In the coding, when numbers, letters or words are represented by a specific group of symbols, it

is said that the number, letter or word is being encoded. The group of symbols is called as a
code. The digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of binary bits. This group is
also called as binary code. The binary code is represented by the number as well as
alphanumeric letter.

Following is the list of advantages that binary code offers.

Binary codes are suitable for the computer applications.

Binary codes are suitable for the digital communications.

Binary codes make the analysis and designing of digital circuits if we use the binary codes.

Since only 0 & 1 are being used, implementation becomes easy.

The codes are broadly categorized into following four categories.

Weighted Codes
Non-Weighted Codes
Binary Coded Decimal Code
Alphanumeric Codes
Error Detecting Codes
Error Correcting Codes

Weighted binary codes are those binary codes which obey the positional weight principle. Each
position of the number represents a specific weight. Several systems of the codes are used to
express the decimal digits 0 through 9. In these codes each decimal digit is represented by a
group of four bits.
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In this type of binary codes, the positional weights are not assigned. The examples of non-
weighted codes are Excess-3 code and Gray code.

The Excess-3 code is also called as XS-3 code. It is non-weighted code used to express decimal
numbers. The Excess-3 code words are derived from the 8421 BCD code words adding (0011)2
or (3)10 to each code word in 8421. The excess-3 codes are obtained as follows −

It is the non-weighted code and it is not arithmetic codes. That means there are no specific
weights assigned to the bit position. It has a very special feature that, only one bit will change
each time the decimal number is incremented as shown in fig. As only one bit changes at a time,
the gray code is called as a unit distance code. The gray code is a cyclic code. Gray code cannot
be used for arithmetic operation.

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Gray code is popularly used in the shaft position encoders.

A shaft position encoder produces a code word which represents the angular position of the
shaft.

In this code each decimal digit is represented by a 4-bit binary number. BCD is a way to express
each of the decimal digits with a binary code. In the BCD, with four bits we can represent sixteen
numbers (0000 to 1111). But in BCD code only first ten of these are used (0000 to 1001). The
remaining six code combinations i.e. 1010 to 1111 are invalid in BCD.

It is very similar to decimal system.

The addition and subtraction of BCD have different rules.

The BCD arithmetic is little more complicated.

BCD needs more number of bits than binary to represent the decimal number. So BCD is
less efficient than binary.

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A binary digit or bit can represent only two symbols as it has only two states '0' or '1'. But this is
not enough for communication between two computers because there we need many more
symbols for communication. These symbols are required to represent 26 alphabets with capital
and small letters, numbers from 0 to 9, punctuation marks and other symbols.

The alphanumeric codes are the codes that represent numbers and alphabetic characters. Mostly
such codes also represent other characters such as symbol and various instructions necessary
for conveying information. An alphanumeric code should at least represent 10 digits and 26
letters of alphabet i.e. total 36 items. The following three alphanumeric codes are very commonly
used for the data representation.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).

ASCII code is a 7-bit code whereas EBCDIC is an 8-bit code. ASCII code is more commonly
used worldwide while EBCDIC is used primarily in large IBM computers.

There are binary code techniques available to detect and correct data during data transmission.

Error Code Description

Error detection and correction code techniques

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