Second Law of Thermodynamics (YAC Ch.

5)
• Identifies the direction of a process. (e.g.: Heat can only spontaneously
transfer from a hot object to a cold object, not vice versa)

• Used to determine the “Quality” of energy. (e.g.: A high-temperature

energy source has a higher quality since it is easier to extract energy from
it to deliver useable work.)

• Used to exclude the possibility of constructing 100% efficient heat

engine and perpetual-motion machines. (violates the Kevin-Planck and
the Clausius statements of the second law)

• Used to introduce concepts of reversible processes and irreversibilities.

• Determines the theoretical performance limits of engineering systems.

(e.g.: A Carnot engine is theoretically the most efficient heat engine; its
performance can be used as a standard for other practical engines)
Second-law.ppt
Modified 10/9/02
 Second Law (cont)
• A process can not happen unless it satisfies both the first and
second laws of thermodynamics. The first law characterizes the
balance of energy which defines the “quantity” of energy. The
second law defines the direction which the process can take place
and its “quality”.

• Define a “Heat Engine”: A device that converts heat into work

while operating in a cycle.
Q-Wnet=U (since U=0 for a cycle)
TH
Wnet=QH-QL
QH
Wnet Thermal efficiency, th is defined as
Heat engine th=Wnet/QH=(QH-QL)/QH
=1-(QL/QH)
QL
Question: Can we produce an 100%
TL heat engine, i.e. a heat engine where
Q =0?
 Steam Power Plant
• A steam power plant is a good example of a heat engine where the
working fluid, water, undergoes a thermodynamic cycle
Wnet= Wout - Win = Qin-Qout
Qinis the heat transferred from the high temp. reservoir,
and is generally referred to as QH
Qoutis the heat transferred to the low temp. reservoir,
and is generally referred to as QL

Thermal efficiency
th = Wnet/QH= (QH-QL)/QH =1-(QL/QH)
Typical Efficiency of a large commercial steam power
plant  40%

Thermal Reservoir
 hypothetical body with a very large thermal capacity
(relative to the system beig examined) to/from which
heat can be transferred without changing its
temperature. E.g. the ocean, atmosphere, large lakes.
Back
 Kevin-Planck Statement
• The Kelvin-Planck Statement is another expression of the second law of
thermodynamics. It states that:
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat
from a single reservoir and produce net work.
• This statement is without proof, however it has not been violated yet.
• Consequently, it is impossible to built a heat engine that is 100%.

• A heat engine has to reject some

energy into a lower temperature sink
TH in order to complete the cycle.

QH • TH>TL in order to operate the

engine. Therefore, the higher the
Heat engine temperature, TH, the higher the
Wnet quality of the energy source and
more work is produced.

Impossible because it violates the Kelvin-Planck Statement/Second Law

 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
• A “heat pump” is defined as a device that transfers heat from a low-temperature
source to a high-temperature one. E.g. a heat pump is used to extract energy from
outside cold outdoor air into the warm indoors.
• A refrigerator performs the same function; the difference between the two is in
the type of heat transfer that needs to be optimized.
• The efficiencies of heat pumps and refrigerators are denoted by the Coefficient
of Performance (COP) where For a Heat Pump:
T H
COPHP=QH/Wnet=QH/(QH-QL) = 1/(1-QL/QH)

QH For a Refrigerator:
COPR=QL/Wnet=QL/(QH-QL) = 1/(QH/QL-1)
Heat pump/ Wnet Note: COPHP = COPR + 1
Refrigerator
QL • COPHP>1, ex: a typical heat pump has a COP
in the order of 3
TL
• Question: Can one build a heat pump
operating COP= , that is Wnet= 0 and QH=Q?
 Clausius Statement
• The Clausius Statement is another expression of the second law of thermodynamics.
It states that:
It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces
no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.
• Similar to the K-P Statement, it is a negative statement and has no proof, it is based
on experimental observations and has yet to be violated.
• Heat can not be transferred from low temperature to higher temperature unless
external work is supplied.
TH
Therefore, it is impossible to build a QH
heat pump or a refrigerator without
external work input. Heat pump

QL
TL
 Equivalence of the Two Statements
It can be shown that the violation of one statement leads to a violation
of the other statement, i.e. they are equivalent.
A 100% efficient heat engine; violates K-P Statement

TH
QL
TH
QH QH+QL
Heat pump

Heat engine Heat pump QL

Wnet
TL
=QH QL
Heat transfer from low-temp body to
TL high-temp body without work; A
violation of the Clausius statement
 Perpetual-Motion Machines (YAC: 5-5)
Imagine that we can extract energy from unlimited low-temperature energy sources
such as the ocean or the atmosphere (both can be thought of as thermal reservoirs).

TH It is against the Kevin-Planck

QH statement: it is impossible to
QH build an 100% heat engine.
Heat Heat
engine pump
Wnet=QL
Win = QH-QL
QL
Ocean TL

Perpetual Motion Machines, PMM, are classified into two types:

PMM1- Perpetual Motion Machines of the First Kind: They violate the First Law
of Thermodynamics
PMM2 - Perpetual Motion Machines of the Second Kind : Violate the Second
Law of Thermodynamics
 Reversible Processes and Irreversibilities (YAC: 5-6)
• A reversible process is one that can be executed in the reverse direction
with no net change in the system or the surroundings.
• At the end of a forwards and backwards reversible process, both system
and the surroundings are returned to their initial states.
• No real processes are reversible.
• However, reversible processes are theoretically the most efficient
processes.
• All real processes are irreversible due to irreversibilities. Hence, real
processes are less efficient than reversible processes.
Common Sources of Irreversibility:
• Friction
• Sudden Expansion and compression
• Heat Transfer between bodies with a finite temperature difference.
• A quasi-equilibrium process, e.g. very slow, frictionless expansion or
compression is a reversible process.
 TL
Q1-2
Heat engine
Wnet
 Reversible Processes and Irreversibilities (cont’d)

• A work-producing device which employs quasi-equlibrium or

reversible processes produces the maximum amount of work
theoretically possible.

•A work-consuming device which employs quasi-equilibrium or

reversible processes requires the minimum amount of work
theoretically possible.

• One of the most common idealized cycles that employs all

reversible processes is called the Carnot Cycle proposed in 1824 by
Sadi Carnot.
Engineering Thermodynamic
Topic:~ Second law of thermodynamic
(Basic concepts & Statements)

Mechanical Department
B_2
Prepared By:
Kushal Panchal
 Limitation of “FIRST LAW”
• The first law of thermodynamic states that a
certain energy flow takes place when a system
undergoes a process or change of state is possible
or not.
– According to first law in ‘cyclic process’
• Work is completely converted into heat or heat is
completely converted into work.
• “HEAT” & “WORK” are mutually converted into
each other.
• But from experience this is NOT TRUE!
 Limitation of “FIRST LAW”
• First law does not help
to predict whether the
certain process is Hot Hot
possible or not. Reservoir Reservoir
• The first law does not T1 T1
give info about Hea
Direction. Hea
t t
• It does not provide and Flo
specify sufficient Cold w Cold Flo
condition to process Reservoir T2 w
Reservoir T2
take place.
Not possible
 The “SECOND LAW” of
thermodynamic:
• The second low of thermodynamic gives more
information about thermodynamic processes.
• Second law may be defined as
– “Heat can not flow itself from colder body to a
hotter body”.
• The Second law is also used to determine the
theoretical limits for the performance of mostly
used engineering systems like heat engines and
heat pump….
 “Kelvin-Plank” statement:
• The Kelvin-Plank statement of the second law
of thermodynamic is states that
– “It is impossible to for any devise as heat engine
that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a
single reservoir and produce net amount of
work”.
• This statement means that only part of total
heat absorbed by heat engine from a high
temperature is converted to work, the
remaining heat must be rejected at a low
temperature.
 Continued….. Heat
Source

• The heat engine as shown

in fig.1is converting 100 Heat Q=100 kj
% of heat into 100% 1 Engi
work. ne
Heat w=100 kj
• This system is not
satisfying second law. Source T1
• So, this statement can be Q=100 kj
also expressed as “No Heat w=40kj
heat engine has a 100 % Engi
of thermal efficiency”. ne Q2=60 kj

Sink T2
 “Clausius” statement
• Clausius statement of second law of
thermodynamic is as below
– “It is impossible to construct a device as heat pump
that operates in a cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of heat from lower
temperature to higher temperature body”.
• This statement means that heat cannot flow
from cold body to hot body without any work
input.
Heat Source T1 Heat Source T1

Q1=100
kj
Q1=100 W=40 kj
kj Heat
Heat (external
No pum
work
external p
pum supplied)
work
p supplied Q2=60 kj
Q2=100 Heat sink T2
kj

Heat sink T2

2
1
 Continued:
• The cop for 2 is 100/40=2.5.
• So, in other simple words this statement can
be defined as
– “Heat cannot itself flow from a colder body to
a hot body”.
 COMPARISON
Kelvin-Plank Statement Clausius Statement
• It is applied to ‘Heat • It is applied to ‘Heat Pump’
Engine’. and ‘Refrigeration’.
• It is also negative statement.
• It is negative statement. • It is based on experimental
• It is based on experimental observations and no
observations and no mathematical proof.
mathematical proof.
 Perpetual Motion Machine
PMM 2
• If the engine exchange
Thermal
heat only single thermal
Reservoir
reservoir, in which heat
is supplied is completely
Q1
converted into an
equivalent amount of
work and its efficiency
becomes 100 %. PMM W=Q
2 1
• This kind of machine is
known as “PMM 2”.
 Continued:
• The PMM 2 violates the second law of
thermodynamic.
• Practically its IMPOSSIBLE to construct.
• The efficiency PMM 2 is
• W=Q
• N is 100 % for PMM 2.
 Reversible Processes and
Irreversibility's
• A reversible process is one that can be executed in the reverse direction
with no net change in the system or the surroundings.
• At the end of a forwards and backwards reversible process, both system
and the surroundings are returned to their initial states.
• No real processes are reversible.
• However, reversible processes are theoretically the most efficient
processes.
• All real processes are irreversible due to irreversibilities. Hence, real
processes are less efficient than reversible processes.
Common Sources of Irreversibility:
• Friction
• Sudden Expansion and compression
• Heat Transfer between bodies with a finite temperature difference.
• A quasi-equilibrium process, e.g. very slow, frictionless expansion or
compression is a reversible process.
Carnot cycle and Carnot heat engine:
• A carnot cycle is hypothetical cycle consist of
four process
– Two reversible isothermal process and
– Two reversible adiabatic process.
• Heat is caused to flow in working fluid by
application of high temperature energy source
during expansion, and flow out of fluid by the
application of lower temperature energy sink
during compression
 Assumptions made in Carnot
Cycle:
I. Piston moving in the cylinder does not produce any
friction.
II. The cylinder head is arranged in such a way that it can
be perfect heat conductor or heat insulator.
III. The walls of cylinder and piston are consider as perfect
insulator of heat.
IV. Heat transfer does not affect temperature source or
sink.
V. Compression and expansion are reversible.
VI. Working is perfect gas and has constant specific heat.
 Continued:
• Idealized thermodynamic cycle consisting of four reversible processes
(working fluid can be any substance):
• The four steps for a Carnot Heat Engine are:
 Reversible isothermal expansion (1-2, TH= constant)
 Reversible adiabatic expansion (2-3, Q = 0, THTL)
 Reversible isothermal compression (3-4, TL=constant)
 Reversible adiabatic compression (4-1, Q=0, TLTH)

1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1

 The Carnot Cycle (cont’d)
Work done by the gas =  PdV, i.e.
area under the process curve 1-2-3.
1 dV>0 from 1-2-3
2PdV>0

TL = co
nst.
3

Work done on gas = PdV, area

under the process curvesubtract
3-4-1
1
Net work 1 Since dV<0
2 PdV<0

4 3 4 3
 Carnot’s theorem:

“It is impossible to construct an engine

operating between two constant
temperature reservoir can be more efficient
then reversible engine operating between
the same reservoir”
 Corollary of Carnot Theorem:
1) “All reversible engine operating between the
two constant temperature thermal reservoir
have the same efficiency.”

2) “The efficiency of any reversible heat engine

operating between two thermal reservoir
does not depend on nature of working fluid
and depends only on the temperature of the
reservoir.”
 The Thermodynamic
For reversible cycles
Temperature Scale:  QH  TH
The second Carnot principle state that   
the thermal efficiencies of all  QL  rev TL
reversible heat engines operating
between the same two reservoirs are
the same. th, rev = f (TH,TL)

A temperature scale that is independent

of the properties of the substances that
are used to measure temperature is
called a thermodynamic temperature
scale.
That is the Kelvin scale, and the
temperatures on this scale are called 36
absolute temperatures.
Air standard cycles:
1.Stirling cycle,
2.Atkinson cycle,
3.Ericsson cycle,
4.Joule cycle,
5.Lenior cycle ,
6.Otto cycle,
7.Diesel cycle,
8.Dual cycle,
comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles.