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3 UNIT I Lecture 3

The document discusses the concept of radius of gyration and how it relates to the moment of inertia of objects. It defines radius of gyration and provides the formula for calculating moment of inertia using radius of gyration. The document also outlines two theorems regarding moment of inertia - the theorem of perpendicular axes and the theorem of parallel axes.

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44 views23 pages

3 UNIT I Lecture 3

The document discusses the concept of radius of gyration and how it relates to the moment of inertia of objects. It defines radius of gyration and provides the formula for calculating moment of inertia using radius of gyration. The document also outlines two theorems regarding moment of inertia - the theorem of perpendicular axes and the theorem of parallel axes.

Uploaded by

yt Hehkke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

UNIT I
LECTURE 3
Radius of gyration 2

 In the case of traslatory motion, the inertia of the body depends wholly upon its
mass and is therefore measured in terms of mass alone.
 On the other hand, Rotational inertia or moment of inertia of the body depends
 Not only upon the mass but also on the “effective distance” (K) of its particles
from the axis of rotation and is measured by the expression MK2
 The “effective distance” (K) of the particles of a body from its axis of rotation is
called its radius of gyration about the axis
 And is equal to the square root of their mean square distance from it
 The radius of gyration of a body, about given axis of rotation, may be defined as
the distance from the axis at which , if the whole mass of the body were to be
concentrated
3

 The value of its radius of gyration about the axis depends up on


 The position and direction of the axis of rotation
 The distribution of the mass of the body about this axis; so that, its value for the
same body is different for different axis of rotation

𝐾= (𝑟12 +𝑟22 + 𝑟33 + … … … . +𝑟𝑁2)/𝑁

I = m K2
Radius of Gyration 4
Kinetic energy 5

 Consider a rigid body rotating with a constant angular speed ω about a fixed axis
AOB as shown in the figure.
6
 As the body is made up of a number of particles of masses m 1, m2, m3, ...... at
distances r1, r2, r3, ...... from the axis of rotation, all these particles describe
circular paths of radii r 1, r2, r3, ...... with the same angular speed ω.
 As the linear velocity of the particles V = r ω , V is different for different particles.
 Let V1, V2, V3, ...... be the linear velocities of the particles. Then the total K.E. of
rotation of the body,
1 1 1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2 + 𝑚3𝑣32 + ⋯
2 2
2 2 2 7
1 1
= 𝑚1𝑟12ω2 + 𝑚2𝑟22ω2 …
2 2
1
= ω2(𝑚1𝑟12 + 𝑚2𝑟22) …
2
1 2
= 𝜔 ∑𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2
2
1
= 𝜔2 𝑀𝐾 2 [∑𝒎𝒓𝟐 = 𝑴𝑲𝟐 ]
2
1
= I ω2 (where I is the MI of the body about the axis of rotation)
2
𝟏
𝐊. 𝑬 = 𝐈 𝝎𝟐
𝟐
1
 If 𝜔 = 1, then obviously, 𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝐼
2

I = 2 (K.E)
 The moment of Inertia of a body rotating with unit angular velocity is equal to twice its kinetic
energy of rotation.
Theorems on moment of Inertia 8

 Two general theorems


 Theorem of perpendicular axes
 Theorem of parallel axes
Theorem of Perpendicular axes 9
 The moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis, perpendicular to the plane of
the lamina, is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the lamina about two axes at
right angles to each other, in its own plane, and intersecting each other at the point
where the perpendicular axis passes through it.

 If Ix and Iy be the moment of inertia of a plane lamina about the perpendicular axes,
OX and OY, which lie in the plane of the lamina and intersect each other at O.
10

 The moment of inertia about an axis passing through O and perpendicular to the plane of
the lamina, is given by
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
 For considering a particle of mass m at P at distance x and y from OX and OY
respectively, and at distance r from O
𝐼 = ∑𝑚𝑟 2 ; 𝐼𝑥 = ∑𝑚𝑦 2 ; 𝐼𝑦 = ∑𝑚𝑥 2
Ix + Iy = ∑ 𝑚𝑦2 + ∑ 𝑚𝑥2 = ∑ 𝑚(𝑦2 + 𝑥2)=∑ 𝑚𝑟2 [𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ]

𝑰 = 𝑰𝒙 + 𝑰 𝒚
Theorem of parallel axes 11
 The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to its moment of inertia
about a parallel axis through centre of mass plus the product of the mass of the
body and the square of the distance between two axes.
12
13
MI of the body about a parallel axis 14

through O, distant r from C

C - centre of mass of a body of mass M and I0


its moment of inertia about an axis through C
perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
15

 Consider any particle P of the body of mass m at a distance x from O.


 Then the moment of inertia of the body about O is given by
I=∑ 𝑚𝑥2 ∵ OP2 = x2
 From P drop a perpendicular PD on to OC produced and join PC, then
OP2 = OQ2+PQ2
CP2 = CQ2+PQ2
= (OC+CQ) 2 + PQ2
= (OC2 + CQ2 + 2 OC.CQ) + PQ2
= OC2 + [CP2 - PQ2 ] + 2 OC.CQ) + PQ2
= OC2 + CP2 + 2 OC.CQ
16
m OP2 = m CP2+ m OC2 + 2m OC CQ

∑ 𝑚𝑥2= ∑ 𝑚𝐶𝑃2 + ∑ 𝑚𝑟2 + 2𝑟 ∑ 𝑚𝐶𝑄

[𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 & 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑟]
 Hence I = Io +Mr2+2r∑ 𝒎 𝑪𝑸 [∵ ∑ 𝑚 𝐶𝑃2 = 𝐼𝑜]
 Since the body always balances about an axis passing through its centre of mass,
the algebric sum of the moments of the weights of its individual particles about the
centre of mass must be zero. ∑ 𝑚 𝐶𝑄=

 Thus I = I0 + Mr2
Thin circular ring 17
18
Moment of Inertia of uniform 19

massless rod with masses at the


ends
M.I of a uniform rod – axis at one end 20
M.I of a uniform rod – axis passing 21

through the center


M.I of a circular disc 22
23

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