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Vector Space

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44 views4 pages

Vector Space

Uploaded by

Danna Jean Tambiga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.

VECTOR SPACE

A vector space (also called a linear space) is a set of objects called vectors, which may be added together
and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers, called scalars. Scalars are often taken to be real numbers, but
there are also vector spaces with scalar multiplication by complex numbers, rational numbers, or
generally any field. The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain
requirements, called vector axioms (listed below in § Definition). To specify that the scalars are real or
complex numbers, the terms real vector space and complex vector space are often used.

Example:

The simplest example of a vector space over a field F is the field F itself (as it is an abelian group for
addition, a part of requirements to be a field.), equipped with its addition (It becomes vector addition.)
and multiplication (It becomes scalar multiplication.). More generally, all n-tuples (sequences of length
n)

(a1, a2, ..., an)

of elements ai of F form a vector space that is usually denoted F and called a coordinate space. The case
n = 1 is the above-mentioned simplest example, in which the field F is also regarded as a vector space
over itself. The case F = R and n = 2 (so R ) was discussed in the introduction above.

3. Subspace

In mathematics, and more specifically in linear algebra, a linear subspace, also known as a vector
subspace is a vector space that is a subset of some larger vector space. A linear subspace is usually
simply called a subspace when the context serves to distinguish it from other types of subspaces.

Example:

The set W of vectors of the form (x,y) such that x≥0 and y≥0 is not a subspace of R2 because it is not
closed under scalar multiplication.

Vector u=(2,2) is in W but its negative −1(2,2)=(−2,−2) is not in W.

4. Linear Combination

In mathematics, a linear combination is an expression constructed from a set of terms by multiplying


each term by a constant and adding the results (e.g. a linear combination of x and y would be any
expression of the form ax + by, where a and b are constants). The concept of linear combinations is
central to linear algebra and related fields of mathematics. Most of this article deals with linear
combinations in the context of a vector space over a field, with some generalizations given at the end of
the article.
Definition: Let a, b be integers. Any expression of the form ax+by where x, y ∈ Z is called

a linear combination of a and b.

Example: Let a = 4 and b = 7. Some of the linear combinations of 4 and 7 we found

were:

0 = 4(0) + 7(0)

4 = 4(1) + 7(0)

7 = 4(0) + 7(1)

11 = 4(1) + 7(1)

15 = 4(2) + 7(1)

1 = 4(2) + 7(−1)

−3 = 4(−2) + 7(1)

−4 = 4(−1) + 7(0)

We noted that since 1 is a linear combination of 4 and 7 then every integer is a linear
combination of 4 and 7: Let m be an integer. Then multiplying the equation 1 = 4(2)+7(−1)

by m, we have m = 4(2m) + 7(−m), showing that m is indeed a linear combination of 4 and

7.

We also remarked that if d is a linear combination of a and b then so is −d, just by

multiplying the equation by −1. So from now on, we will only be interested in positive

integers which are linear combinations of a and b.

5. Linear Span

The span of a set of vectors, also called linear span, is the linear space formed by all the vectors that can
be written as linear combinations of the vectors belonging to the given set.

In mathematics, the linear span (also called the linear hull[1] or just span) of a set S of vectors (from a
vector space), denoted span(S),[2][3] is the smallest linear subspace that contains the set.[4] It can be
characterized either as the intersection of all linear subspaces that contain S, or as the set of linear
combinations of elements of S. The linear span of a set of vectors is therefore a vector space. Spans can
be generalized to matroids and modules.

For expressing that a vector space V is a span of a set S, one commonly uses the following phrases: S
spans V; S generates V; V is spanned by S; V is generated by S; S is a spanning set of V; S is a generating
set of V.

Example:

The real vector space R3 has {(−1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} as a spanning set. This particular spanning set
is also a basis. If (−1, 0, 0) were replaced by (1, 0, 0), it would also form the canonical basis of R3.
Another spanning set for the same space is given by {(1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 2), (−1, 1⁄2, 3), (1, 1, 1)}, but this set is
not a basis, because it is linearly dependent.

The set {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0)} is not a spanning set of R3, since its span is the space of all vectors in
R3 whose last component is zero. That space is also spanned by the set {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)}, as (1, 1, 0) is a
linear combination of (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0). It does, however, span R2.(when interpreted as a subset of
R3).

The empty set is a spanning set of {(0, 0, 0)}, since the empty set is a subset of all possible vector spaces
in R3, and {(0, 0, 0)} is the intersection of all of these vector spaces.

The set of functions xn where n is a non-negative integer spans the space of polynomials.

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