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Second Law of Thermodynamics

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59 views11 pages

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

littleartz2024
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Second law of thermodynamics

Kelvin’s statement
No process is possible whose result is a heat flow out of reservoir at a
single temperature and complete conversion of this heat to work.

Or

A process whose only net result is to take heat from reservoir and convert it
to work is impossible

Clausius statement
No process is possible whose only result is the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.
There is no perfect refrigerator
Heat Engine Heat energy into useful work
work done by working substance in a cycle
Efficiency of heat engine =

Heat energy absorbed by the working substance


Carnot’s ideal heat engine

● A cylinder whose walls are made of perfectly heat


insulating material and base made of perfectly
conducting .
● An ideal gas is filled in it as working substance.
● Movable non conducting piston .
● Heat source is a body of large thermal capacity at
high temperature T1.
● Sink is a body of large thermal capacity at low
temperature T2.
● A perfectly non conducting platform which is the
stand.
A

D
C
Isothermal expansion W1 = nRT1 ln(V2/V1)

Adiabatic Expansion W2 = nR(T1 - T2 )/(ˠ-1)

Isothermal Compression W3 = -nRT2 ln(V3/V4 )

Adiabatic Compression W 4 = nR(T2 - T1 )/(ˠ-1)

Total work W = W1 + W2+ W3+ W4

W = nRT1 ln(V2/V1) - nRT2 ln(V3/V4 )

States B and C lie on same adiabatic curve = T1V2(ˠ-1) = T2V3(ˠ-1)

States A and D lie on same adiabatic curve = T1V1(ˠ-1) = T2V4(ˠ-1)

Therefore (V2/V1) = (V3/V4 )

W = nR[T1 - T2]ln(V2/V1)
Reversibility of Carnot engine
nR[T1 - T2]ln(V2/V1)
η = W/Q1 =
nRT1ln(V2/V1)

η = 1- (T2/T1) Working substance undergo a reversible carnot


cycle is called reversible engine.
= 1- (Q2/Q1)
1. No part of heat should go out
2. The motion of the piston should be
Maximum efficiency is unity frictionless
3. Heat capacity of sink and source should be
infinite

Third law of thermodynamics


Carnot Refrigerator

Higher CoP more efficient


Heat Pump

Coefficient of performance COP of heat pump is defined as

K = Heat rejected To hot reservoir / work done on the pump


Carnot Theorem

Working between the same two temperature


the efficiency of a reversible engine is
greater than of an irreversible engine.

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