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Seminar 201202175023

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41 views16 pages

Seminar 201202175023

Uploaded by

Mc Swathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Real-time object detection with YOLO and it’s

Application

Geo Thomas

CET Trivandrum
Contents

1.Introduction

2.YOLO?

3.How YOLO detect real-time object

4.YOLOv1 , YOLOv2, YOLOv3

5.Implementation of YOLO with OpenCV

6.Performance chart YOLO vs other model

7.Real scenario with YOLO

8.Conclusion
Introduction

 Object detection is a computer technology related to computer vision and image


processing.

 It is widely used in computer vision tasks such as activity recognition, face


detection, face recognition, video object co-segmentation. It is also used in
tracking objects, for example tracking a ball during a football match, tracking
movement of a cricket bat, or tracking a person in a video.

 Methods for object detection generally fall into either machine learning-based
approaches or deep learning-based approaches.

 YOLO is mainly come under deep learning-based approch.


YOLO?

 You only look once (YOLO) is a state-of-the-art, real-time object detection


system. On a Pascal Titan X it processes images at 30 FPS and has a mAP of
57.9% on COCO test-dev

 family of models are a series of end-to-end deep learning models designed for
fast object detection

 There are three main variations of the approach till , they are YOLOv1, YOLOv2,
and YOLOv3
How YOLO Work’s?

 Prior detection systems repurpose classifiers or localizers to perform detection.


They apply the model to an image at multiple locations and scales. High scoring
regions of the image are considered detections.

 YOLO use totally different approach.

 Apply a single neural network to the full image. This network divides the image
into regions and predicts bounding boxes and probabilities for each region.
These bounding boxes are weighted by the predicted probabilities.

 It looks at the whole image at test time so its predictions are informed by global
context in the image.
 YOLO use Darknet network.
 The YOLO network splits the input image into a grid of S×S cells.
 Each grid cell predicts B number of bounding boxes and their objectness score along
with their class predictions.

 Coordinates of B bounding boxes -YOLO predicts 4 coordinates for each bounding


box (bx,by,bw,bh) with respect to the corresponding grid cell.
 Objectness score (P0) – indicates the probability that the cell contains an object

 Class prediction – if the bounding box contains an object, the network predicts the
probability of K number of classes.

 The predicted bounding boxes may look something like as follow


 Finally, the confidence score(Objectness score) for the bounding box and the
class prediction are combined into one final score that shows probability that this
bounding box contains a specific type of object.

 It turns out that most of these boxes will have very low confidence scores, so
only keep the boxes whose final score is above some threshold.

 Non-maximum Suppression (NMS) intends to cure the problem of multiple


detections of the same image.
 Non-maximum Suppression

 Non-maximum Suppression or NMS uses the very important function called


“Intersection over Union”, or IoU

 Define a box using its two corners (upper left and lower right): (x1, y1, x2, y2)
rather than the midpoint and height/width.

 Find the coordinates (xi1, yi1, xi2, yi2) of the intersection of two boxes where :

 xi1 = maximum of the x1 coordinates of the two boxes


 yi1 = maximum of the y1 coordinates of the two boxes
 xi2 = minimum of the x2 coordinates of the two boxes
 yi2 = minimum of the y2 coordinates of the two boxes
 The area of intersection by this formula
 area_intersection =(xi2 - xi1)*(yi2 – yi1)

 calculate the area of union


 union _area = (area of box 1 + area of box 2) – area_intersection

 Therefore IoU=area_intersection/union_area

 Implement non-max suppression, the steps are

 Select the box that has the highest score.


 Compute its overlap with all other boxes, and remove boxes that overlap it more
than a certain threshold which we call iou_threshold.
 Go back to above two step and iterate until there are no more boxes with a lower
score than the currently selected box
YOLOv1 YOLOv2 YOLOv3

It uses Darknet Second version YOLO is The previous version has


framework which is named as YOLO9000, been improved for an
trained on ImageNet- 40 FPS incremental improvement
1000 dataset, 30 FPS which is now called
YOLO v3,45 FPS
It could not find small Higher Resolution Feature Pyramid
objects if they are Classifier, Networks (FPN)
appeared as a cluster Fine-Grained
Features,Multi-Scale
Training
This architecture found Darknet 19: YOLO v2 Darknet-53: the
difficulty in generalisation uses Darknet 19 predecessor YOLO v2
of objects if the image is architecture used Darknet-19 as
of other dimensions feature extractor and
different from the trained YOLO v3 uses the
image Darknet-53 network for
feature extractor which
has 53 convolutional
layers
Basic Implementation of YOLO with OpenCV

 use OpenCV to implement YOLO algorithm as it is really simple

 Step 1 — Install the dependencies for Windows,Linux


 Python3,Opencv

 Step 2 — Install the DarkNet/YOLA


 DarkNet: Originally, YOLO algorithm is implemented in DarkNet framework.
 The CFG and WEIGHTS files and COCO.

 Step 3 – the command or code need to render the input image or video
Performance chart YOLO vs other model
Real scenario with YOLO

 The core of the self-driving car’s brain is YOLO Object Detection.

 The Reson why YOLO Used in Self Driving cars:

 --->Extremely Fast
 --->Contextually Aware
 --->A Generalized Network
Conclusion

 YOLO, a unified model for object detection,is simple to construct and can be
trained directly on full images.YOLOv3 is orders of magnitude faster(45 frames
per second) than other object detection algorithms.

 YOLO is the fastest general-purpose object detector and YOLO pushes the
state-of-the-art in real-time object detection. YOLO also generalizes well to new
domains making it ideal for applications that rely on fast, robust object detection.
References

 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7780460
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8740604
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8621865
 https://medium.com/@venkatakrishna.jonnalagadda/object-detection-yolo-v1-v2-
v3-c3d5eca2312a
 https://towardsdatascience.com/real-time-object-detection-with-yolo-
9dc039a2596b
 https://pjreddie.com/darknet/yolo/

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