planet nearby. In this condition the mass of the star can be calculated using the law of gravitation.
Helps to explain germination of roots is due to the property of geotropism which is the property of a root
responding to the gravity.
Helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies.

IX. Book Exercise – HOT question

1. Two blocks of masses 8 kg and 2 kg respectively lie on a smooth horizontal surface in contact with
one other. They are pushed by a horizontally applied force of 15 N. Calculate the force exerted on the
2 kg mass.
Solution : If 2 blocks are of mass 8 kg and 2 kg
15 N
8 kg 2 kg
Data F = mT × a
m1 = 8 kg
m2 = 2 kg 15 = (8 + 2) × a
mT = Total mass 15 = 10 × a
= 8+2 15 N 3
= 10kg a = = ms-1
10 kg 2

Force exerted by block 2 (2 kg)

So F = m × a
3
= 2×
2
Exerted Force = 3 N.
2. A heavy truck and bike are moving with the same kinetic energy. If the mass of the truck is four times
that of the bike, then calculate the ratio of their momenta. (Ratio of momenta = 1:2)
Solution : According to kinetic energy,

Since K.E are equal

1 1
m v 2= m v 2 Data
1 1
2 2 22 m1 = Truck mass
m1 v 2
= 2 m2 = Bike mass
m2 v1 v1 = Truck velocity
4m v2 v2 = Bike velocity
1 = 2
v1 Given K.E are equal
m2
m1 = 4m2
v2 ratio of momentum = ?
=2
v1
mv
Ratio of momentum = 1 1
m 2v 2
4m2v1
=
m2 v 2
1 2
=4X =
2 1
Ratio of momentum = 2:1
3. “Wearing helmet and fastening the seat belt is highly recommended for safe journey” Justify your
answer using Newton‟s laws of motion.
Explanation :
1. Wearing a helmet is strongly recommended for safe journy, because when a person fall from bike he
exerts a force equal to product of mass of the persion and acceleration of the bike (Newton's II law).
According to Newton's III law, inturn the ground offers and equal and opposite force on the persion,
which will porduce large damage. In order to mimnse damages the persion must wear helmet.
2. Fastening of seat belt will not allow a persion to meve from seat why the vechicle comes to rest
suddengly by applying brake or by having some accidents.
This is deu to inertia of motion. (Newton's I law). When the speeding vechicle stops suddently the lower part
in contact with the seat stops while the upperr patr of the body tends to maintain its uniform motion. Hence the
persion will trun forward and obtain injuries. Inorder to avoid this, fastening of seat belt is important.

Additional – Choose the best answer

1. Rest and motion are .
a) Interrelated b) Independent c) either dependent or independent d) neither dependent nor independent
Ans : (a) Interrelated
2. Force is called as .
a) pull b) push c) pull or push d) none of these
Ans : (c) pull or push
3. Who formulated the theory of laws of motion?
a) Newton b) Galileo c) Aristotle d) Thales
Ans : (a) Newton
4. is the branch of physics that deals with the effort of force on bodies.
a) Mechanics b) Statics c) Dynamics d) kinematice
Ans : (a) Mechanics
5. deals with the bodies, which are at rest under the action of forces.
a). Mechanics b) Statics c) Dynamics d) Kinetics
Ans : (b) Statics
6. is the study of moving bodies under the action of forces.
a) Mechanics b) Statics c) Dynamics d) Kinetics
Ans : (c) Dynamics
7. deals with the motion of bodies without considering the cause of motion.
a) Dynamics b) Kinematics c) Kinetics d) statics
Ans : (b) Kinematics
8. deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion.
a) Dynamics b) Kinematics c) Kinetics d) statics
Ans : (c) Kinetics
9. Force independent is called motion.
a) Natural b) Violent c) radial d) circular
Ans : (a) Natural
10. Force dependent is called motion.
a) Natural b) Violent c) radial d) circular
Ans : (b) Viokent
11. The product of mass and velocity is known as .
a) Impulse b). Linear momentum c) Resultant force d) None
Ans : (b) Linear momentum
12. helps to measure the magnitutde of a force.
a) Impulse b) Linear momentum c) Resultant force d) None
Ans : (b) Linear momentum
13. Unit of momentum is SI system is .
a) Kg ms –2
b) Kg ms –1
c) Kg ms d) Kg2ms–2
Ans : (b) Kg ms–1
14. Unit of momentum in CGS system is .
a) g cms –2
b) g cms –1
c) g2 cms–2 d) g cm2s–1
Ans : (b) g cms–1
15. Force is quantity.
a) Vector b) Scalar c) both d) Tensor
Ans : (a) Vector
16. Force has .
a) magnitude b. direction c) both d) none
Ans : (c) both
17. Based on the direction, Force can be classified into types.
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) none
Ans : (c) 2
18. is equal to the vector sum of all the forces.
a) Resultant force b) Imulse c) Torque d) moment of force
Ans : (a) Resultant force
19. Parallel forces acting in the same direction, the resultant force is .
a) Fnet = F1 – F2 b) Fnet = F1 + F2 c) Fnet = F2 – F1 d) Fnet = F2 + F1
Ans : (b) Fnet = F1 + F2
20. An example of unlike parallel force is .
a) Tug of war b) Action of lever c) pulling a cart d) both a and c
Ans : (a) Tug of war
21. An example of unbalanced force is .
a) Tug of war b) Action of lever c) pulling a cart d) both a and c
Ans : (b) Action of lever
22. The axisof the fixed edge about which the door is rotated is called as the .
a) axis of rotation b) point of rotation c) moment of force d) both a and c

Ans : (d) both a and c

23. The rod will be turned about the fixed point is called as .
a) axis of rotation b) point of rotation c) moment of force d) both b and c
Ans : (d) both b and c
24. is measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance.
a) Couple b) Torque c) force d) none
Ans : (b) Torque
25. Torque is a quantity.
a) vector b) scalar c) tensor d) either scalar or vector
Ans : (a) vector
26. SI unit of Torque is .
a) Nm b) Kgs–1 c) gs–1 d) Nm-1
Ans : (a) Nm
27. Turning a tap is an example of .
a) Moment of couple b) Couple c) Torque d) both a and c
Ans : (d) both a and c
28. is the measured by the product of the force and perpendicular distance between the line
of action of forces.
a) Couple b) Moment of couple c) torque d) both a and b
Ans : (d) both a and c
29. The unit of moment of couple is .
a) Newton b) Newton metre c) Metre d) Newton / metre
Ans : (b) Newton metre
30. The unit of moment couple in CGS system is .
a) dyne cm2 b) dyne cm c) dyne cm3 d) dyne /cm2
Ans : (b) dyne cm
31. In seasaw, when the heavier person comes closer to the pivot point the distance of the line of action
of the force .
a) Increases b) Decreases c) None d) both a and b
Ans : (b) Decreases
32. the algebraic sum of moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic sum
of the moments in the anticlockwise direction.
a) Moment b) Principle of moment c) action of points d) center of mass
Ans : (b) Principle of moment
33. Force = mass x .
a) distance b) accelertion c) velocity d) displacement
Ans : (b) acceleration
34. The acceleration is produced along the radius called as .
a) centripetal acceleration b) acceleration c) radial acceleration d) both a and c
Ans : (d) both a and c
35. SI unit of Force is .
a) Newton b) dyne c) kg ms–2 d) kg ms
Ans : (a) Newton
36. CGS unit of Force is .
a) Newton b) dyne c) gms–2 d) gms
Ans : (b) dyne
37. One Newton is equal to .
a) 1 kg ms–1 b) 1 kg ms–2 c) 1 gms–2 d) 1 gms
Ans : (b) 1 kg ms–2
38. One dyne is equal to .
a) 1 g cm–2 b) 1 g ms–1 c) 1 kg ms–1 d) 1 kg ms–2
Ans : (a) 1 g cm–2
39. 1 Newton = dyne.
a) 103 b) 105 c) 106 d) 104
Ans : (b) 105
40. A large force acting for a verys hort interval of time is called as .
a) Impulsive force b) Resultant Force c) force d) none
Ans : (a) Impulsive force
 41. Unit of Impulsive Force is .
a) Kg ms–2 b) NS c) both (a and b) d) none
Ans : (c) both a and b
42. G is the .
a) Gas constant b) Universal gravitational constant c) force constant d) spring constant
Ans : (b) Universal gravitational constant
43. Value of G is .
a) 6.674 × 10 N m kg
–10 2 –2
b) 6.674 × 10–9 N m2 kg–2
c) 6.674 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 d) 6.674 × 10–11 N m2 kg2
Ans : (c) 6.674 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2
44. Radius of the Earth R value is .
a) 6388 km b) 6478 km c) 6378 km d) 6578 km
Ans : (c) 6378 km
45. g = GM/R2 is the .
a) Acceleration due to radius of the Earth b) Acceleration due to Gravity
c) Acceleration due to Moon d) Acceleration due to any planet
Ans : (b) Acceleration due to Gravity
46. Mass of the Earth is
a) M = 5.729 × 1024 kg b) M = 5.729 × 1022 kg
c) M = 5.972 × 1024 kg d) M = 5.972 × 1023 kg
Ans : (c) 5.972 × 1024 kg
47. Value of g depends on.
a) volume of earth b) mass of earth c) geometric centre of earth d) none
Ans : (c) geometric centre of earth
48. Value of g is at the centre of the Earth.
a) 1 b) zero c) (a) and (b) d) none
Ans : (b) zero
49. The value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is .
a) 1.256 × 102 ms–2 b) 1.625 ms–2 c) 1.276 ms–2 d) 1276
Ans : (b) 1.625 ms–2
50. If a person whose mass is 60 kg stands on the surface of Earth, his weight would be .
a) 688 N b) 588 N c) 690 N d) 780 N
Ans : (b) 588 N
51. If a same person whose mass is 60 kg stands on the surface of Moon, his weight would be
N.
a) 98.5 N b) 97.5 N c)985 N d) 975 N
Ans : (b) 97.5 N
52. Lift is moving upward with an acceleration, apparent weight is .
a) greater b) lesser c) zero d) none
Ans : (a) greater
53. Lift is moving downward with an acceleration apparent weight is than the actual
weight.
a) greater b) lesser c) zero d) none
Ans : (b) lesser
54. Lift is at rest, apparent weight is .
a) greater b) lesser c) equal d) either a or b
Ans : (c) equal
55. Lift is falling down freely, apparent weight is equal to .
a) greater b) lesser c) zero d) either a or b
Ans : (c) zero
56. When a = g, this motion is called as .
a) free fall b) resiessive fall c) both a and b d) neither a nor b
ns : (a) free fall
57. In free fall condition R = .
a) m (g + a) b) R < W c) R = W d) R = O
Ans : (d) R = O
58. helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies.
a) Newton's law of gravitation b) Acceleration c) velocity d) orbital speed
Ans : (a) Newton's law of gravitation
59. helps to explain germination of roots is due to the property of geotropism.
a) Newton's law of gravitation b) Acceleration c) velocity d) rotational speed
Ans : (a) Newton's law of gravitation
60. The mass of the star can be calculated using the law of .
a). Gravitation b) Inertia c) motion d) non
Ans : (a) Gravitation

Additional – Fill in the blanks

1. Some bodies are at and some are in . Ans: Rest, Motion
2. and are interrelated terms. Ans: Rest, Motion
3. or is called as Force. Ans: pull, push
4. proposed the laws of three motion. Ans: Sir Isaac Newton
5. Direction of motion is due to . Ans: Force
6. is the branch of physics that deals with the effect of force on bodies. Ans: Mechanics
7. Mechanics is divided into branches. Ans: 2
8. Mechanics is divided into and . Ans: Statics, dynamics
9. deals with the bodies, which are at rest under the action of forces. Ans: Statics
10. is the study of moving bodies under the action of forces. Ans: Dynamics
11. Dynamics is further classified into and . Ans: Kinematics, Kinetics
12. deals with the motion of bodies without considering the cause of motion.
Ans: kinematics
13. deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion. Ans: Kinetics
14. is a Greek philosopher and scientist who stated that the natural state of earthly bodies is rest.
Ans: Aristotle
15. A moving body naturally comes to rest without any external influence of the force. Such motions are termed
as . Ans: Natural motion
16. Natural motion is a force . Ans: Independent
17. A force is needed to make the bodies to move from their natural state and behave contrary to their own
natural state called as . Ans: Violent motion
18. Violent motion is a force . Ans: Dependent
 19. When two different bodies are dropped from height, in earth's atmosphere, the heavier body falls
than the lighter one. Ans: Faster
20. proposed the concepts of force , motion and inertia of bodies. Ans: Galileo
21. A body in motion will continue to be in the state of motion as long as no external force is
applied. Ans: Same
22. When a force is applied on bodies, they resist any change in their state. This property of bodies is called
. Ans: inertia
23. The coin falls into tumbler due to gravity. This happen due to . Ans: Inertia
24. The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called . Ans: Inertia of rest
25. The resistance of a body change its state of motion is called . Ans: Inertia of motion
26. The resistance of a body change its direction of motion is called . Ans: Inertia of direction
27. An athlete runs some distance before jumping. Because this will help him jump longer and higher. This is an
example of . Ans: Inertia of motion.
28. When you make a sharp turn while driving a car, you tend to lean sideways. It is an example of
. Ans: Inertia of direction
29. When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached and they fall
down. It is an example of . Ans: Inertia of rest.
30. The impact of a force is more if the velocity and the mass of the body is . Ans: More
31. The measures the impact of a force on a body. Ans: linear momentum.
32. The product of mass and velocity of a moving body gives the magnitude of .
Ans: Linear momentum
33. acts in the direction of the velocity of the object. Ans: Linear momentum
34. is a vector quantity. Ans: linear momentum
35. Linear momentum = . Ans: Mass × velocity
36. helps to measure the magnitude of a force. Ans: Linear momentum
37. Unit of momentum in SI system is . Ans: Kg m S–1
38. Unit of momentum in CGS system is . Ans: g cm s–1
39. law states that everybody continues to be in its state of rest or the state of uniform motion along
a straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force. Ans: Newton’s first
40. gives the definition of force as well as inertia. Ans: Newton’s first law
41. is an external effort in the form of push or pull. Ans: Force
42. produces or tries to produce the motion of a static body. Ans: Force
43. stops or tries to stop a moving body. Ans: Force
44. changes or tries to change the direction of motion of a moving body. Ans: Force
45. Force has both and . Ans: Magnitude, direction
46. Force is a quantity. Ans: vector
47. Parallel forces can be classified into and forces.
Ans: like parallel , unlike parallel
48. Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitude acting along the same direction, parallel to each other are
called . Ans: like parallel forces.
49. If Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitude acting along the opposite direction, parallel to each
other, then they are called . Ans: Unlike parallel forces.
50. is adding the magnitude of the forces with their direction. Ans: Resultant force.
51. is equal to the vector sum of all the forces. Ans: Resultant force
52. Line of action of forces which are acting in the same direction is . Ans: like parallel forces
53. In like parallel forces, resultant force Fnet = . Ans: F1 + F2
54. Line of action of forces which are acting in the opposite direction . Ans: unlike parallel forces
55. are acting in opposite directions in the same line of action. Ans: parallel equal forces
56. is an example of Unlike parallel forces. Ans: Tug of war.
57. is an example of Unbalanced forces. Ans: Action of lever
58. The axis of the fixed edge about which the door is rotated is called as the .
Ans: Axis of rotation.
59. The rod will be turned about the fixed point is called as . Ans: point of rotation.
60. The rotating or turning effect of a force about a fixed point or fixed axis is called .
Ans: Moment of the force or torque
61. is measured by the product of the force (F) and the perpendicular distance (d) between the fixed
point or the fixed axis and the line of action of the force. Ans: Torque
62. Torque = . Ans: Force × Distance
63. Torque is a quantity. Ans: Vector
64. SI unit of torque is . Ans: Nm
65. Two equal and unlike parallel forces applied simultaneously at two distinct points constitute a .
Ans: Couple
66. Rotating effect of a couple is known as . Ans: Moment of a couple or torque
67. Turning a tap is an example of . Ans: Moment of a couple or torque
68. Spinning of top is an example of . Ans: Moment of a couple
69. Moment of a couple = .
Ans: Force × perpendicular distance between the line of action of forces
70. M = . Ans: F × S
71. The SI unit of moment of a couple is . Ans: Newton metre.
72. The CGS unit of moment of a couple is . Ans: dyne cm
73. A small steering wheel enables you to monoeuore a car easily by transferring a torque to the wheels with
effort. Ans: less
74. A is a circular wheel with teeth around its rim. Ans: Gear
75. helps to change the speed of rotation of a wheel by changing the torque and helps to transit
power. Ans: Gear
76. Principle of moments .Ans : Moment in clockwise direction = Moment in anticlockwise direction.
77. According to principle of moments . Ans: F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
78. law helps us to measure the amount of force. Ans: Newton’s second
79. Newton’s law is also called as . Ans: Law of force
80. Change in momentum ∆P = . Ans: mv-mu
81. Force is proportional to the rate of change of momentum. Ans: directly
82. Change in momentum takes place in the . Ans: direction of force
83. The change may takes place either in or in or in .
Ans: Magnitude, direction, both
84. is required to produce the acceleration of the body. Ans: Force
85. In a circular motion the speed remains constant. Ans: Uniform
86. The acceleration is produced along the radius called as acceleration. Ans: centripetal or radial
87. The force, which produces radial acceleration is called as force. Ans: Centripetal
88. SI unit of force is . Ans: Newton
89. In CGS system, the unit of force is . Ans: Dyne
90. is defined as the amount of force required for a body of mass 1Kg produces an acceleration of
1m s–2. Ans: 1 newton
91. 1 Newton is . Ans: 1 kg ms–2
92. is defined as the amount of force required for a body of mass 1gram produces an acceleration
of 1cm s–2. Ans: 1 dyne
93. 1 dyne is . Ans: 1g cm s–2
94. 1 newton = dyne. Ans: 105
95. The amount of force required to produce an acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass 1kg is called
. Ans: Unit force
96. In the SI system of units, gravitational unit of force is . Ans: Kg f
97. In the CGS system gravitational unit is . Ans: g f
98. 1kg f = . Ans: 1 kg × 9.8 ms–2 = 9.8 N
99. 1 gf = Ans: 1g × 980cm–2 = 980 dyne
100. A large force acting for a very short interval of time is called as . Ans: Impulsive force
101. Impulse is . Ans: J = F × t
102. Impulse is equal to the . Ans: Magnitude of change in momentum
103. The unit of Impulse is . Ans: kgms–1 or Ns
104. A acting for a is impulse. Ans: large force, short time
105. A acting for a is impulse. Ans: smaller force, longer time
106. Automobiles are fitted with and to reduce jerks while moving on uneven roads.
Ans: springs, Shock absorbers
107. In cricket, a fielder his hands while catching the ball. Ans: pulls back or lowers
108. law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. They always act on two
different bodies. Ans: Newton’s third
109. While in motion, the mass of the rocket gradually until the fuel is completely burn out.
Ans: decreases
110. is based on the law of conservation of linear momentum as well as Newton’s III law of motion.
Ans: Propulsion of rockets
111. The symbol for the Universal gravitational constant is . Ans: G
112. SI unit of G is . Ans: Nm2kg–2
113. The value of G is . Ans: 6.674 × 10–11
114. Acceleration due to gravity of the earth is denoted as . Ans: g
115. The SI unit of g is . Ans: ms–2
116. Mean value of the acceleration due to gravity is taken as ms–2. Ans: 9.8
117. The value of g is not the at all points on the surface of the earth. Ans: Same
118. The radius of the Earth R is . Ans: 6378km
119. According to Newton universal law F = . Ans: GMm/R2
120. According to Newton universal law g = . Ans: GM / R2
121. Mass of the Earth M = . Ans: g R2 / G
122. Value of Mass of the Earth M = . Ans: 5.972 × 1024 Kg
123. of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in a body. Ans: mass
124. SI unit of mass is . Ans: Kilogram
125. of a body is defined as the gravitational force exerted on it due to the Earth’s gravity alone.
Ans: Weight
126. Weight is a quantity. Ans: Vector
127. Direction of weight is always towards the of the earth. Ans: Centre
128. SI unit of weight is . Ans: Newton
129. The value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon is . Ans: 1.625 ms–2
130. Value of g is at the centre of the Earth. Ans: Zero
131. is the weight of the body acquired due to the action of gravity and other external forces acting
on the body. Ans: Apparent weight
132. When the person is a lift moves down with an acceleration or equal to the acceleration due to gravity ie
a = g. This motion is called . Ans: free fall
133. The force which keeps the satellite in orbit is . Ans: Centripetal force
134. Both the astronauts and the space station are in the state of . Ans: weightlessness
135. helps in discovering new stars and planets. Ans: Newton’s law of gravitation
136. One of the irregularities in the motion of stars is called . Ans: Wobble
137. lead to the disturbance in the motion of a planet nearby. Ans: wobble
138. helps to explain germination of roots is due to the property of geotropism which is the property
of a root responding to the gravity. Ans: Newton’s law of gravitation
139. helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies. Ans: Newton’s law of Gravitation.

Additional – Say true or false

1. Rest and motion are not related terms.
Ans: False.
Correct Statement : Rest and motion are interrelated terms.
2. Natural motion is a force dependent
Ans: False.
Correct Statement : Natural motion is a force independent.
3. Violent motion is a force dependent.
Ans: True.
4. If the resultant force of all the forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body will be in
equilibrium. Such forces are called Unbalanced forces.
Ans: False. Correct Statement : If the resultant force of all the forces acting on a body is equal
to zero, then the body will be in equilibrium. Such forces are called balanced forces.
5. If a person whose mass is 60kg stands on the surface of the Earth, his weight would be 500 N.
Ans: False.
Correct Statement : If a person whose mass is 60kg stands on the surface of the Earth, his weight would
be 588 N ( W = mg = 60 × 9.8 = 588 N).

Additional – Correct the mistakes:

1. Kinematics deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion.
Ans: Kinetics deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion.
2. Inertia of rest is the resistance of a body to change its state of motion.
Ans: Inertia of motion is the resistance of a body to change its state of motion.
3. Linear momentum is a scalar quantity.
Ans: Linear momentum is a Vector quantity.
4. 1 N = 103 dyne.
Ans: 1 N = 105 dyne.
5. Geometric radius of the Earth is Minimum in the polar region, the value of g is maximum.
Ans: Geometric radius of the Earth is Maximum in the polar region, the value of g is minimum.

Additional – Match the following

1. Terms SI Unit CGS Unit
i) Linear Momentum Kgms–1 dyne cm
ii) Moment of couple 6.674 × 10–11 Nm2kg–2 g cms–1
iii) Force Nm –––––
iv) G Newton dyne
Ans :
S.No. Terms SI Unit CGS Unit
i) Linear Momentum Kg ms–1 g cms–1
ii) Moment of couple NM dyne cm
iii) Force N dyne
iv) G 6.674 × 10–11 Nm2kg–2 –––––
2. 1. An athlete runs some distance before jumping (a) Inertia
2. Sharp turn while driving car (b) Inertia of motion
3. Some of the leaves and fruits are detached (c) Inertia of direction
4. Force is applied on bodies they resist any change
in their state (d) Inertia of rest
Ans :
1 An athlete runs some distance before jumping b Inertia of motion
2 Sharp turn while driving car c Inertia of direction
3 Some of the leaves and fruits are detached d Inertia of rest
4 Force is applied on bodies they resist any change in their state a Inertia

3. 1. Like parallel forces (a) Fnet = O

2. Unlike parallel forces (b) Fnet = F1 + F2
3. Parallel equal forces (c) Fnet = F2 – F1 (if F2 > F1)
4. Unbalanced forces (d) Action of a lever
 Ans :
1 Like parallel forces b Fnet = F1 + F2
2 Unlike parallel forces c Fnet = F2 – F1 (if F2 > F1)
3 Parallel equal forces a Fnet = O
4 Unbalanced forces d Action of a lever

4. 1. 1 Newton (a) 980 dyne

2. 1 dyne (b) 9.8 N
3. 1 kg f (c) 1 g cm s–2
4. 1gf (d) 1 kg ms–2
Ans :

1 1 Newton d 1 kg ms–2
2 1 dyne c 1 g cm s–2
3 1 kg f b 9.8 N
4 1gf a 980 dyne

Additional – Assertion and reason

1. Assertion: The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
Reason: When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached
and they fall down.
a) A is true R is wrong b) A is wrong R is true
c) R explain A d) R does not explain A
Ans : (c) R explain A
2. Assertion: Parallel equal forces are acting in opposite directions in the same line of action.
Reason: Fnet = F1 – F2 (given: F1 = F2).
a) A is true R is wrong b) A is wrong R is true
c) R explain A d) R does not explain A
Ans : (c) R explain A
3. Assertion: Torque is measured by the product of the force and the perpendicular distance between the
fixed point or the fixed axis and the line of action of the force.
Reason: Automobiles are fitted with springs and shock absorbers to reduce jerks while moving on uneven
roads.
a) A and R are wrong b) A and R are correct
c) R explain A d) R does not explain A
Ans : (b) A and R are correct
4. Assertion: A rocket works on the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
Reason: Higher the velocity, smaller in the pressure and vice versa.
a) A is true R is wrong b) A is wrong R is right
c) A and R are wrong d) A and R are correct.
Ans : (a) A is true R is wrong
5. Assertion: lift is falling down freely.
Reason: R = m( g — g) = 0.
a) A is true R is wrong b) A is wrong R is right
c) A and R are wrong d) A and R are correct
Ans : (d) A and R are correct
 Additional – Short answer questions
1. Write the different types of motion.
The different types of motion are:
Linear motion.
Circular motion.
Ozcillatory motion.
2. What do you mean by Force?
A body needs a push or pull to move or bring at rest or change its velocity. Hence this 'push' or 'pull' is called
as Force. It is an exteranal agency to change the states of rest or motion.
3. What do you mean by Mechanics write its types?
Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the effect of force on bodies. It is divided into 2 branches
as Statics and Dynamics.
4. Define Statics.
The branch of Physics deals with the bodies which are at rest under the action of forces.
5. Define Dynamics.
The branch of Physics deals with the study of moving bodies under the action of forces.
6. Write the types of Dynamics.
Dynamics have 2 types. They are;
Kinematics.
Kinetics.
7. Define Kinematics.
It deals with the motion of bodies without considering the cause of motion.
8. Define Kinetics.
It deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion.
9. Define natural motion.
Moving body naturally comes to rest without any external influence of the force. Such motions are formed as
natural motion.
10. Define violent motion.
A Force is needed to make the bodies to move from their natural state and behave contrary to their own
natural state called as violent motion.
11. Describe the activity about inertia of rest.
Take a glass tumbler and place a small card board on it. Now keep a coin at the centre of the card board.
Then flick the card board quickly. The inertia of the coin keeps it in the state of the rest when the card board
moves, and so the coin falls into the tumbler due to gravity. This happen due to inertia of rest.
12. Define linear momentum.
The product of mass and velocity of a moving body gives the magnitude of linear momentum. It acts in the
direction of the velocity of the object.
Linear momentum = Mass × Velocity.
P = M × V. SI unit is kgms-1
13. Force is an external effort is the form of push (or) pull explain.
Since force can
Produce or try to produce the motion of a static body.
Stops (or) tries to stop a moving body and also
Changes (or) tries to change the direction of motion of a moving body. So it is an external effort in
form of push or a pull
14. Explain the types of forces.
Force can be classified into 2 types.
Like Paralle Forces : Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitutde action along the same
direction, parallel to each other are called Like Parallel Forces.
Unlike Parallel Forces : If two or more equal forces or unequal forces act along opposite directions
parallel to each other, then they are called Unlike Parallel Forces.
15. Define Resultant Force.
When several forces act simultaneously on the same body, then the combined effect of the multiple forces
can be represented by a single force which is termed as Resultant Force.
16. Define Balanced Force.
If the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body will be in equilibrium. Such
forces are called Balanced Forces.
17. Define Unbalanced Forces.
If the resultant force is not equal to zero, then it causes the motion of the body due to unbalanced forces.
Eg.: Drawing water from a well, force applied with a crowbar, forces on a weighing balance.
18. Define Equilibrant.
A system can be brought to equilibrium by applying another force which is equal to the resultant force in
magnitude but in opposite direction. Such force is called as Equilibrant.
19. Have you observed the position of the handle in door?
The door can be easily opened or closed when you apply the force at a point far away from the fixed edges
deu to large moment of force.
20. It is easier to open a door by applying a force near the handle rather than near hinges. Why?
While applying force near handle, the moment of force is larger than applying a force near the hinges. So it
is easier to open the door.
21. What do you mean by axis of rotation?
The axis of the fixed edge about which the door is rotated is called as the axis of rotation.
22. What do you mean by point of rotation?
Fix one end of a rod and apply a force at the other end tangentially. The rod will be turned about the fixed
point and it is called as "Point of rotation".
23. Define Moment of force.
The rotating or turning effect of a force about fixed point or fixed axis is called moment of the force.
24. Define Torque.
Torque is the product of the Force (F) and the perpendicular distance (d) between the fixed point or the fixed
axis and the line of the action of the force.
T = F × d (T – Torque, F – Force and d – distance) SI unit Nm.
25. Define couple.
Two equal and unlike parallel forces applied simultaneously at the two distinct points constitute a couple.
26. Define 1 Newton.
The amount of force required for a body of mass 1 kg produces an acceleration of 1ms–2,
1N = 1kgms–2.
27. Define 1 dyne.
The amount of force required for a body of mass 1 gram produces an acceleration of 1cms –2,
1 dyne = 1 gcms–2, also 1N = 105 dyne.
28. Define Unit force.
The amount of force requried to produce an acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass 1 kg is called unit force
or 1N of force.
29. Define Gravitational unit of force.
In the SI system of units, gravitational unit of force is kilogram force, represented by Kg F. In the CGS system
its unit is gram force, represented by gf.
1 kg f = 1 kg × 9.8 ms–2 = 98 N.
1 gf = 1 g × 980 cms–2 = 980 dyne.
30. Explain acceleration due to gravity of the earth.
The velocity of the object keeps changing as it falls down. This change in velocity must be due to the force
acting on the object. The acceleration of the body is due to the Earth's gravitational force. So it is called
as acceleration due to the gravitational force of the earth (or) acceleration due to gravity of the earth. It is
represented by as 'g'.The average value of g = 9.8 ms–2.
31. How could you calculate the mass of the earth (M)?
Mass of the Earth (M) = gR2/G. Substituting the known value of g, R and G. We calculate the mass of the
earth as M = 5.972 × 1024 kg.
32. Define Mass.
Mass is the basic property of a body. Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in the
body. SI unit is Kilogram (kg).
33. Define Weight.
Weight of a body is defined as the gravitational force exested on it due to the Earth's gravity alone.
Weight = Gravitational Force.
= mass (m) × acceleration due to gravity (g).
= m × g.
34. Define Apparent weight.
Apparent weight is the weight of the body acquired due to the action of gravity and other external forces
acting on the body.
35. State Weightlessness.
Whenever a body or a person falls freely under the action of Earth's gravitational force alone, it appears to
have zero weight. This state is referrred to as Weightlessness.

Additional – Solved problems

1. Calculate the velocity of a moving body of mass 5 kg whose linear momentum is 2.5 kg m s–1.
Solution :
Linear momentum = mass × velocity.
Velocity = linear momentum / mass.
2.5
V = .
5
= 0.5 m s–1.
2. A door is pushed, at a point whose distance from the hinges is 90 cm, with a force of 40 N. Calculate
the moment of the force about the hinges.
Solution :
Formula : The moment of a force M = F × d
Given : F = 40 N and d = 90 cm = 0.9 m.
Hence, moment of the force = 40 × 0.9 = 36 N m.
3. At what height from the centre of the Earth the acceleration due to gravity will be ¼th of its value as
at the Earth.
Solution :
Data : Height from the centre of the Earth,
₎
R =R+h
 ₎
The acceleration due to gravity at that height, g = g/4.
Formula: g = GM /R2 2
g  R1   R  h 2  h 2
=     1  


g1   R 
 ₎ R R
  

₎ R
g  h 2
4 =  1  
 
h
2=1
R

From the centre of the Earth, the object is placed at twice the radius of the earth.

Additional – Long answer questions

1. Tabulate the Action of forces.
Action of forces Diagram Resultant force (Fnet)
Parallel forces are acting in the F1 Fnet = F1 + F2
same direction F2

Parallel unequal forces are acting F1 F2 Fnet = F – F (if F > F )

1 2 1 2
in opposite directions Fnet = F – F (if F > F )
2 1 2 1
Fnet is directed along the greater
force
Parallel equal forces are acting in F1 F2 Fnet = F1 – F2 (F1 = F2)
opposite directions in the same
Fnet = 0
line of action (F1 = F2)
2. Write the application of Torque.
i) Gears :
A gear is a circular wheel with teeth around its rim. It helps to change the speed of rotation of a wheelby
changing the torqueand helps to transmit power.
ii) Seasaw :
In Seasaw, there is a difference in the weight of the persons sitting on it, the heavier person lifts the
lighter person. When the heavier person comes closer to the pivot point the distance of the line of action
of the force decreases. It causes less amount of torque to act on it. This enables the lighter person to
lift the heavier person.
iii) Steering Wheel :
A small steering wheel enables you to manoeuore a car easilyby tsransferring a torque to the wheels
with less effort.
3. Explain the principle of moments :
At equilibrium, the algebraic sum of the moments of all individual forces about any point is equal to zero.
 d1 d2

Anticlockwise P Clockwise
direction direction

F2
F1
In the illustration, the force F1, produces an anticlockwise rotation at a distance d, from the point of
pivot (P) called fulcnum and force F2 produces a clockwise rotation at a distance d2 from the point of pivot P.
The principle of moments can be written as follows;
Moment in Moment in
Clockwise direction = Anticlockwise direction
F1 × d 1 = F 2 × d 2
4. Explain Impulse.
A large force acting for a very short interval of time is called as Impulsive force.
When a force 'F' acts on a body for a period of time 't' then the product of force and time is known as
'impulse' represented by 'J'.
Impulse J = F × t ............................................................................... (1)
By Newton's second law
F = P/t ( refers to change)
P = F × t ............................................................................... (2)
From 1 & 2, J = P
Impulse is also equal to the magnitude of change in momentum. It's unit is Kgms–1 (or) Ns.
Change in momentum can be achieved in 2 ways. They are;
 A large force acting for a short period time and
 A smaller force acting for a longer period of time.
Examples :
 Automobiles are fitted with springs and shock absorbes to reduce jerks while moving on uneven roads.
 In cricket, a fielder pull back his hands while catching the ball. He experiences a smaller force for a longer
interval of time to catch the ball, resulting in a lesser impulse on his hands.
5. Explain Newton's Third Law with an example.
Newton's third law states that "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction". They always act on
two different bodies.
If a body 'A' applies a force FA on a body 'B', then the body 'B' reacts with force FB on the body 'A', which
is equal to FA inmagnitude but opposite in direction. FB = –FA.
Examples :
 When birds fly, they push the air downwards with their wings (Action) and the air pushes the bird
upward (Reaction).
 When a person swims, he pushes the water using the hands backwards (Action) and the water pushes
the swimmer in the forward direction (Reaction).
 When you fire a bullet, the gun recoils backward. The bullet is moving forward (Action) and the gun
equalises this forward action by moving backward (Reaction).
6. Write the relationship between 'g' and 'G'.
Explanation : When a body is at rests on the surface of the Earth, it is acted upon by the gravitational force
of the Earth. Let us compute the magnitude of this force in two ways. Let 'M' be the mass of the Earth and
 'm' be the mass of the body. The entire mass of the Earth is assumed to be concentrated at its centre. The
radius of the Earth is 6378 km (=6400 km approximately). By Newton's law of gravitation, the force acting
on the body is given by

GMm
F = .............(1)
R2
Here, the radius of the body considered is negligible when compared with the Earth's radius. Now, the same
force can be obtained from Newton's second law of motion. According to this law, the force action on the body
is given by the product of its mass and acceleration (called as weight). Here acceleration of the body is under
the action of gravity, hence a = g.
F = Ma = mg.
F = weight = mg .................................................................... (2)
comparing (1) and (2) we get,
GMm
mg =
R2
Acceleration due to gravity,
GM
g =
R2
7. Tabulate the apparent weight of a person in a moving lift.
Ans :
Case 1 : Lift Case 2 : Lift Case 3 : Lift is at rest Case 4 : Lift is falling down freely
is moving is moving
upward with an downward with an
acceleration 'a' acceleration 'a'
R–W = Fnet = ma W – R = Fnet = ma Here the acceleration is zero Here the acceleration is equal to g
R = W + ma R = W – ma a=0 a=g
R = mg + ma R = mg – ma R=W
R = m (g + a) R = m (g – a) R = mg R = m (g – g)
R>W R<W R=W R=0
Apparent weight Apparent weight Apparent weight is equal to Apparent weight is equal to zero
is greater than is lesser than the the actual weight
the actual weight actual weight