This is a preview of "AWWA M11-2004". Click here to purchase the full version from the ANSI store.

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Errata to

AWWA Manual M11

Steel Pipe—A
pe—A Guide IInstallation 4th ed.
e for Design and Installation,

©
(December 2013)

Chapter 1

1. On page 1, paragraph
aph
ph 2, line 6 under History, the metric conversion should read 15,000 psi
(103.42 MPa).

2. On page 7, paragraph
aph 2, lines 6 and 7 under Stress and Strain, “min” should read “μin.”

3. On page 8, paragraph
aph 2, lines 2 and 4, respectively, the metric conversions should
s read 30,000,000
psi (207 TPa) and 30 psi (207 kPa).

4. On page 10, paragraph

raph (207 kPa).
aph 1, line 2, the metric conversion should read 30 psi (20
(2

h 1, line 4, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000 μin./in.”

5. On page 10, paragraph
raph μin./in.”
in./i

raph 2, line 6, “5,000 min/in.” should read “5,000 μin./in.”

6. On page 10, paragraph μin./in.”

7. raph 2, line 8, “300,000 min/in.” should read “300,000 μin./in.”

On page 10, paragraph μin.

8. On page 11, paragraph 5, lines 6 and 10, under Analysis Based on Strain, “1,750 min/in.”
should read “1,750 μin./in.”

9. On page 11, paragraph 7, line 2, under Analysis Based on Strain, “5,000 min/in.” should read
“5,000 μin./in.”

10. On page 18, Eq 1-1 should read

ȱ ȱ ȱ ΗnȱƽȱΗ2 (cos2ȱ΅ǼȱƸȱΗ1 (sin2ȱ΅Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗȬŗǼ

Chapter 6

11. On page 62, Table 6-1, column 1, Type of Soil, replace “Coarse-grained soils with little or no fines
(SP, SM, GP, GW)” with “Coarse-grained soils with little or no fines (SP, SW, GP, GW).”

12. On page 67, line 5, replace (P = 0.7(4)(28,152) = 7,883 kg/m2) with

(P = 0.07(4)(28,152) = 7,883 kg/m2).
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Chapter 6 (continued)

13. On page 67, line 12, replace WcȱƽȱǻŗǰşŘŘȱǻŘǼȱƸȱŗřǰŗŞŖǼȱŘr/1,000 = 34r with

WcȱƽȱǻŗǰşŘŘȱǻŖǯŜŗǼȱƸȱŗřǰŗŞŖǼȱŘr/1,000 = 28.7r.

14. On page 67, line 18, replace “3 ft (0.914 mm) cover” with “3 ft (0.914 m) cover.”

Chapter 7

15. On page 73, the example problem should read

k = 0.02 – 0.00012(120 – 90) = 0.0164

Scs = 0.0164 ×
40,000
(0.3125) 2
log e( 21
0.3125
)
= 28,300 psi

©
Sls = –3,000 psi (7-5)

Se = 1,000 8.32ȱƸȱǻȮřǯŖ2) – (–3.0 × 28.3)]½ = 29,9000 psi

,000 [28.3

29,900
9,900 < 30,000
229 0,000

16. On page 85, Table 7-2, for x = 0.05L,

0.05L
L, replace L2/12) with –0.715(wL
–0.0715(wL
replac –0.0715((wL –0.715((wL2/1
//12).

Chapter 9

17. On page 122, last line of paragraph 3 under Elbows and Miter End Cuts should
sho read
“…the deflection per miter weld shall be limited to 30°. The radius of the elbow
elb shall be….”

18. On page 133, first sentence

entence of paragraph 3 should read
“Usually the blowoff
woff will be below ground.”

Chapter 13

19. —ȱ™ŠŽȱŗşŚǰȱŠ•Œž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ’£Žǰȱž—Ž›ȱšȱŗřȬśȱ‘ŽȱŽ’—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱΗȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ›ŽŠȱ
ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ’£Žǰȱž—Ž›ȱšȱŗřȬśȱ‘ŽȱŽ’—’’˜—ȱ˜ȱΗȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ›Ž
£Žǰȱž—Ž›ȱšȱŗřȬśȱ‘ŽȱŽ’—’’˜—ȱ˜
ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ˜’•ǰȱ•‹Ȧ2 (N/m2)
ΗȱƽȱœŠŽȱ‹ŽŠ›’—ȱŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ˜’•ǰȱ•‹Ȧ
Žȱ‹ŽŠ›’—ȱŒŠ™ŠŒ’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ˜’•ǰȱ•‹Ȧ

20. On page 200, Table 13-4, for 24-in. Pipe OD, 250 psi, Tie Bolt Diameter, in., should read “1 ⅛.”

21. On page 200, Table 13-4, line 2 of NOTE, replace “undo” with “undue.”

22. On page 203, Table 13-5, for 1 ⅜ -in. dia., replace "A" metric with (222.25).

23. On page 203, Table 13-5, for 1 ⅝ -in. dia., replace "A" metric with (273.05).

24. On page 205, Figure 13-20, Note 4, replace “The minimum wall thickness...” with
“The minimum weld thickness….”
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Steel Pipe—
A Guide for Design
d Installation
and lation

©
AWWA MANUAL M11

Fourth Edition
dition

Science and Technology

AWWA unites the drinking water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological
knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public
health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities.

Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

This is a preview of "AWWA M11-2004". Click here to purchase the full version from the ANSI store.

This AWWA content is the product of thousands of

hours of work by your fellow water professionals.
Revenue from the sales of this AWWA material supports
ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution,
either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders
AWWA’s mission to support the water community.

©
MANUAL OF WATER
TER SUPPLY
PLY PRACTICES—M11,
PRACTIC Fourth Edition
Steel Pipe—A
—A Guide for Design and Installation

Copyright © 1964,
4,, 1985, 1989, 2004 American Water Works Associat
Association

All rights reserved.

d. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval
r system,
except in the formm of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the wri
written permission
of the publisher.

Project Manager andnd Technical Editor: Mel

Melissa Christensen
Copy Editor: Martt Kelle
r: Carol Stearns
Production Editor: St

Library of Congress
gress Cataloging-in-Publication
Cataloging Data

ide for Design

Steel Pipe : A Guide gn and Installation.--
Installati 4th ed.
WWA manual ; M11)
p. cm. -- (AWWA
ographical referencess and index.
Includes bibliographical
ISBN 1-58321-274-4
-274-4
1. Water pipes--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Pipe,
Steel--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals etc. I. American Water Works
Association. II. Series.

TD491.A49 S74
628.1'5--dc22
2004043748

Printed in the United States of America

American Water Works Association

6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235-3098

ISBN 1-58321-274-4
Printed on recycled paper

Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

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Contents

List of Figures, vii

List of Tables, xi

Foreword, xiii

Acknowledgments, xv

Chapter 1 History, Uses, and Physical Characteristics

of Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
History,, 1

©
Uses, 2
try, Casting,
Chemistry, ng, and Heat Treatment, 3
al Characteristics,
Physical acteristics 6
Ductilityy andd Yield Strength,
S 6
Stress and Strain, 7
Strain inn Design,
Design 9
Analysiss Based on Strain, 11
Ductilityy in Design, 12
Effects of Cold Working on S Strength and Ductility, 13
Brittle Fracture Considerat
Considerations in Structural Design, 13
ractice, 17
ractic
Good Practice,
tion of Stresses in Spiral-Welded Pipe, 18
Evaluation
References,
nces,
ces, 18

Chapter 2 Manufacture
nufacture and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
acture,
Manufacture,re, 21
Testing,, 24
References,
nces, 25

Chapter 3 Hydraulics
ydraulics of Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Formulas,
as, 27
Calculations, 31
Economical Diameter of Pipe, 42
Distribution Systems, 43
Air Entrainment and Release, 43
Good Practice, 43
References, 43

Chapter 4 Determination of Pipe Wall Thickness . . . . . . . . . 45

Internal Pressure, 45
Allowable Tension Stress in Steel, 46
Corrosion Allowance, 48
External Fluid Pressure—Uniform and Radial, 48
Minimum Wall Thickness, 50
Good Practice, 50
References, 50

iii
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Chapter 5 Water Hammer and Pressure Surge . . . . . . . . . 51

Basic Relationships, 51
Checklist for Pumping Mains, 54
General Studies for Water Hammer Control, 55
Allowance for Water Hammer, 56
Pressure Rise Calculations, 56
References, 56

Chapter 6 External Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Load Determination, 59
Deflection Determination, 60
Buckling, 63
Extreme External Loading Conditions, 65
Computer Programs, 68
nces, 68
References,

Chapter 7 Supports
upports for
r Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Saddle Supports, ts, 69
flection
Pipe Deflectionon as Bea
Beam, 73
Methodss of Calcula
Calculation, 75
Gradient
nt of Supported Pipelines to Prevent Pocketing, 76
Span Lengths
engths
ngths and Stresses, 76
rders, 79
Ring Girders,
Ring-Girder
irder
rder Construction fofor Low-Pressure Pipe, 100
Installation
tion of Ring Girder Spans, 101
ation
References,
nces, 109
ces, 1

ipe
pe Joints
Chapter 8 Pipe Jo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
d-Spigot
-Spigot Joint With Rubber Gasket, 111
Bell-and-Spigot
Welded Joints,
oints, 112
1
Bolted Sleeve-Type
eve-Type Couplings, 113
Flanges,
s, 113
3
Grooved-and-Shouldered
Shouldere Couplings, 115
d-and-Shouldered
Expansion
ion and Contraction—General,
Contraction— 116
Ground Friction and d Line Tension, 117
Good Practice,
ractice, 118
References, 119

Chapter 9 Fittings and Appurtenances . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Designation of Fittings, 121
Elbows and Miter End Cuts, 122
Reducers, 130
Bolt Hole Position, 130
Design of Wye Branches, Laterals, Tees, and Crosses, 130
Testing of Fittings, 131
Unbalanced Thrust Forces, 131
Frictional Resistance Between Soil and Pipe, 131
Anchor Rings, 131
Nozzle Outlets, 131

iv
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Connection to Other Pipe Material, 132

Flanged Connections, 132
Valve Connections, 132
Blowoff Connections, 132
Manholes, 133
Insulating Joints, 133
Air-Release Valves and Air/Vacuum Valves, 133
Casing Spacers, 134
Good Practice, 135
References, 136

Chapter 10 Principles of Corrosion and Corrosion Control . . . . . 137

General Theory, 137
Internal Corrosion of Steel Pipe, 146
heric Corrosion, 147
Atmospheric

©
Methodss of Corrosion Control,
ontrol, 147
Cathodic n, 147
ic Protection,
nces, 149
References,

Chapter 11 Protective
ective Coatings and Linin
Linings . . . . . . . . . . . 151
ements
ents for Good Pipeline Coatings and Linings, 151
Requirements
Selection
n of the Proper Coating and Lining, 151
Recommended
ended Coatings and Linings,
mended L 153
Based Polymer Concrete Coatings, 156
Epoxy-Based
Coatingg Application, 156
Good Practice,
ractice, 156
ractic
References,
nces,
ces, 1
157

Chapter 12 Transportation, Installation, and Testing

Testin . . . . . . . 159
Transportation
tation and Handling of Coated Steel Pipe,
ortation Pip 159
Trenching,
ng,, 160
Installation
ationn of Pipe,
Pipe 163
Anchorss and Thrust Blocks,
B 168
Field Coating
oating off Joints, 171
17
Pipe-Zone
ne Bedding g and Backfill, 171
Hydrostatic
tatic Field Test,
t, 171
References,
nces 173

Chapter 13 Supplementary Design Data and Details . . . . . . . . 175

Layout of Pipelines, 175
Calculation of Angle of Fabricated Pipe Bend, 176
Reinforcement of Fittings, 176
Collar Plate Design, 180
Wrapper-Plate Design, 182
Crotch-Plate (Wye-Branch) Design, 183
Nomograph Use in Wye-Branch Design, 185
Thrust Restraint, 191
Anchor Rings, 1997
Joint Harnesses, 197
Special and Valve Connections and Other Appurtenances, 202

v
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Freezing in Pipelines, 202

Design of Circumferential Fillet Welds, 218
Submarine Pipelines, 220
References, 222

Appendix A Table of Working Pressures for Allowable Unit Stresses, 223

Index, 233

List of AWWA Manuals, 239

©
vi
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Figures

1-1 Steel pipe in filtration plant gallery, 2

1-2 Stress–strain curve for steel, 8
1-3 True stress–strain for steel, 8
1-4 Stress–strain curves for carbon steel, 9
1-5 Plastic and elastic strains, 9
1-6 Actual and apparent stresses, 10
1-7 Determination of actual stress, 10
1-8 Experimental
imental determination
ation of strain characteristics,
character 12

©
1-9 Effectss of strain hardening, 14
1-10 Effectss of strain
ain aging, 14
1-11 Transition
n curves obtained from Charpy V-notch impact tests,
ition test 171
1-12 Spiral pipe
ipe weld seams, 18
2-1 matic
atic representation of the sequence of operations perform
Schematic performe by a typical
performed
machine
ne for making electric-resistance-welded tubes from steel strip, 22
2-2 Cross section through wel
weld point, 22
2-3 ic resistance welding
Electric weldin usin g high-frequency welding current,
using curren
urren 22
2-4 Electric induction
icc resistance welding by in duction using welding
ing high-frequency w
current,
nt,, 22
2-5 Sequence
nce
e of operations in a typical double submerged arc weld
wel pprocess, 23
2-6 matic diagram of process for making spiral-seam pipe, 24
Schematic
2-7 Schematic
matic diagram
gram for ma
making plate pipe, 24
3-1 Solution
on of the Hazen-Williams
zen-Williams formula, 28
3-2 on of Scobey flow formula
Solution mula for Ks = 0
0.36,
36
3 30
3-3 Solution of Manning flow formula for n = 0.011, 32
3-4 Moody diagram for friction in pipe, 40
3-5 Resistance coefficients of valves and fittings for fluid flows, 41
4-1 Relation of various heads or pressures for selection of design pressure
(gravity flow), 46
4-2 Relation of various heads or pressures for selection of design pressure
(pumped flow), 46
5-1 Surge wave velocity chart for water, 53
6-1 Position of area, 67
7-1 Details of concrete saddle, 70
7-2 Saddle supports for 78-in. pipe, 70

vii
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7-3 Ring girders provide support for 54-in. diameter pipe, 71

7-4 Expansion joints between stiffener rings, 71
7-5 Anchor block, 71
7-6 Stiffener ring coefficients, 78
7-7 Equivalent stress diagram—Hencky–Mises theory, 80
7-8 Bending stress in pipe shell with ring restraint, 81
7-9 Stiffener ring coefficients, equal and opposite couples, 81
7-10 Stiffener ring stresses for partially filled pipe, 81
7-11 Stiffener ring coefficients, radial load supported by two reactions, 81
7-12 Stiffener ring coefficients—transverse earthquake, 81
7-13 Combination ns, 82
nation of solutions,

©
7-14 Stresses,
es, moments,
ts, and plate thickness, 84
7-15 Detail of assumed
umed ring section, 94
7-16 Long-span
span
n steel pipe for low pressures, 101
7-17 111-in.. pipe on ring girders, 102
8-1 Welded
d and rubber-gasketed field joints, 112
8-2 Bolted sleeve-type couplings,
couplin 114
8-3 Grooved
ed coupling, 116
8-4 Shouldered
dered coupling, 116
8-5 Typical
al expansion joint with limit rods, 117
8-6 Typical
al expansion joint configurations, 118
9-1 Recommended
nded dimensions for water pipe fittings (except elbows
mmended elbows),
elb 122
9-2 Recommended
ed dimensions for water pipe elbows, 123
mmended
9-3 Tangent-type
nt-type outlet
tlet (AWWA C208), 125
9-4 Computation
utation method and
nd formulas for compound
compoun pipe elbows, 127
1
9-5 Sample pipeline profile illustrating air valve locations, 135
10-1 Galvanic cell—dissimilar metals, 138
10-2 Galvanic cell—dissimilar electrolytes, 140
10-3 Galvanic cell on embedded pipe without protective coating, 140
10-4 Galvanic cell—pitting action, 140
10-5 Corrosion caused by dissimilar metals in contact on buried pipe, 140
10-6 Corrosion caused by dissimilar metals, 141
10-7 Corrosion caused by cinders, 141
10-8 Corrosion caused by dissimilarity of surface conditions, 141
10-9 Corrosion caused by dissimilar soils, 142
10-10 Corrosion caused by mixture of different soils, 142

viii
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10-11 Corrosion caused by differential aeration of soil, 142

10-12 Stray-current corrosion caused by electrified railway systems, 143
10-13 Control of stray-current corrosion, 144
10-14 Corrosion rate in various soils, 145
10-15 Cathodic protection—galvanic anode type, 148
10-16 Cathodic protection—rectifier type, 148
10-17 Bonding jumpers installed on sleeve-type coupling, 149
10-18 Bonding wire for bell-and-spigot rubber-gasketed joint, 149
12-1 Densified pipe zone bedding and backfill, 162
12-2 Special subgrade densification, 162

©
12-3 Bolt torque
orque sequence, 166
13-1 Example
ple of adequately
quately detailed pipe special, 177
13-2 Plan and
nd profile
ofile of bend in pipe on centerline of pipe, 177
13-3 Reinforcement
ment of openings in welded steel pipe,
rcement p 179
13-4 One-plate
te wye, 184
late
13-5 Three-plate
-plate wye, 184
plate w
13-6 Two-plate
late w
wye, 184
13-7 Nomograph
graph for selecting reinforcement plate depths of equal-diameter
equal-dia
pipes, 186
13-8 N factor
orr curves,
curv 187
13-9 Q factor
or curves,
curves 187
13-10 Selection
ion of top depth, 188
13-11 Wye branch
ranch plan and layout, 189
13-12 Thrustt at branch
h or tee, thrust at bulkhead or dead en
end, 192
13-13 Resultant
ant thrust at pipe
pe elbow, 192
13-14 Typical thrust blocking of a horizontal bend, 192
13-15 Thrust blocking of vertical bends, 193
13-16 Force diagram, 195
13-17 Lap welded joint, single-butt weld joint, 196
13-18 Harnessed joint detail, 196
13-19 Anchor ring, 197
13-20 Harness lug detail, 205
13-21 Reinforcing pad for tapped opening, 206
13-22 Nipple with cap, 206
13-23 Flanged connection for screw-joint pipe, 206
13-24 Wall connection using coupling, 206

ix
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13-25 Extra-heavy half coupling welded to pipe as threaded outlet, 206

13-26 Thredolets, 206
13-27 Casing and removable two-piece roof, 209
13-28 Section of casing giving access to gate valve gearing, 210
13-29 Access manhole, 210
13-30 Blowoff with riser for attaching pump section, 211
13-31 Blowoff connection, 211
13-32 Manifold layout of relief valves and pressure regulators, 211
13-33 Tapping main under pressure, 212
13-34 Maximum frost penetration and maximum freezing index, 212
13-35 Heat balance in exposed
d pipelines, 214

©
13-36 Fillet nomenclature,
ure, 218
13-37 Submarine ipeline—assembly and launching, 221
arine pipeline—assembly
13-38 Submarine
arinee pipeline—positioning by barge, 221
13-39 Submarine
ine pipeline—floating string positioning,
arine positioning 222

x
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Tables

1-1 Effects of alloying elements, 3

1-2 Maximum strain in pipe wall developed in practice, 12
3-1 Multiplying factors corresponding to various values of C in Hazen-Williams
formula, 28
3-2 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient values—Base Ks = 0.36, 30
3-3 Multiplying factors for friction coefficient values—Base n = 0.011, 32
3-4 Slope conversions, 34
3-5 Flow equivalents, 35

©
3-6 Pressure
ure ( psi) for heads ( ft
ft),
), 36
3-6M ure (kPa)
Pressure (kPa
a) for heads
head (cm),
(cm), 36
3-7 Head ( ft) for press
pressures ( psi), 37
3-7M Head (cm
(cm) (kPa),
m) for pressures (kPa
(kPa),
), 37
3-8 ures
res (kPa)
Pressures (kPa
(kP ) for heads
eads ft ((m),
m), 38
3-9 ure equivalents, 38
Pressure
4-1 Gradess of steel used in AWWA C200 as basis for working pressures
pressu in
Table A-1, 47
4
5-1 ty
y of pressure wave ffor steel pipe, 53
Velocity
6-1 Valuess of modulus of soil reaction,
reacti E′ (psi)
si) based on depth of cover,
cove
cov type of soil,
and relative
lative
tive compaction, 62
6-2 Unified
d soill classification,
classifi 62
6-3 oad effect,
Live-load ct, 63
6-4 Influence
nce coefficients
nts for rectangular areas, 66
7-1 Practical
cal safe spans for simply
mply supported pipe
pip in 120° contact saddles,
sa 74
7-2 Summary of moment calculations, 85
7-3 Stresses at support ring, 90
7-4 Summary of stresses for half-full condition, 100
7-5 Trigonometric data, 100
7-6 Values of moment of inertia and section modulus of steel pipe, 103
10-1 Galvanic series of metals and alloys, 139
10-2 Soils grouped in order of corrosive action on steel, 146
10-3 Relationship of soil corrosion to soil resistivity, 146
12-1 Comparison of standard density tests, 163
12-2 Torque requirements for AWWA C207 Class D ring flange bolts, 169

xi
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12-3 Torque requirements for steel pipe flange bolts and studs, 170
13-1 Example of pipe-laying schedule, 178
13-2 Recommended reinforcement type, 179
13-3 Dimensions and bearing loads for anchor rings in concrete—maximum pipe
pressure of 150 psi and 250 psi, 198
13-4 Tie bolt schedule for harnessed joints, 199
13-5 Dimensions of joint harness tie bolts and lugs for rubber-gasketed joints, 203
13-5A Maximum allowable load per tie bolt, 204
13-6 Plate dimensions and drill sizes for reinforced tapped openings, 207
13-7 Maximum size of threaded openings for given size pipe with reinforcing
pads, 207

©
13-8 Dimensions
nsions of extra-heavy
-heavy half-couplings, 208
13-9 Dimensions
nsions figures
ures thredolets,
thredole 208
13-10 Heat balance
ce factors,
factors 215
13-11 Valuess of D and v, 216
13-12 Conduction
uction values, 216
tion heat-transfer values
13-13 Emissivity
vity factors, 217
ivity
13-14 Wind velocity factors, 217
A-1 Working allowable unit stresses, 224
ng pressures for allo

xii
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Foreword

This manual was first authorized in 1943. In 1949, committee 8310D appointed one
of its members, Russel E. Barnard, to act as editor in chief in charge of collecting and
compiling the available data on steel pipe. The first draft of the report was completed
by January 1957; the draft was reviewed by the committee and other authorities on
steel pipe. The first edition of this manual was issued in 1964 with the title Steel Pipe-
Design and Installation.
The second edition of this manual was approved in June 1984 and published in
1985 with the title Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation.
The third edition of the manual was approved in June 1988 and published in 1989.
This fourth edition of the manual was approved March 2003. Major revisions to the
dition are (1) the manual
third edition included in this edition ma metriciz and edited
was metricized

©
throughout; (2)
2) a discussion Hea Treatment (Sec. 1.3) and
n of Chemistry, Casting and Heat
a discussion of stress evaluation in spiral-welded pipe (Sec. (Sec 1.12) w were added to
chapter 1; (3) Table 4-1 was revised to reflect new steel grades grad and Charpy test
requirements for pipe ipe with wall thicknesses greater
gre than 1⁄ 2 in. (12.
(12.7 mm
mm); (4) calcula-
tions for external
nal fluid pressure (Sec. 4.4) was revised to include consconsideration of pipe
conside
stiffness added d by the cement–mortar coating and lining; (5) in Table 6-1, 6- values of E′
lation
ation of pipe deflection were revised
used for calculation ed to reflect increasin
increasing soil stiffness
ng
with increasing g depth of cover; (6) in chapte
chapterr 7, the
he discussion of ring girder design
was revised, and a design example was added; (7) chapter 9, Fittings and Appurte-
evised to reflect the provisions of AWWA C208-96; (8) a new
nances, was revised n section on
installation off flanged joints was added to chapter 12; and (9) thrust-re
thrust-restraint design
calculations in
n chapter 13 were revrevised.
This manual all provides a review of experience
experience andd design theory regarding
regard
regar steel pipe
used for conveyinging water, with appropriate
eying appropr references
references Application of the princi-
erences cited. Applicatio
dures
ples and procedures res discussed in this manual must be based on respon
responsi
responsible judgment.

xiii
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©
Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
This is a preview of "AWWA M11-2004". Click here to purchase the full version from the ANSI store.

Acknowledgments

This revision of Manual M11 was made by the following members of the Steel
Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC). The Steel
Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committeee Task Group on updating
the manual M11 had the following personnel at the time of revision:

Dennis Dechant, Task Group Chairman

H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.
R.J. Card, Victaulic Depend-O-Lok Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
R.R. Collins, JCM Industries Inc., Nash, Texas
D.H. Eaton, Romac
omac Industries Inc., Bothell, Wash.

©
ade Waterworks
B. Kane, Cascade ks Manufacturing
Manufacturing Company, Yorkville,
Yo Ill.
B.D. Keil, Continental
tinental Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove, Utah U
Square Associates
M. Mintz, M-Square Associate Inc., Elmont, N.Y.
merican
ican Spiral Weld Pipe Company, Punta Gorda, Flo
G.F. Ruchti, American Florida
R.N. Satyarthi,i, Baker Coupling Company, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
K.L. Shaddix, Smith-Blair Inc., Texarkana, Texas
B. Spotts, RTLC
LCC Piping Products In
Inc., Kosse, Texas
J.C. Taylor, Piping
ping Systems Inc., Fort
F Worth, Texas
nwed Piping System
M. Topps, Glynwed Systems, Hixson, Tenn.
tional Welding Corporation,
R. Warner, National Corp Midvale, Utah

on
n was reviewed and approved by the Standards Comm
This revision Committee on Steel
ndards
ards Committee on Steel Pipe had the following person
Pipe. The Standards personn
personnel at the time
of approval:

George J. Tupac, Chairman

n

John H. Bambei Jr., Vice Chairman

Chairma

Dennis Dechant, Secretary

Secre

Consumer Members

G.A. Andersen, NYC Bureau of Water Supply, Little Neck, N.Y.

J.H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water Department, Denver, Colo.
D.W. Coppes, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Southborough, Mass.
R.V. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.
T.R. Jervis, Greater Vancouver Regional District, Burnaby, B.C.
T.J. Jordan, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif.
T.A. Larson, Tacoma Public Utilities, Tacoma, Wash.
G.P. Stine, San Diego County Water Authority, Escondido, Calif.
Milad Taghavi, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif.
J.V. Young, City of Richmond, Richmond, B.C.

xv
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General Interest Members

W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd, Skokie, Ill.

R.L. Coffey, Kirkham Michael & Associates, Omaha, Neb.
H.E. Dunham, MWH Americas Inc., Bellevue, Wash.
K.G. Ferguson,* MWH Americas Inc., Parker, Ariz.
S.N. Foellmi, Black & Veatch Corporation, Irvine, Calif.
J.W. Green, Alvord Burdick & Howson, Lisle, Ill.
K.D. Henrichsen, HDR Engineering Inc., St. Cloud, Minn.
M.B. Horsley,* Black & Veatch Corporation, Overland Park, Kan.
J.K. Jeyapalan, Pipeline Consultant, New Milford, Conn.
Rafael Ortega, Lockwood Andrews and Newnam, Houston, Texas
A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif
H.R. Stoner, Consultant,
onsultant, North Plainfield,
infield, N.J.

©
C.C. Sundberg, nc., Bellevue, Wash.
g, CH2M Hill Inc.,
G.J. Tupac, G.J.
J. Tupac & Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa.
J.S. Wailes,† Standards
tandards
rds Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.
tle, Wash
L.W. Warren, Seattle, Wash.
W.R. Whidden,, Post
ost Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Orlando,
Orlan Fla.

Producer Members

ian,
an, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif.
H.H. Bardakjian,
Mike Bauer, Tnemec
nemec Company, Inc.,In North Kansas City, Mo.
taulic Depend-O-Lok
R.J. Card, Victaulic Depend-O-Lo Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
R.R. Carpenter,r American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala.
r,
nt,
Dennis Dechant, t, Northwest Pipe Company, Denver, Colo.
Colo
mp,, American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, A
J.E. Hagelskamp, † Ala.
Ala
tinental
ntal Pipe Manufacturing Company, Pleasant Grove,
B.D. Keil, Continental Grov Utah
U
*
J.L. Luka, American
merican n SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C.
oeg, Northwest
B.F. Vanderploeg, * thwest Pipe Company, Portland, Ore.
us International
J.A. Wise, Canus onal Sales Inc., Langley, B.C.

*Alternate
†Liaison

xvi
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AWWA MANUAL M11

Chapter 1
History, Uses, and
hysical
cal Characteristics
Physical Charact
Characteris

©
off Steel Pipe

HISTORY_________
____________________________________________________________
__________________________
_________________________ __________________
Steel pipe
pe has been used for water lines in the United States
State since the early 1850s
(Elliot 1922).
22). The pipe was first manufactured by rolling steel
s sheets or plates into
shape and riveting the seams. This method of fabrication
abrication continued
con with improve-
ments into thee 1930s. Pipe wall thicknesses could be readily
read varied
var to fit the different
ure heads of a pipeline profile.
pressure
ause of the relatively
Because latively low tensile strength of the early st
steels and the low effi-
ciency of cold-riveted seamsms and riveted or drive stovepipe join
joints, engineers initially
set a safe design stress at 10,000 psi (68.95 MPa). As riveted-pipe fabrication methods
improved and higher strength steels were developed, design stresses progressed with
a 4-to-l safety factor of tensile strength, increasing from 10,000 (68.95) to 12,500
(86.18), to 13,750 (94.8), and finally to 15,000 psi (103.42). Design stresses were
adjusted as necessary to account for the efficiency of the riveted seam. The pipe was
produced in diameters ranging from 4 in. (100 mm) through 144 in. (3,600 mm) and in
thickness from 16 gauge to 1.5 in. (38 mm). Fabrication methods consisted of single-,
double-, triple-, and quadruple-riveted seams, varying in efficiency from 45 percent to
90 percent, depending on the design.
Lock-Bar pipe, introduced in 1905, had nearly supplanted riveted pipe by 1930.
Fabrication involved planing 30-ft (9.1-m) long plates to a width approximately equal
to half the intended circumference, upsetting the longitudinal edges, and rolling the
plates into 30-ft (9.1-m) long half-circle troughs. H-shaped bars of special configura-
tion were applied to the mating edges of two 30-ft (9.1-m) troughs and clamped into
position to form a full-circle pipe section.

1
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2 STEEL PIPE

According to the general procedure of the times, a 55,000-psi (379.2 MPa) tensile-
strength steel was used. With a 4-to-1 safety factor, this resulted in a 13,750-psi
(94.8 MPa) design stress. Lock-Bar pipe had notable advantages over riveted pipe: it
had only one or two straight seams and no round seams. The straight seams were con-
sidered 100-percent efficient as compared to the 45-percent to 70-percent efficiency for
riveted seams. Manufactured in sizes from 20 in. (500 mm) through 74 in. (1,850 mm),
from plate ranging in thickness from 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) to l⁄ 2 in. (12.7 mm), Lock-Bar
played an increasingly greater role in the market until the advent of automatic elec-
tric welding in the mid 1920s.
By the early 1930s, both the riveting and Lock-Bar methods gradually were
replaced by welding. Pipe produced using automatic electric-fusion welding was
advantageous because fewer pieces were used, fewer operations were performed, and
because of faster production, smaller seam protrusion, and 100-percent welded-seam
efficiency. The fabricators of fusion-welded pipe followed similar initial production
sequences as for Lock-Bar. Through the 1930s and into the 1940s, 30-ft (9.1-m) plates
were used. By the 1950s, 50s, some firms had obt obtained 40-ft (12.2
(12.2-m) rolls, and a few

©
formed d 40-ft (12.2-m)
m) lengths in presses.
In the
he 1930s,, a new approach was used to design stre Prior to that time, it had
stresses. Pri
been common n practice to work with a safety factor of 4-to-1 based on the tensile
strength.
th. As welded pipe became predominant, using 50 per percent
percen of the material yield
came widely accepted.
stress became
ically
ally formed and welded pipe was developed in the early
Helically ear 1930s and was used
ively
vely in diameters from 4 in. (100 mm) through 36 in. (875
extensively (8 mm). Welding was
med using the electric fusion method. After World War II, German machines
performed
were imported, developed that could spirally
mported, and subsequently, domestic ones were develope
form andnd weld through diameters
di of 144 in. (3,600 mm).

USES_______________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________ __________________
Steel water
ater pipe meeting the requirements of appropriate AWW
AWWA standards has been
found satisfactory
tisfactory for many applications, some of which follow:
follow

ueductss
Aqueducts Treatment-plant
ant piping (Figu
(Figure 1-1)
pply lines
Supply porting spans
Self-supporting span
nsmission mains
Transmission Force mains
tribution mains
Distribution Circulating-w
Circulating-water lines
Penstocks
t k Underwater
U d t crossings,
i intakes,
i t k and outfalls

The installation of pipe in this plant was simplified using the specially designed fittings and lightweight pipe.

Figure 1-1 Steel pipe in filtration plant gallery

Copyright © 2004 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.