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DIP Lecture - 05

The document discusses digital image processing techniques for locally enhancing images through spatial filtering. It describes how spatial masks are convolved over an image and how the mask coefficients determine the nature of enhancement. Common techniques like smoothing and sharpening filters are explained.

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20 views

DIP Lecture - 05

The document discusses digital image processing techniques for locally enhancing images through spatial filtering. It describes how spatial masks are convolved over an image and how the mask coefficients determine the nature of enhancement. Common techniques like smoothing and sharpening filters are explained.

Uploaded by

sajjadhassa389
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Image Processing

Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain


Local enhancement techniques using
Spatial (Mask) Filtering
Local Enhancement through Spatial Filtering

▪ The output intensity value at (x,y) depends not


only on the input intensity value at (x,y) but also
on the specified number of neighboring intensity
values around (x,y)
▪ Spatial masks (also called window, filter, kernel,
template) are used and convolved over the entire
image for local enhancement (spatial filtering)
▪ The size of the mask determines the number of
neighboring pixels which influence the output
value at (x,y)
▪ The values (coefficients) of the mask determine the
nature and properties of enhancing technique
Local Enhancement through Spatial Filtering
Basics of Spatial Filtering

▪ Given the 3×3 mask with coefficients: w1, w2,…, w9


▪ The mask covers the pixels with gray levels: z1, z2,…, z9

▪ z gives the output intensity value for the processed image


(to be stored in a new array) at the location of z5 in the
input image
Basics of Spatial Filtering
Mask operation near the image border
Problem arises when part of the mask is located outside the
image plane; to handle the problem:
1. Discard the problem pixels (e.g. 512x512input
510x510output, if mask size is 3x3)
2. Zero padding: expand the input image by padding zeros
(512x512input 514x514output)
– Zero padding is not good; creates artificial lines or edges on the
border
3. We normally use the gray levels of border pixels to fill up
the expanded region (for 3x3 mask). For larger masks a
border region equal to half of the mask size is mirrored on
the expanded region.
Mask Operation Near the Image Border
Spatial Filtering for Smoothing
▪ For blurring/noise reduction;
Blurring is usually used in preprocessing steps,
e.g., to remove small details from an image prior to object
extraction, or to bridge small gaps in lines or curves
▪ Equivalent to Low-pass spatial filtering in frequency domain
because smaller (high frequency) details are removed based on
neighborhood averaging (averaging filters)
▪ Implementation: The simplest form of the spatial
filter for averaging is a square
mask (assume m×m mask) with
the same coefficients 1/m2 to
preserve the gray levels
(averaging).
▪ Applications: Reduce noise; smooth false contours
▪ Side effect: Edge blurring
Smoothing Filters
Spatial Filtering for Smoothing (Example)
Spatial Filtering for Smoothing (Example)
Order-Statistics Filtering

▪ Nonlinear spatial filters


▪ Output is based on order of gray levels in the masked area
(sub-image)
▪ Examples: Median filtering, Max & Min filtering
Median filtering
▪ Assigns the mid value of all the gray levels in the mask to the
center of mask;
▪ Particularly effective when
– the noise pattern consists of strong, spiky components (impulse
noise, salt-and-pepper)
– edges are to be preserved
– Force points with distinct gray levels to be more like their neighbors
Median Filtering
Median Filtering (Example)
Spatial Filtering for Image Sharpening

Background: to highlight fine detail in an image or to


enhance blurred detail
Applications: electronic printing, medical imaging, industrial
inspection, autonomous target detection (smart
weapons)......
Foundation:
▪ Blurring/smoothing is performed by spatial averaging
(equivalent to integration)
▪ Sharpening is performed by noting only the gray level
changes in the image that is the differentiation
Spatial Filtering for Image Sharpening

Operation of Image Differentiation


▪ Enhance edges and discontinuities (magnitude of
output gray level >>0)
▪ De-emphasize areas with slowly varying gray-level
values (output gray level: 0)

Mathematical Basis of Filtering for Image Sharpening


▪ First-order and second-order derivatives
▪ Approximation in discrete-space domain
▪ Implementation by mask filtering
First and Second Order Derivatives
Example for Discrete Derivatives
Comparison between f" and f´

▪ f´ generally produces thicker edges in an image


▪ f" has a stronger response to fine detail
▪ f´ generally has a stronger response to a gray-level step
▪ f" produces a double response at step changes in gray level
▪ For image enhancement, f" is generally better suited
than f´
▪ Major application of f´ is for edge extraction; f´ used
together with f" results in impressive enhancement effect
Enhancement by 2nd Derivative (Example)

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