16.

2 Concentrations of Solutions

Water must be tested

continually to ensure that the
concentrations of contaminants
do not exceed established
limits. These contaminants
include metals, pesticides,
bacteria, and even the by-
products of water treatment.
You will learn how solution
concentrations are calculated.
(molarity; % v/v; %m/m; ppm) Slide
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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Molarity

The concentration of a solution is a measure of

the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given
quantity of solvent.

• A dilute solution is one that contains a small

amount of solute.

• A concentrated solution contains a large

amount of solute.

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 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Molarity

Molarity

How do you calculate the molarity of a

solution?

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Molarity

Molarity (M) is the number of moles of

solute dissolved in one liter of solution.

To calculate the molarity of a solution,

divide the moles of solute by the volume
of the solution.

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Molarity

To make a 0.5-molar
(0.5M) solution, first
add 0.5 mol of solute
to a 1-L volumetric
flask half filled with
distilled water.

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Molarity

Swirl the flask Fill the flask with

carefully to dissolve water exactly to the
the solute. 1-L mark.

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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
16.2
16.2
for Sample Problem 16.2
16.3
16.3
Sample Problem 16.3
for Sample Problem 16.3
 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Making Dilutions

Making Dilutions

What effect does dilution have on the

total moles of solute in a solution?

Diluting a solution reduces the number

of moles of solute per unit volume, but
the total number of moles of solute in
solution does not change.
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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Making Dilutions

The total number of moles of solute remains

unchanged upon dilution, so you can write this
equation.

M1 and V1 are the molarity and volume of the

initial solution, and M2 and V2 are the molarity
and volume of the diluted solution.
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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Making Dilutions

Making a Dilute Solution

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Making Dilutions

To prepare 100 ml of 0.40M MgSO4 from a stock

solution of 2.0M MgSO4, a student first measures
20 mL of the stock solution with a 20-mL pipet.

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Making Dilutions

She then transfers the 20 mL to a 100-mL

volumetric flask.

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Making Dilutions

Finally she carefully adds water to the mark to

make 100 mL of solution.

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Making Dilutions

Volume-Measuring Devices

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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
16.4
16.4
for Sample Problem 16.4
 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Percent Solutions

Percent Solutions

What are two ways to express the

percent concentration of a solution?

The concentration of a solution in

percent can be expressed in two ways:
as the ratio of the volume of the solute
to the volume of the solution or as the
ratio of the mass of the solute to the
mass of the solution. Slide
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 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Percent Solutions

Concentration in Percent (Volume/Volume)

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16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Percent Solutions

Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) is sold as a 91%

solution. This solution consist of 91 mL of
isopropyl alcohol mixed with enough water to
make 100 mL of solution.

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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
16.5
SAMPLE PROBLEM 16.5

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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
for Sample Problem 16.5

Practice Problems For Sample Problem 16.5

 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Percent Solutions

Concentration in percent (mass/mass)

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 16.2 Concentrations of Solutions > Parts per million

Concentration in parts per million (ppm)

(To complete)

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16.2 Section Quiz.

Assess students’ understanding

of the concepts in Section 16.1.

Continue to: Launch:

-or-
Section Quiz

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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
16.2 Section Quiz.

1. To make a 1.00M aqueous solution of NaCl,

58.4 g of NaCl are dissolved in

a. 1.00 liter of water.

b. enough water to make 1.00 liter of solution

c. 1.00 kg of water.

d. 100 mL of water.

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16.2 Section Quiz.

2. What mass of sodium iodide (NaI) is contained

in 250 mL of a 0.500M solution?

a. 150 g

b. 75.0 g

c. 18.7 g

d. 0.50 g

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16.2 Section Quiz.

3. Diluting a solution does NOT change which of

the following?

a. concentration

b. volume

c. milliliters of solvent

d. moles of solute

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16.2 Section Quiz.

4. In a 2000 g solution of glucose that is labeled

5.0% (m/m), the mass of water is

a. 2000 g.

b. 100 g.

c. 1995 g.

d. 1900 g.

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16.2 Section Quiz.

4. In a 2000 g solution of glucose that is labeled

4.0 ppm, the mass of glucose is

a. 2000 g.

b. 100 g.

c. 1995 g.

d. 0.0080 g.

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END OF SHOW