1

“ LIVSTOCK PRODUCTION AND

MANAGEMENT”
AHDS-111 ( 1+1)=02

Course Instructor : RAKESH MADHUKAR KAPGATE

Assist. Professor,
Dept. of Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science.

Presented by-
RAKESH KAPGATE
Assist. Prof. C.O.A Shahada
Terminology Used in Livestock Production
• Type: It is a commonly accepted standard that combines those
characteristics essential in adopting an animal for a particular
purpose e.g. milk, meat wool or work.

• Breed: It is groups of animal that are result of breeding &

selection have certain distinguishable characteristics.
Or
• A group of animals related by decent & which are similar in
most of the characters like general appearance, size, colors,
horns it is called breed.
Or
• A breed may be defined as a cluster domestic animal of a
species where individuals are homogenous in certain
distinguishable characteristics which differ from one to other
group of animals.
• Species: A group of individuals which have certain
common characteristics that distinguish them from
other group of individuals with in species the
individuals are fertile when in different species they
are not.
• Sire: The male parent of the calf.
• Dam: Female parent of the calf.
• Calf: Young one of cattle or buffalo below the age
of six months is called calf.
• Heifer: The younger female of cattle above age of
six months to first calving.
• Cow: The adult female of cattle from the date of
first calving is called cow.
• Bull: It is uncastrated of cattle used for breeding or covering the
cows.
• Bullock: It is the castrated male of cattle used for work.
• Service: The process in which mature male covers the female i.e. in
heat with the object to deposit spermatozoa in the female genital
tract is called service.
• Conception: The successful union of male and female gametes &
implantation of zygote is known as conception.

• Gestation: It is the condition of female when developing foetus in

present in the uterus.

• Gestation period: The period from the date of service (actual

conception) to the date of parturition is termed as parturition period
or pregnancy period. This period varies according to species of
animals e.g. is cows 279-283 days, in buffalo 310 days, sheep 148-
152 days, goat 150-152 days.
▪ Parturition: The act of giving birth to young one is
called parturition.
▪ Lactation period: The period after parturition in which
the animal produces milk.
▪ Dry period: The period after lactation in which the
animal does not produce milk.
▪ Calving interval: The period between two successive calving
is calving interval.
▪ Average: It is the sum of production divided by No. of animals.
▪ West average: It is the average daily milk yield of a cow is
lactation.
Total milk yield. of a lactation (kg or Lt).
W.A = ----------------------------------------------------------
Lactation period (days)
• Half sib: Half brothers or half sisters
• Full sib: Full brothers or full sister.
• Heredity: The occurrence of genetic factors derived from each
of its parent in an Individual.
• Heritability: The percentage of variation in individual
characteristics between related individuals which is due to true
genetic difference.
• Repeatability: It is the expression of the same trait at different
times in the life of the same individual or the tendency of an
individual to repeat its performance e.g. dairy cow in successive
lactation.
• Allele: One or two or more alternative forms of a gene. Alleles
are those genes which may appear at same locus in homologues
chromosomes.
• Gene: It is the unit of inheritance, which is transmitted in
gametes or reproductive cells. It is the physical basis of heredity.
• Herd Average: It is average daily milk yield of milling animal in a herd.
Total milk yield of a day
H. A. = ————————————--
No. of milking animals
Overall average: It is average daily milk yield of the animal in the period of
calving interval.
Total milk yield of lactation
O.A. = ——————————————
Calving interval (days)
• Environment: The sum of all external influences to which an individual is
exposed.

• Genotype: The complete genetic make up of an individual- or its

combination of genes it possesses which influences its characters. Several
different genotypes may.

• Phenotype: The external appearance or some other overall or measurable

characteristics of an individual or it is the actual expression of the character
as determined by his genes & the environment in which he has lived.
• Lethal: (Deadly) A gene or genes that cause death of an
individual which are possessed by them during pregnancy
or at the time of birth.
• Prepotency: The ability of certain individuals to stamp
or impress their characters upon their offspring or
prepotency is the ability to transmit characteristics to
offspring to a marked degree.
• Fertility: Ability of an animal to produce large number of
living young.
• Fecundity: It is the potential capacity of the female to
produce functional ova regards of what happens to them
after they are produced.
• Sterility: Inability to produce any offspring.
• Free martin: A sterile heifer born twin with the male.
• Cryptorchids: The failure of testes to descend fully into the
scrotum. If one testes is in scrotal position the male is usually
fertile but if both are retained in the abdominal cavity
sterility usually reported.
• Atavism: The reappearance of a character after it has not
appeared for one or more generation.
• Buller: Cow always in estrus condition.
• Teaser: A vasectomized (castrated) bull used to detect the
heat or estrus of female (cow).
• Herd: It is a group of cattle or buffalo.
• Flock: It is the group of sheep, goat or poultry birds.
• Steer: The male cattle that is castrated when he is still a calf
or before the development of sexual maturity is called steer.
• Veal: The meat of calf below the age of 3 months.
• Beef: The meat of- cattle past calf stage.
• Pork: The meat of swine.
• Mutton: The meat of sheep & goat.
• Chevon: The meat of goat
• Wedder: A castrated sheep is called wedder.
• Prolificacy: Ability to produce large number of offspring's. The animal
is said to be prolific.
• Variation: The degree to which individuals differ with respect to the
extent of development of expression of characteristics.
• Puberty: It is the period when reproductive tract & secondary sex
organs/characteristics start to acquire their mature form. Before on set
of puberty the reproductive tract of heifer grows proportionately to
body growth but beginning at about 6 months age growth rate of these
organs is much grater than body growth. At about 10 months of age the
rapid growth phase of the reproductive tract ceases & this signifies the
end of puberty. Heifer reaches puberty earlier than bull.
• Inheritance: Transmission of genetic factors from parent to offspring’s.
• Germplasm: The material on the basis of heredity taken collectively.
The sum of gene constitution of an individual.
• Foetus: A term for developing young one during last quarter of
pregnancy.
 12
SCOPE OF LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY
➢ Livestock sector has been playing important role in Indian
economy and is an important sub-sector of Indian agriculture.
➢ The India’s population of livestock are 218.8 million cows, 115.9
million buffaloes, 75.5 million sheep, 160.0 million goat, 0.96
million of poultry birds population (F.A.O, 2012).
➢ India has the largest cattle and buffalo population and holds ranks
first in cattle population and accounts 50 % of buffalo population.
➢ Dairy sector has been instrumental in bringing socio-economic
transformation. There exists a symbiotic relationship between
agriculture and livestock farming.
➢ The agriculture byproducts provide feed and fodder for cattle
whereas cattle provides manures, draught power for various
agriculture operations.
➢ Besides draught power livestock sector contributes to national
income from various industries such as Dairy. Poultry, Leather,
Feed, Wool and Fur. Organic fertilizers, Bio-fuel sector and
Bioresearch etc.
 13
IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK IN
RURAL INDIA

1. Basically India is an agricultural country and livestock sector is an

integral part of India.
2. It is the back bone of India’s economy in the forms of income,
employment, and foreign exchange earning.
3. It is estimated that dairying sector alone contributing 15 % of the
Gross National Income (Raju, 2001).
4. In our country nearly 80 % of people live in villages and 69 % of
them are engaged in agriculture, and 43 % of them are cultivators
having a bit of cultivable land.
5. Remaining 26 % are agriculture labourers who are having one or
two milch animals.
6. For small farmers, landless and agriculture labourers, the livestock
sector is giving sustained for their lives.
7. It is providing security to the people living draught areas like
Rajasthan etc. in terms of their income.
 14
LIVESTOCK POPULATION IN INDIA

Table. 1 Although the population of livestock during last 10 years has

been stable around 485 million, the buffalo population has increased by
8.91%, while the cattle population has reduced by 6.89%. There has been
a significant increase in the livestock in the year of 2016-17.

Sr. No Species Livestock census (Millions)

(1997) (2017)
1 Cattle 198.9 218.8
2 Buffalo 89.9 115.4
3 Sheep 57.5 75.5
4 Goat 122.7 160.0
5 Poultry - 0.96
Total Livestock 485.4 568.96

Source: Livestock Census, Dept. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of

Agriculture, and (FAO, 2016-17).
 MILK PRODUCTION: 15
India, the largest producer of milk in the world, is set to produce
over 146.33 million tonnes milk during 2016-17. Several measures have
been initiated by the Government to increase the productivity of milch
animals, which has resulted in increasing the milk production significantly.
It has been the only source of sufficient energy, minerals, vitamins and
animal proteins. A 60% of the total milk production enters in to the
market in the form of dahi, butter, ghee, khoa and shrikhand and various
dairy by-products.
Table 2 : Expected Growth of Livestock Population and Milk Yield
Year- 2006-07 2021-22
Types of Population Production Wet Population Production Wet
Animals (mill.) (mill. tons) Average (mill.) (mill. Tons) average
(kg/day) kg/ day)
Indigenous 28.15 20.26 1.98 31.26 26.248 2.28

crossbred 2.58 18.68 6.75 12.347 44.703 7.98

Buffalo 32.86 53.98 4.50 40.061 97.78 5.94
Goat -- 4.073 -- -- 6.512 --
Source: Livestock Census, Department AH & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, 2016.
 16
EGGS,WOOL AND MEAT PRODUCTION IN INDIA
Eggs Production : Poultry development in the country has shown
steady progress Annual Report 2012-13 over the years. Currently egg
production is around 66.45 billion in 2011-12 which is about 5% over the
previous year production of about 63.02 billion eggs. The poultry meat
production is estimated to be about 2.47 million tonnes. The current per capita
availability of eggs is around 55 eggs per year. Exports of poultry products are
currently at around 457.82 crore in 2011-12 as per the report of Agricultural
and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA).

Wool Production : Wool production declined marginally at the end

of Eleventh Five Year Plan (2011-12) to 44.7 million kg. from 45.1 million
kg.in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2006-07). The Annual growth rate for
production of wool is about 4% in 2011-12 compared to previous year.

Meat Production : The meat production has registered a healthy

growth from 2.3 million tonnes at the end of Tenth Five Year Plan (2006-07)
to 5.5 million tonnes at the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2011-12). The
Annual growth rate for meat in 2011-12 was about 13%.
Annexure-II, Annual Report., 2012-13.
 Present Trends;
❖As a result of various dairy development programmers the country is
having presently 233 processing plants and 46 milk products factories.
The cooperative public sector plants and organized private plants have an
estimated handling capacity of 8.65 million liters per day (MLPD).
❖Various cattle improvement project have been-started in 600 community
blocks. The country has now 122 Intensive cattle development
programmes (ICDP) 140 cattle breeding farms, 40 Exotic cattle farms
and 48 frozen semen banks in operation. These activities has resulted in
enhancing the milk production by 494.11% in the past three decades
although increase in breedable cows and buffaloes 22-23% during the
same period.
❖Through a net work of over 4200C milk producers cooperative
organized under the operation flood. Programme, a National milch grid
has been successfully established.
❖This grid covers besides the four-metropolitan cities. Nearly 200 cities
and towns.
❖The fallen and slaughtered cattle and buffaloes also contribute hides and
skins, bones and hooves etc. The hides and skins, from cattle and buffalo
are estimated at 0.82 million tons annually.
 Employment generation
➢Animal Husbandry & Dairying may be regarded as a source to create
the employment in rural areas all round the year. Indian Agriculture is
mainly dependent on monsoon and hence agriculture field faces
certain bottlenecks to provide employment during such periods.
➢On an average Agriculture sector may provide 200 days employment
to the rural persons. This means they have to find alternate source of
employment for income during the rest of the year.
➢Dairy farming, sheep and goat rearing, poultry production, pig
farming rabbit rearing are the alternate sources of mix farming.

➢It may be possible to generate the employment for the farmers as well
as land less laborers who can do this job themselves, or it may be
possible to employ young and the old family persons as a side
business.
➢Many of the operations in Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming
can be done by the rural women. It is estimated that on an average 35
million human years/annum employment generation has been
potential through this sector.
 19
Feed and Fodder Development for Livestock
India, with only 2.29% of the land area of the world, is maintaining
about 10.71% of the world’s livestock population. The area under fodder
cultivation is estimated to be about 4% of the gross cropped area which has
remained static for the last four decades.
For production and propagation of superior varieties of Fodder crops, the
Government has established 7 Regional Stations at Mamidipally,
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Gandhinagar (Gujarat), Hissar (Haryana),
Suratgarh (Rajasthan), Sahema (Jammu & Kashmir), Alamadhi (Tamil
Nadu), Kalyani (West Bengal) and one Central Fodder Seed Production
Farm at Hessarghatta.
(Annual Report, 2012-13. India)
 FEED INDUSTRY 20

An efficient animal management is the result of better breeding, balanced

feeding, health care and hygienic managerial practices. Milk production is
doubled if animal is given quality of feed and fodder. By giving proper
attention on feeding and utilization latest innovation in nutrition we can
ensure healthy growth with high economic yields from livestock.

Dry Matter Availability From Different Feed Resources In India (million tonnes)
Sr. No. Particulars 2012 (Million tonnes)

1 Crop residues 355.93

i.e. Fine straw, Coarse straw, Leguminous
straw
2 Concentrates 49.71
i.e. Cotton cake, G-nut cake, turchuni, grains,
bran etc.
3 Green 168.66
i.e. Cultivated crops, Forests, and others
Grand Total 574.3
Source: Computed From Feed Base Compact Disc, NIANP, 2013.
 LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 21
State government initiated many cattle developments programmes like ;-
➢ Key Village Scheme (1951)
➢ Intensive Cattle Development Project (1964-65)
➢ Integrated Rural Development Programmes (IRDP)
➢ National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
➢ Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
➢ Special Livestock Breeding Programme.
➢ Central Herd Registration Scheme (CHRS)
➢ All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP)
➢ Gaushalas
➢ Technology Mission on Dairy Development
➢ National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding (NPCBB)
➢ Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)
➢ National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
➢ National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI)
➢ National Milk Grid Scheme (NMGS)
➢ Indian Dairy Association and N.A.B.A.R.D. at national levels.
➢ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
➢ World Food Programmes
➢ U.N.I.C.E.F. and other similar organization at International levels.
 Dairy development programmes
➢Integrated Dairy Development Programme (IDDP) in
Non-operation flood and hilly and backyard areas.
➢Strengthening Infrastructure for quality and clean milk
production.
➢Assistance to Co-operatives.
➢Venture capital fund for dairy and poultry sector.
➢Central fodder development organization scheme.
➢Livestock health and disease control scheme.
➢National dairy plan.
➢Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
 23
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
FORMATION OF MILK CO-OPERATIVES
THREE- TIER STRUCTURES OF ANAND PATTERN CO-OPERATIVES

Objectives;
I. Providing credit facilities
Primary Milk II. Supply of feeds on subsidy
Producers Co-operative rates
Society III. Provision of free Vet. Aid and
AI.
IV. Welfare of farmers
District Milk Producers Collection, transportation, processing,
Co-operatives Union and product manufacturing
(DCS)
I. Marketing of products
II. Controls on dairies
State Milk Co-operatives III. Control over the marketing
Federation of milk and milk products
IV. Training and Research
 24
ESHTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL DAIRY
DEVELOPMENT BOARD (NDDB)

NDDB was set up under the Societies Registration Act

in 1965. Later it acquired distinct identity as a body
corporate through Parliament Act in 1987.

The main objectives are ;

➢ To monitors the various development programmes.
➢ To promote the co-operative dairy development
programmes.
➢ To make Operation Flood Programmes success.
➢ To increase research and extension work in the field
of dairy.
 25
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT UNDER “ OPERATION
FLOOD PROGRAMMES ”
NDDB initiated certain development programmes. These are
called “ Operation Flood Programme” . It was launched in
different phases. It was started By Dr. Verghese Kurinen in
1970.

1. OPERATION FLOOD PHASE- I (1970 -71) : The first

phase of operation flood programmes was launched in
1970-71 following an agreement with World Flood
Programme.

The following objectives this programme were:

➢ Organizing the dairy co-operatives at the village levels.
➢ Providing the physical and institutional infrastructure for
milk procurement, processing, marketing and
➢ Production enhancement services at the union level and
establishment of city dairies.
 26
OPERATION FLOOD PROGRAMME PHASE-II (1981-85)

This IInd phase was launched in 1981 and this programme was
approved by Government of India.

Funds:
▪ Government of India provided Rs. 273 crores in Sixth 5-Year
Plan.
▪ A financial aid of Rs. 235.2 crores was provided by World
Bank.
▪ EEC provided by a Food aid of 1,88,000 tonnes of SMP and
76,200 tonnes Butter oil.
▪ NDDB itself financed Rs. 77.3 crores.

Achievements :
▪ The numbers of village level co-operatives reached to 34,500
covering 36 lakh farmers in 136 rural milk sheds.
▪ The peak milk procurement increased to a levels of 79 lakh
liters per day and marketing to 50 lakh liters per day.
 27
OPERATION FLOOD PROGRAMME PHASE- III (1985-96)

Objects:

❖ This IIIrd phase mainly focused on the

strengthening of dairy co-operation.
❖ Institutional strengthening in the form of
training , research market, promotion,
monitoring, and evaluation.
❖To expand the infrastructure in all major
markets ; linking them to milksheds through
the National Milk Grid (NMG).
 28
OPERATION FLOOD PROGRAMME PHASE- IV
(1996-2001)
This Fourth phase of operation flood programme was started with
an following objectives :

➢ To create infrastructure and strengthening the democratic

values.
➢ Strengthening the co-operatives by providing funds on 50:50
basis from Central and State Government.
➢ Increase the extension work in the fields of co-operative
education, personal, training, marketing support, product
development and improving standards.
 29
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

I. KEY VILLAGE SCHEME ( KVS)

It was launched at the end of 1951 in First Five- Year Plan.
This scheme provided an equal attention being paid to the
cattle and its owner. Through this scheme a key village
block have an AI centre.
The objects of this scheme were as follows :
➢ Best utilization of superior germplasm through AI-
technique.
➢ Prophylatic measures against contagious diseases.
➢ Provide adequate market facilities.
INTENSIVE CATTLE DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (I.C.D.S.) 30

I.C.D.S. was an extension to Key Village Scheme was initiated under Third
5- year plan in various breeding tract of cattle and buffalo under each
project. It is estimated to cover 1 lakh breedable cows and buffaloes with
following programmes :
➢ Propogation of good varieties of fodder.
➢ Proper health cover against contagious diseases.
➢ AI sevice and incorporation of milk collection centres.

At the end of IIIrd Five-year plan there were 30 I.C. D. S. projects which
covers bovine population of 2.7 million. In 1973 its 63 and in 78-79 it
reached to 114. Now there are 122 I.C.D.S. projects throughout the country.
 31
ALL INDIA CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT
(A.I.C.R.P.) ON CATTLE
It was launched in 1968 at I.V.R.I., Hissar for breeding Hariane type with
T/F and Hersey. In this connection 5 units were eshtablished for :

 Hariana …………… Izatnagar and Hissar

 Ongole …………… Lam, Prakashan (dt.), A. P. (A.P.A.U.)
 Gir …………… M.P.K.V.V. and J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur

The other objectives of this project were:

I. Cultivation of fodder production around sources of irrigation.
II. Proper health cover against diseases and extensive breeding programme.
(A.I.C.R.P.) ON BUFFALOES
Indian Council of Agriculture Research (I.C.A.R) launched this A.I.C.R.P. on
buffaloes in 1970 at N.D. R.I., Karnal. Then it was extended to Punjab
Agriculture University Ludhiana and Sukhadia University, Udaipur.
➢ The breeding programmes are in progress with Murrah in north and in
south Surti/ Mehsana breeds.
➢ In this connection a Central Institute for Buffaloes Research was
established in 1984 at Hissar, Haryana.
 32

DRAUGHT PRONE AREAS PROGRAMME (D. P. A. P.)

This programme was launched during 5th Five- year Plan.

➢ The main aim of this project was to create infrastructural

facilities in utilizing land, man power and other physical sources.
➢ In U.P., it was launched in the 40 blocks initially then it was
expanded to 87 block in 10 districts.

Small Farmers Development Agency (S. F. D. A.)

On the recommendation of National Commission on Agriculture,
Government of India started this Small Farmers Development
Agency in 1978-79 for the development of weaker section by
providing credit facilities. These programmes are monitored by
District Rural Development Agencies.
 33
Small Farmers Development Agency (S. F. D. A.)

The following programmes have been launched under S. F. D. A.

1. Heifer Rearing Scheme :
Through this schemed crossbred heifers aged between 4 to 32 months
are provided balanced feed. This comes about 1350 kg. during the entire
period of which 50 to 66.66 % subsidy is given on the cost of feed or in
other way provision of finance aid to the beneficiaries to rear their heifers.
Particular Subsidy Maximum Rs.

Small farmer 50 % 3,000

Agriculture labourers 50% 3,000

SC/ST 66.66% 5,000

2. Sheep Rearing Scheme:

In sheep rearing a subsidy of 25 % to small farmers (Maximum
Rs.3000/-) and 50% to ST/SC (Maximum Rs. 5000/-) is provided per
beneficiary on either 20 ewes + 1 ram or 30 ewes +1 ram unit.

Cont.……..
3. Pig Rearing Scheme : 34
For pig production 25-30 % subsidy to small farmers (Maximum Rs.
3000/-) and 50 % to ST/SC (Maximum Rs. 5000/-) is provided on Sows + 1
boar unit. In 1988-89 the total amount Rs. 126.42 lakh was provided for all
the above schemes.

4. Intensive Mini Dairy Scheme :

Through this scheme maximum aid of Rs. 2000/- or 5% of the total cost is
given, which is to be recovered in two years. The other facilities are free
veterinary
aid, and supply of concentrate feeds at subsidized rates.
5. Model Village Development Scheme:
Through this scheme two animals were given per beneficiary. Landless
farmers got self employment in this scheme.
6. Special Component Plan :
Government had directed all the development sectors to spend more on
weaker section. As such development sector, Animal husbandry of U.P
quantified Rs.226.54 lakh and the State Govt. quantified an outlay of Rs.1071
lakh.
 35
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
(I.R.D.P.)
I.R.D.P. was an extension programme to Integrated Cattle
Development Programme (I.C.D.P). This programme was
launched in 1978-79.
Objectives:

➢ To improving the economic condition of weaker section of

society with a view to achieve the objectives.
➢ Loan was granted through banks for supplying necessary
inputs.
➢ There were a provision of subsidy of 25 % for small farmers
and 33.3 % for ST/SC.
I. Silk With Milk Scheme :
In order to develop the agriculture and dairying by using
some green fodder (mulberry plants), the Department of
Agriculture and Department of Animal Husbandry jointly
planned this “ Silk With Milk Scheme”. For this, credit facilities
will be provided with subsidies under IRDP scheme.
Cont.….
 II. Women Dairy Programme : 36
There several innovative Five states took up specific task “All Women
Dairy Co-operative Societies” formation in selected milk sheds.
Sr. No State No. of all women dairies
1. Andhra Pradesh 210

2. Bihar 280

3. Rajasthan 408

4. Uttar Pradesh 1228

5. Gujarat 350
Source: Indian Dairyman 48 (2) : 157-162.
Complete Profile of Women in Dairying :
➢ Total membership of women in DCU’s – 70,000
➢ No. of All women dairy co-operatives- 2476
➢ Total membership in village level co-operatives – 16.33 lakh.
➢ No. of women participated in education programmed by NDDB - 8.58
lakh
Cont.…..
 37

III. Progeny Testing Scheme : (1965-66)

This scheme was launched by the Government of India with

an aim to stimulate the superior germplasm in indigenous cattle, in
1965-66.
Initially a Central Frozen Semen centre was established in
Hissarghata in Karnataka.
Later through Danish bilateral programme 15 more frozen
semen centre were established. Today there are 48 Frozen semen
centres all over the country. The number throughout the country is
40,000 covering just 40% of our cattle (Joseph, 2000).

IV. Bhartiya Agro Industrial Federation (BAIF) Scheme:

It was launched in 1974-75 by BAIF for improving the
superior in germplasm in indigenous cattle. It was started in U.P.

Contd…
 38
V. Cross- Breeding Programmes in Collaboration with Foreign
Agencies
a. Indo- Swiss Project : It was started during sixties at Munoul in
collaboration with the Govt. of Switzerland.
This resulted in developing a high yielding strain of cattle “ Sunandini”.

The project was also started in Patiala where the cross- breeding
programmes is in progress of Hariana and Sahiwal with Brown Swiss strain.

b. Indo Danish Project : It was launched in 1963 at Hissarghata in

Karnataka. In this project cross- breeding programme is going on with
Red Dane bull.

c. Indo German Project : It was in progress in Mondi and Almoda of U.P

where cross- breeding programme with Brown Swiss strain was going on.

d. Frieswal Project : In order to improve the genetic efficiency of our

indigenous cattle, a massive cross- breeding programme has been initiated
joined by Project Directorate on Cattle, U.P and 43 military organization
of the Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India.
Contd…
 39
VI. Cross Breeding Programme Under Private Agencies
a.) J. K. Trust : Gram Vikas Yojana (G .V .Y) :
This belong to Raymond Company started a programme called “ Gram
Vikas Yojana” .
Through this programme they established Integrated Livestock
Development Centre (ILDC) in villages by engaging NGO’s to facilitate
the AI service at doorsteps.
b.) URLIKANCHAN BAIF : Pune adopted BAIF schemes as BAIF
Institute of Rural Development.
As a sequence of crossbreeding programmes, certain strain crossbred
cattle have been developed by some research institutes.
1. N.D.R.I., Karnal developed two strain namely;
a) Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian x Tharparkar)
b) Karan Swiss ( Brown Swiss x Sahiwal)
2. Allahbad Agricultural Institute (Deemed university) developed
a) Jersind ( Jersey x Red Sindhi)
b) Brown Sind ( Brown Swiss x Red Sindhi)
3. Frieswal has been developed at Millitary dairy Farm, Meerut.
Frieswal ( Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal )
Contd…
 40
VIII. Embryo Transfer Technology
Embryo transfer Technology has been used successfully at National
Institute of Immunology, N.D.D.B. at Bidej- Research Laboratory and
Regional Embryo Research Centre at Bikaspur and I.V.R.I., Izatnagar.
➢ It resulted in successful calving in buffaloes.
➢ The best successful achievement made by N.D.D.B research centre, Bidej
obtaining male buffalo calf through EBT.
➢ They uses different types of hormones like, FSH, PMSG, GnRH, and F2
alpher for superovulation. It would be possible to exploit the high yielding
female animals through this technology.

IX. Establishment of CIRB

ICAR established the Central Institute for Research on Buffalo on 1st
February, 1985 at Hissar.
Objectives:
➢ The qualities like efficient converter of low quality feeds, high milk
production potential, quick adaptability to climatic variation and
greater disease resistance made buffalo sustainable and economically
attractive dairy.
 41
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR DEVELOPMENT
Financial assistance by National co-operatives development
corporation . NCDC provides financial assistance in
establishment of integrated dairy project through co-operative
federation.
Patterns of NCDC Financial assistance
From State From NCDC to State Government to
State Government co-operative societies

1. Co-operatively 70 % of total cost of 70 % as loan 30 %

developed state subsidy subsidy

2. Co-operatively under 60 % as loan, 25% of 60 % as loan 40 %

developed state subsidy subsidy

3. Co-operatively least 70 % as loan, 20% 60 % as loan 40 %

development state subsidy subsidy

Source: Indian Social Institute, ‘ Dairy Co-operatives.’

 Central Sheep Breeding Farm, 42
Hissar (Haryana)
The farm was established during the Fourth Five Year Plan with
the objectives of producing acclimatized exotic rams for distribution to
various State Sheep farms and training of personnel in mechanical sheep
shearing. In course of time and in accordance with recommendation of
experts, the breeding programme of the farm was changed to produce
crossbred rams (Nali X Rambouilett and Sonadi X Corriedale) as well as
Beetal goats.
During 2011-12, the farm supplied 950 rams and 85 bucks. A total
of 1216 farmers were trained in mechanical sheep shearing / sheep
management. During 2012-13, up to December 2012, the farm supplied
500 rams and 94 released to NABARD, against which 1066 beneficiaries
were assisted for establishment of sheep & goat rearing units in various
States during the year.

(Annual Report, 2012-13 India.)

 Development of Poultry 43
➢ Poultry Development is a household activity in India.
➢ Scientific poultry production in India gained momentum during
the last 4 decades due to concerted efforts of the Government of
India through policies, institutions and focused research and
initiatives taken by the private sector.
➢ The poultry sector has emerged from entirely unorganized
farming practices to the commercial production system with
state of the art technological interventions.
➢ Poultry sector, besides providing direct or indirect employment
to people, is also a potent tool for subsidiary income generation
for many landless and marginal farmers and also provides
nutritional security especially to the rural poor.
 44
Poultry Development
➢The Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Poultry
Development implemented by the Department of
Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries
(DADF) has 3 components namely (i) Assistance
to State Poultry Farms, (ii) Rural Backyard
Poultry Development and (iii) Poultry Estates
(new component).
 45
Poultry Development
Assistance to State Poultry Farms:
➢ Aims to strengthen existing state poultry farms so as to
enable them to provide inputs, mainly in terms of
providing improved stocks suitable for rural backyard
rearing.
➢ Sharing pattern of funds between center & state is 80 :
20 (except for NE states for which 100% central funding
is provided)
➢ The components of the scheme could include
strengthening of infrastructure, feed mixing plants &
equipment for feed analytical laboratory, in house
disease diagnostic laboratory, revolving fund for
purchase of hatching eggs, parent stock, feed
ingredients, marketing, consultancy etc.
 Poultry Development 46
Rural Backyard Poultry Development:
• This component aims to cover BPL beneficiaries enabling
them to gain supplementary income and nutritional support.
• Funding is in the form of grant to state government and fully
funded by Government of India except for loan
subcomponents for mother units which will be provided to
NABARD.
Rural Backyard Poultry Development:
▪ This component aims to cover BPL beneficiaries enabling
them to gain supplementary income and nutritional support.
▪ Funding is in the form of grant to state government and fully
funded by Government of India except for loan
subcomponents for mother units which will be provided to
NABARD.
 47
CONSTRAINTS BEFORE DEVELOPMENT OF
DAIRYING

1. Poor management.
2. Majority of stock of poor genetic quality.
3. Inadequate inputs.
4. Poor credit facilities.
5. Lack of Vet. Extension service.
6. Insufficient nutrients and green fodders.
7. Poor quality semen.
8. Inadequate and improper breeding.
9. Lack of vaccination facilities.
 48
STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THE HIGHER
PRODUCTIVITY

1. Selection of superior bulls and their wide

spread use.
2. Rapid extension in coverage under breeding
programmes.
3. Focus on higher percentage of animals in milk.
4. Area wise priority approach.
5. Participation of all agencies.
6. Quality feeding.
7. Self sustainable inputs delivery.
 49

CONCLUSION
Livestock development programme has been
achieve higher production in milk, meat, eggs and wool. By
means of the livestock development programme it improve
the superior quality of bull for future generation of
livestock in India.
It improve the livestock and livelihood macro-benefits like
healthy and clean environment, sustained soil fertility,
saving of conventional energy, less cutting of trees for fuel,
new employment opportunities generation etc. for the
human being.
 50

Act of Ave. Life

Sr. No Species Female Male Young one
parturition Years

1 Cattle Cow Bull Calf Calving 16-20

Local buffal
2 Buffalo Buffalo Bull Calf Calving 16-20 .
o
3 Goat Doc Buck Kid Kidding 12-15 .
4 Sheep Ewe Ram Lamb Lambing 12-15 .

5 Swine Sow Bore Litter Furrowing 8- 10

6 Horse Mare Stallion Foal Whelping 18-22

7 Ass Jennet Jack Foal Whelping 14-18
8 Fowl Hen Cock Chick Hatching 3-4

Chick
9 Duck Duck Drake Hatching 4-5
(Duckling)
Care and Management of Newly Born Calf
• All dairy operations must be planned with due regard to
the comfort the animal.
• After calving the cow will usually be up and will begin to
dry the calf, if for some reason the cow is unable to get up
then the calf should be dried with a towel or other
suitable material.
1. Make sure that all mucus is removed from the nose and
mouth. If the calf does not start to breathe, artificial
respiration should be used by alternately compressing
and relaxing the chest wall with the hands after laying
the calf on its side.
2. Naval cord should be cut ( 5cm) with sterilized scissors
leaving "form the body and them entire naval cord be
disinfected by Deeping it into a cup containing tincture
of iodine.
4. Normally the calf will be on its feet and ready for suckling
the dam within an hour. Some assistance in this stage is useful.
Clean the udder before the calf starts sucking.
5. Feed the calf with first milk i.e. colostrum at least for 48 hours.
The colostrums should be fed within half an hour after birth.
Delay in its feeding causes the calf to loose the ability to absorb
antibodies across its inertial walls.
6. The antibodies present in colostrum protect the calf against
diseases and it has a laxative effect the rate of feeding should be
about 10% of the calf s weight per day up to a maximum of 5-6
liters per day.
7. The colostrum is the first secretion of cow after calving. It is thick
and yellow in color. It contains 4 to 5 times more protein and 10
to 15 times more vitamin-A than normal milk. Protein of
colostrums contains much higher proportion of globulins.
8. The globulins are to be the source of antibody presumed
developing the defense mechanism in the calf for many
infections. Colostrum is also rich in minerals like Cu, Fe, Mg and
Mn. It also contains several other vitamins like Riboflavin, Cholin,
Thiamine, Pantothenic acid etc., which are for growth of calf.
9. The calf is best maintained in an individual pen or stall for the
first few weeks. After about eight weeks it may be handled with a
group.
10.Take body weight of the calf and identify the calf by tattooing.
11. At the age of 15 days 32-40 CC of H.S. serum should be
inoculated.
12. Dehorn the calf preferably within 15 days after birth.
13. Teats of the udders of heifers in excess of four should be
removed.
14. At the age of 3 months the calf should be vaccinated against
Anthrax and fifteen days there after it should be vaccinated
against B.Q
15. The future of any herd depends upon how calves are raised.
One has to raise one's own calves to make a good herd. So the
calf rearing should be taken upon scientific lines and it should be
achieved economically.
 54

Management calf up to six months:

1.Provide fresh, clean water all times, particularly when milk feeding is
induced discontinued
2.Giving of identification mark which is necessary for keeping proper
records, proper, feeding, better ore and management.
3.Dehorning the calves: at the age of 2-3 weeks, bull calves should be
castrated suitably.
4.Castration of bull calf: At age of 2-3 months, bull calves should be
castrated suitably.
5.Removal of extra least: In female calves, the following points to be
noted
6.Housing: While housing the calves/ the following points to be noted.
7.Calf pen should be close to cow shed.
8.Pen should provide sunlight; good ventilation floor should not be
slippery.
9.After 6-8 weeks, calves may be grouped according to age, sex.
10.The feed boxes & watering equipment should be provided in the pen.
 55

System of Calf Rearing

1. Sucking method:
In this method, the calf is allowed to stay with its mother and allowed to
suckle only a little before and after of milking the cow. The calf gets whole
milk throughout lactation.
Advantages:
i) This is natural system of feeding.
ii) The calf gets contamination free milk.
iii) No much care is required to take during feeding.
iv) The mother-calf affection developed.
Disadvantages:
i) If calf dies, the cow refuses to let the milk.
ii) It can not be ascertained about over feed or under feeding of the calf.
iii) If milk is infected the infection may be to calf.
iv) The actual quantity of milk yield of cow can not be calculated.
v) The post partum heat is late.
 56
2. Weaning method:
In this system, the calf is taken away from its mother either just after the
birth or after 2-3 days of birth, sometimes it is allowed till the period of
colostrum feeding. After that, the calf rearing is entirely by isolation system
1.Nipple system: Used for 3-4 days-aged calves. A pail containing milk
equipped with rubber nipple used which the calf sucks.
2.Hand feeding: When the calf develops appetite insert two fingers of right
hand into the mouth while holding milk in left hand at convenient height for
the calf. While calf suckles the fingers, the muzzle is gradually pressed down
into milk pan. This way calf learns to drink milk.
Advantage:
i) Cow continues to give milk whether calf is alive or not.
ii) The calf can be culled at an early stage.
iii) It can be fed scientifically as per requirements no problem of under
feeding and over feeding.
iv) The actual amount of milk produced by cow can be determined.
v) Milking without calf is more hygienic & sanitary.
vi) Cow becomes regular breeder; the calving interval is less than the
unweaned calves.
 57
Oestrus Cycle
Definition:
•The interval from the first signs of sexual receptivity at Oestrus
(heat) to the next estrus is called estrus cycle.
•The chain of physiological events that begins at one Oestrus
period and ends at next is called as Oestrus cycle.
The cycle is of 20 + 2 days in cows for normal female in quite
regular cycles. This cycle may be studied in four distinct phases
as designated by Marshall i.e. Proestrum, Oestrum, Metestrum
and Dioestrum.

➢ Phases of oestrus;
➢Proestrus
➢Oestrus
➢Metaestrus
➢Di-estrus
 58
1. Proestrum: (Pre-estrus)

This phase is indication of animal coming in heat. The ovary is

surrounded by follicular fluid containing high level of estradiol. The
Graafian follicle within ovary grows. The increased level of estradiol is
absorbed into blood making effect to oviduct causing growth of cells
lining the tube & increasing in the number of cilia which are shortly
helpful to transport ova to uterus. Also, epithelial wall of vagina increases
in thickness to accommodate smooth coitus this period is of 8 hrs to 2
days.
2. Oestrum: (Estrus)
This is period of sexual desire. The Graffian follicles are mature or ripe
in this stage. This phase period comes to close by rupture of follicle of
ovulation i.e. release of Ovum. This period lasts for 12-24 hours in cow
while 1-2 days in ewe. The symptoms exhibited during this period by
cow are it bellows frequently, mounts other animals, excited, licking to
other animals and stands to be ridden by other animals. This period is
called period of standing heat. The proper period to breed is 8 to 9 hrs,
for getting high fertility rate.
 59

3. Metostrum: (Meta-estrus)
Period during which reproductive organs return to normal
condition. The phase is of 1-5 days in which the cavity of the
Graafian follicle from which ovum had been expelled becomes
reorganized and forms new structure known as corpus leteum
(C.L.) which secretes progesterone hormone having
following functions:
•Prevents maturation of further Graffian follicles which prevent
occurrence of further estrus period for a time.
•It is essential for implementation of fertilized eggs.
•It initiates the development of mammary gland.
 60

4. Dioestrum: (Di-Estrus)
This is the longest phase of cycle. The corpus luteum is fully
grown, making its effect on uterine wall to accommodate the
embryo.
The muscles of uterus develop. The uterine milk is produced to
nourish embryo. If pregnancy succeeds, this stage is prolonged
throughout gestation remaining C.L. intact for the period.
In absence of fertilized eggs, the C.L. undergoes retrogressive
changes the cell becomes vaculated in the lipid droplets. Since
the C.L. got reabsorbed, the level of progesterone is
declined and the level of estradiol increases, bring the animal in
heat and the cycle is repeated in case of failure of fertilization.
 61

Chapter- Pregnancy
The period from the date of conception to the day of parturition is
called "gestation period" and the condition of the female of
carrying the foetus during this period is called "Pregnancy".
OR
"The period of pregnancy is the duration of time which elapses
between conception and parturition".

Importance of Pregnancy Diagnosis:

Whether animal is pregnant or not is directly related to economy of
dairy management
Pseudo-pregnancy may lead to loss of valuable time period in the life
of animal. Pregnant animals need to change their feeding schedule as
well as the management from early stage.
An early detection of pregnancy becomes an indispensable job for
herd owner.
 62

Methods of Pregnancy Diagnosis:

•Signs of Pregnancy - exhibited and and detected extrenally.
•Symptoms of Pregnancy - per rectum / vaginum examination.
•Laboratory Tests - Presence of certain hormones tested in laboratory.

A. Signs of Pregnancy:
1.Cessation of Oestrus cycle.
2.Sluggish temperament
3.Tendency to fatten.
4.Gradual drop in milk yield.
5.Gradual increase in weight
6.Increase in size of udder.
7.Waxy - appearance of teats in last month of pregnancy
 63

Chapter - Parturition
Definition:
Parturition is the expulsion of the foetus and its membranes
from the uterus through the birth canal by natural forces
and in such a state of development that the foetus is
capable of independent life

or
it is process of giving birth to a young one. This process of
cattle is called 'calving'. It is an absolutely normal
physiological process.
 Parturition and their stages

• Stages of Parturation:
The act of Parturation is a continuous process but for the sake of
understanding, the process is explained in four stages as:
• The preliminary stage: Stage continuous for some hours to even
days. External symptoms - swelling of udder, entire external
genital organ becomes swollen & becomes reddish, clear, straw
Coloured mucus secreted. The quarters droop/ slackening of
muscles & ligaments of pelvic region. Behavior signs - animal
looks for solitary place, cow feels uneasy, bellow and get excited.
• Dilation of Cervix Stage: This lasts for 30 minutes to 3 hrs. The
uneasiness increases and followed by labour pain, animal show
signs of pain in its abdomen. It may lie and rise again several
times. Labour pains become more acute with short intervals. The
pulse quickened, breathing distressed and rapid. The water bag7
appear at vulva followed by fore feet of young one. At this time
cervix is fully dilated.
• Expulsion of foetus stage: It is period from complete
dilation of the osuteri to the delivery of foetus. The back of
cow arched, chest expanded, and muscles of abdomen
became broad with each labour pain. At each contraction,
water bag protrudes further from vulva till front hoof of
young one is visible. Water bag bursts & fluid thrown off.
When hoofs and nose are at genital, the head of calf is at
pelvic which will have to pass through small pelvic opening;
this moment is of supreme effort & greatest point of labour
pain. At least, uterine contractions, combined with additional
abdominal force on uterus, results in driving away the foetus
through cervix, vagina & vulva.

• Expulsion of the after birth: After expulsion of calf, the

uterus tends to throw out the placental membrane which is
now merely a foreign body. As a result of uterine contraction,
the placenta separates from the cotyledons & passes into the
vagina, where from it is expelled. Early expulsion of placenta
is desirable to avoid putrefaction causing infection of uterus.
Expulsion within 6-8 hrs is normal, beyond that manual
removal is advised.
 Male Reproductive System of cattle
• The primary, secondary and accessory sex organs are
collectively termed as reproductive system
• i.e. Primary sex organs - Testis.
• Secondary sex organs - Vasa efferentia epididymis, the vasa
deferentia & penis.
• Accessory sex organs - prostate gland, seminal vesicles,
bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands).
• The Testis:
• Anatomy: Two in numbers suspended vertically within sac
known as scrotum, ovoid in shape. Length is 10 - 16 cm & 8
Cm width.
• Histology: Each testis composed of several crypts enclosed
in serous layer called tunica vaginalis. Each crypt has several
numbers of seminiferous tubules. The wall of seminiferous
tubules consists of basement membrane & multilayered
sperm producing epithelium having two types of cells i.e.
• (i) Germ cells -spermatozoa produced
(ii) Sertoli Cells - sperms get matured. The space between
seminiferous tubules occupied by interstitial cells (Leydig's
cells) produces male hormone.
• Epididymis:
• Anatomy: is considered in three parts i.e.
(i) Caput (head),
(ii) Corpus (body),
(iii) Cauda (tail).
• It arises from efferent ducts testis. Throughout of its length
epididymal tube is lined with secretary cells.
• Histology:
• In caput, tube is lined with ciliated pseudo stratified
epithelium, the flagella of which whip in direction of
efferent flow.
• Physiology:
• Spermatozoa produced in testis accumulate & mature during
their journey through epididymis which is 30-35 meters in bull.
• Transport:
• Sperms transported from rete testis to efferent duct by the fluid
pressure of testis & by active beating of cilia. It lakes 7-9 days
for any sperm to travel from germinal epithelium to cauda
• Concentration:
• Dilute sperm concentration originated in testis- water absorbed
into epithelial cell of epididymis mainly in caput & highly
concentrated sperm left in cauda (tail)
• Maturation:
• In the course of migration of sperm cells get matured as; it
result of secretion from epididymal cell.
• Storage:
• Cauda (tail) is .store depot for sperms where (hey remain viable
up to 60 days
• Vas deferens: Anatomy:
• It is slender tube with thick cord like wall
originating from tail of epididymis ending into
urethra. It is paired and is with spermatic arteries,
veins, nerves. It passes through the inguinal ring
and pelvic cavity.
• Histology: It is abundantly supplied with nerves
& by voluntary contractions of musculature/ it is
involved in ejaculation.
• Uretha: It is common passage way for product of
testes, accessory glands & for excretion of urine.
It extends through penis to the glands penis.
• Penis: It is male organ of copulation arid composed of
erectile tissue attached and held by sigmoid flexure. It has
function of ejaculation & excretion of urine.
• The accessory sex organs mainly provides bulk of seminal
plasma which is rich in carbohydrates, salt of citric acid,
proteins, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins which are
secretions of accessory glands, i.e. Seminal vesicles - two
in number located on either side of ampulla the secretion
contains mainly fructose & citric acid contributes to
seminal plasma.
• Prostage Glands:
• Consist two joined parts. It is surrounded by urethral
muscles. Secretion is high in mineral content.
• Cowper's gland:
• Are paired, round - compact of walnut size, located above
urethra. Secretion is viscid & mucus like.
 Female Reproductive System
• It consists of organs, namely

• Ovaries : Reproductive glands

• Fallopian Tubes : Conveys ova from ovary to uterus.
• Uterus : In which fertilized ovum develops.
• Vagina : dilatable passage from uterus to Vulva
• Vulva : Terminal segment of system

• Ovaries:
• Anatomy:
Two in number laying in the abdominal cavity sizes are 0.5 to 1.5
Inch diameter and 0.5 to 1.5 inch width & thickness.
• Function:
Dual purpose - production of eggs or ova and production of female
hormone i.e. estrogen
• Oviduct (Fallopian Tube):Anatomy:
Are slender, zigzag lubes attached to ligament 20-25 cm in length,
close to ovaries in such a way that eggs / ova released by ovary area
cached through funnel shape wide end called as "Infundibulum".
• Function:
The epithelial lining of oviduct is cliated of which ciliary motion
helps to conduct ova from ovaries to uterus. The fertilization occurs
in the ampullary region.
• Uterus: Anatomy:
It consists of short medium body, pair of spirally twisted internally
cavity connecting two horns known as body of uterus. The uterus
has three layers i.e. outer servosa, middle muscular is & inner
mucosa. In non-pregnancy period uterus lies in the pelvic cavity
which descends into abdomen during pregnancy.
• Function:
Fertilized ovus /embryo develop into uterus until the time of birth.
To nourish the developing foetus through cotyledons of inner layer
• Cervix:Anatomy:
It is thick walled portion which lies between uterus and vagina
having muscle layers forming longitudinal folds forming spiral
passage way through it. It is 4 inch long & 1 inch or more thick.
• Function:
It is tightly closed during pregnancy and anoestrus period and
refoxen during estsus and parturition.
• Vagina: Anatomy:
It is between cervix to vulva in cow. It is 8-10 inch long. Highly
elastic organ.
• Functions:
Responsible for secretion of mucus, serves as birth canal dung
parturition & admits male organ during copulation.
• Vulva: Anatomy:
It is external vertical opening of genital tract just below anus.
Diameter is larger than that of vagina.
• Function:
Vulva walls supplied with glands which are active during
excitement,
• Organic Livestock Farming ( Importance)
• Definition- organic farming- organic is labeling term indicates
that the food or other agricultural products has been produced
through approved method and certification is called as organic
farming
• Based on production guidelines, organic livestock farming has set itself the
goal of establishing environmentally friendly production, sustaining animals
in good health, realizing high animal welfare standards, and producing
products of high quality. By striving for these goals, organic livestock
farming meets the demands of an increasing number of consumers who are
critical of conventional production methods.
• Concerning environmental protection, the basic standards of organic farming
are suited to reduce environmental pollution and nutrient losses on the farm
level markedly.
• With reference to the health situation of dairy cows in both organic and
conventional dairy farms, comparative studies show that currently there
seem to be no fundamental differences between the production methods.
• In relation to animal welfare, organic livestock farming, based on minimal
standards that go beyond the legislation standards, provide several
preconditions for good living conditions of farm animals.
• Concerning product quality, there is little evidence for a
system-related effect on product quality due to the
production method.
• It is concluded that the benefits of the basic standards are
primarily related to environmentally friendly production
and to the animal welfare issue while the issues of animal
health and product quality are more influenced by the
specific farm management than by the production
method.
• There is evidence to support the assumption that organic
livestock farming creates stronger demands on the
qualification of the farm management, including the
higher risk of failure.
• As a consequence, quality assurance programs should be
established to ensure that the high demands of the
consumers are fulfilled.
Standards of set of Organic production
• Avoidance of synthetic chemical inputs ( Ex., Fertilizer,
Pesticides, antibiotic, food additives, irradiation etc
• Avoidance of genetically modified seed
• Used of farmland that has been free from prohibited
chemicals inputs for no. of years
• For livestock ,adhering specific requirements for feed,
housing, and breeding
• Keeping details of written production and sales records
• Maintaining strict physical separation of organic
products from non-certified products
• Undergoing periodic on site inspection
Chapter- A1 and A2 Type of milk of cattle's
• Definition of A1 and A2 milk;
• A2 milk- A2 milk is the milk that obtained from indigenous breed
especially contains only the A2 type of beta-casein protein in milk
composition is known as A2 milk
• A1 milk- A1 milk obtained from exotic or Foreign breed contains
only A1 beta casein protein and it is harmful impact on health.
• Economical Importance of A1 and A2 milk;
• Most common economically important milk constituents traits
include fat, protein, SNF, lactose and ash. These
• characteristics and associated benefits have made milk an
important part of the diet. Amongst the milk constituents, beta-
casein
• has gained importance and popularity amongst the health
conscious people due to its recent health related issues.
• Beta casein composition of milk and milk products
has become an important economic trait of dairy
animals. Our
• indigenous dairy animals produce A2 milk and India
is endowed with rich A2 dairy animals since our
civilizations,
• protecting the masses from ill effects of A1 milk. It
is a matter of great concern for the health of
people in India. There is a
• urgent need to go through our breeding policies to
stop producing A1 milk.
• What is actually A1 and A2 milk;

• Milk contains about 85% water. The remaining 15% is the

• milk sugar lactose, protein, fat and minerals. Beta-casein is
• about 30% of the total protein content in milk. A2 milk is
• the milk that contains only the A2 type of beta-casein
• protein whereas A1 milk contains only A1 beta casein or
A1A2 type variant. A1 protein variant is commonly found in
milk from crossbred and European breeds of cattle.
• A2 milk is found basically in indigenous cows and buffaloes
• of India (Asia as a whole). A2 milk is branded by the A2
• Milk Company like A2 Corporation and sold mostly in
• Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom and other
developed countries.
• History of A1 and A2 Milk
• A2 beta-casein is the beta-casein from cows that have been
produced since before they were first domesticated over
10,000 years ago.
• It has no known negative effects on human health. In the
past few thousand years, a natural mutation occurred which
has resulted in a proportion of cows of European breeds
producing a casein variant called A1 beta-casein.
• Slowly, these protein variant became dominant in milk
which producing A1 milk.
• The gene encoding beta-casein was changed such that the
67th amino acid in the 209 amino proteins was switched from
proline to histidine.
• This new kind of beta-casein that was created is known as
A1 beta-casein which is found in the milk of many crossbred
cows such as Holstein, jersey and Friesian.
Difference between A1 and A2 milk
A2 A1
Difference between A1 and A2 milk Producing
breeds;
• Basic genetics of A1 and A2 milk
• The A1/A2 status of a cow is determined by a pair of
genes on the sixth chromosome (Rijnkels, 2002). There
are two major alleles of the gene i.e A1 and A2 betacasein
alleles. A cow carries two copies of the beta-casein gene;
she can carry either of A2A2 (homozygous), A1A2
(heterozygous) or A1A1 (homozygous) alleles.
• Neither allele is dominant over the other rather; they are
codominant i.e. additive in their effect. Therefore, an
A1A2 cow will produce A1 and A2 beta-casein in equal
amounts. An A2A2 cow will only produce A2 beta-casein
and an A1A1 cow will only produce A1 beta-casein.
• The Northern European breeds of cows such as the
Friesian and Holstein carry the A1 and A2 allele at about
equal levels. The Southern European breeds and the
Jersey carry the A1 allele at about 35% and 2/3 of A2.
• Exceptionally, Jersey breed appears to carry the A1
allele at less than 10% and the Scottish Ayrshire
breed appears to be well over 50%.

• In addition, individual herds may carry the allele at

levels that are quite different to the average for the
breed. If a cow is A2A2 then she is guaranteed to
pass on the A2 allele to her progeny.
• Similarly, an A1 cow is guaranteed to pass on the
A1 allele. For an A1A2 cow there is a 50% chance
of passing on either of the allele.
 Impact of A1 and A2 Milk in human health
• By relying on A1 cow's milk for calcium, we will have magnesium
deficiency and imbalance, but A2 milk does not cause such imbalances.
Magnesium relaxes us, helps improve digestion, is antiinflammatory in
action, involved in nerve and muscle function, de-toxifier, increases
alkalinity of the blood and flexibility of the tissues. Magnesium is
required for the body to produce and store energy.
• Without magnesium there is no energy, no movement, no life. So, A1
milk will lower magnesium levels whereas A2 milk does not.
• The inflammation from A1 milk casein causes lymphatic congestion and
metabolic suppression. A1 milk worsens acne, eczema, upper respiratory
infections, asthma and allergies.
• It causes digestive problems, not because of the lactose but because of
massive histamine release fromcasomorphin.
• Ear infections, bronchitis, tonsillitis areA1 milk casein causes
endometriosis because of its inflammatory and immune-disruptive
effect. Endometriosis is a gynecological condition in which cells from
the lining of the uterus (endometrium) appear and flourish outside the
uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the
abdominal cavity.
• Many women with infertility may suffer from endometriosis and other
reproductive complications.
Chapter- Effect of Climate change in Livestock
• Introduction;
• Livestock play a major role in the agricultural sector in
developing nations, and the livestock sector contributes 40% to
the agricultural GDP. Global demand for foods of animal origin
is growing and it is apparent that the livestock sector will need
to expand (FAO, 2009). Livestock are adversely affected by the
detrimental effects of extreme weather. Climatic extremes and
seasonal fluctuations in herbage quantity and quality will affect
the well-being of livestock, and will lead to declines in
production and reproduction efficiency.
• Climate change is a major threat to the sustainability of
livestock systems globally. Consequently, adaptation to, and
mitigation of the detrimental effects of extreme climates has
played a major role in combating the climatic impact on
livestock. There is little doubt that climate change will have an
impact on livestock performance in many regions and as per
most predictive models the impact will be detrimental.
• Climate change may manifest itself as rapid changes in
climate in the short term (a couple of years) or more subtle
changes over decades.
• Generally climate change is associated with an increasing
global temperature. Various climate model projections
suggest that by the year 2100, mean global temperature
may be 1.1–6.4 °C warmer than in 2010.
• The difficulty facing livestock is weather extremes, e.g.
intense heat waves, floods and droughts. In addition to
production losses, extreme events also result in livestock
death .
• Animals can adapt to hot climates, however the response
mechanisms that are helpful for survival may be
detrimental to performance.
• Direct effects of climate change on livestock
• The most significant direct impact of climate change
on livestock production comes from the heat stress.
• Heat stress results in a significant financial burden to
livestock producers through decrease in milk
component and milk production, meat production,
reproductive efficiency and animal health.
• Thus, an increase in air temperature, such as that
predicted by various climate change models, could
directly affect animal performance.
 Effects of climate change on livestock
1. Growth
Ex. Body weight, Body condition, Average daily gain, Feed intake,
Feed conversion efficiency, Allometric measurements etc.,
2. Milk Production
Ex. Milk production, milk quality, lactose, milk fat, SNF, milk protein
3. Reproduction
Ex. Eustrus expression, Fertilization, conception rate,
folluculogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Estradiol/ Progesterone
4. Adaptation
Ex. Respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, water intake,
heat sock etc.,
5. Disease Occurance;
Ex., Vector born diseaes, Trypanosomiasis, Bovine viral diareeha,
Rinder pest, Theileioresis etc.,
 Indirect effects of climate change on livestock
• Most of the production losses are incurred via indirect
impacts of climate change largely through reductions or
non-availability of feed and water resources.
• Climate change has the potential to impact the quantity
and reliability of forage production, quality of forage,
water demand for cultivation of forage crops, as well as
large-scale rangeland vegetation patterns.
• In the coming decades, crops and forage plants will
continue to be subjected to warmer temperatures,
elevated carbon dioxide, as well as wildly fluctuating
water availability due to changing precipitation patterns.
• Climate change can adversely affect productivity,
species composition, and quality, with potential impacts
not only on forage production but also on other
ecological roles of grasslands
• Due to the wide fluctuations in distribution of rainfall in
growing season in several regions of the world, the forage
production will be greatly impacted.
• With the likely emerging scenarios that are already evident
from impact of the climate change effects, the livestock
production systems are likely to face more of negative than the
positive impact. Also climate change influences the water
demand, availability and quality.
• Changes in temperature and weather may affect the quality,
quantity and distribution of rainfall, snowmelt, river flow and
groundwater.
• Climate change can result in a higher intensity precipitation
that leads to greater peak run-offs and less groundwater
recharge. Longer dry periods may reduce groundwater
recharge, reduce river flow and ultimately affect water
availability, agriculture and drinking water supply.
• The deprivation of water affects animal physiological
homeostasis leading to loss of body weight, low reproductive
rates and a decreased resistance to diseases.
1. Impact of climate change on livestock production
• Animals exposed to heat stress reduce feed intake and increase water
intake, and there are changes in the endocrine status which in turn
increase the maintenance requirements leading to reduced performance
(Gaughan and Cawsell-Smith, 2015).
• Environmental stressors reduce body weight, average daily gain and
body condition of livestock.
• Declines in the milk yield are pronounced and milk quality is affected:
reduced fat content, lower-chain fatty acids, solid-non-fat, and lactose
contents; and increased palmitic and stearic acid contents are observed.
Gen-erally the higher production animals are the most affected.
• Ad-aptation to prolonged stressors may be accompanied by pro-duction
losses. Increasing or maintaining current production levels in an
increasingly hostile environment is not a sustaina-ble option.
• It may make better sense to look at using adapted animals, albeit with
lower production levels (and also lower input costs) rather than try to
infuse ‘stress tolerance’ genes into non-adapted breeds (
• Impact of climate change on livestock reproduction

• Reproductive processes are affected by thermal stress. Concep-tion rates

of dairy cows may drop 20–27% in summer, and heat stressed cows often
have poor expression of oestrus due to reduced oestradiol secretion from
the dominant follicle devel-oped in a low luteinizing hormone
environment.
• Reproductive inefficiency due to heat stress involves changes in ovarian
func-tion and embryonic development by reducing the competence of
oocyte to be fertilized and the resulting embryo (Naqvi et al., 2012).
• Heat stress compromises oocyte growth in cows by al-tering
progesterone secretion, the secretion of luteinizing hor-mone, follicle-
stimulating hormone and ovarian dynamics dur-ing the oestrus cycle.
• Heat stress has also been associated with impairment of embryo
development and increase in embryonic mortality in cattle. Heat stress
during pregnancy slows growth of the foetus and can increase foetal loss.
• Secretion of the hor-mones and enzymes regulating reproductive tract
function may also be altered by heat stress. In males, heat stress
adversely affects spermatogenesis perhaps by inhibiting the proliferation
of spermatocytes.
• Impact of climate change on livestock adaptation

• In order to maintain body temperature within physiological limits, heat

stressed animals initiate compensatory and adap-tive mechanisms to re-
establish homeothermy and homeo-stasis, which are important for
survival, but may result reduc-tion in productive potential.
• The relative changes in the various physiological responses i.e.
respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature give an indi-cation of
stress imposed on livestock.
• The thermal stress affects the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates somatostatin, possibly a
key mechanism by which heat-stressed animals have reduced growth
hormone and thyroxin levels.
• The animals thriving in the hot climate have acquired some genes that
protect cells from the increased environmental temperatures. Using
func-tional genomics to identify genes that are up- or down-regulated
during a stressful event can lead to the identification of animals that are
genetically superior for coping with stress
Impact of climate change on livestock diseases
• Variations in temperature and rainfall are the most signifi-cant climatic
variables affecting livestock disease outbreaks. Warmer and wetter
weather (particularly warmer winters) will increase the risk and
occurrence of animal diseases, be-cause certain species that serve as
disease vectors, such as biting flies and ticks, are more likely to survive
year-round.
• The movement of disease vectors into new areas e.g. malar-ia and
livestock tick borne diseases (babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis), Rift
Valley fever and bluetongue disease in Europe has been documented.
Certain existing parasitic dis-eases may also become more prevalent, or
their geograph-ical range may spread, if rainfall increases.
• This may contrib-ute to an increase in disease spread for livestock such
as ovine chlamydiosis, caprine arthritis (CAE), equine infectious anemia
(EIA), equine influenza, Marek’s disease (MD), and bovine viral
diarrhea. There are many rapidly emerging dis-eases that continue to
spread over large areas.
• Outbreaks of diseases such as foot and mouth disease or avian influenza
affect very large numbers of animals and contribute to fur-ther
degradation of the environment and surrounding com-munities’ health
and livelihood.
 Conclusion to Reduce Climatic Strees For improovement of Livestock
point t be consider……

• There is considerable research evidence showing substantial decline in

animal performance inflicting heavy economic losses when subjected to
heat stress.
• With the development of molecular biotechnologies, new opportunities
are availa-ble to characterize gene expression and identify key cellular
responses to heat stress.
• These tools will enable improved accuracy and efficiency of selection for
heat tolerance. Sys-tematic information generated on the impact
assessment of climate change on livestock production may prove very
valu-able in developing appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies
to sustain livestock production in the changing climate scenario.
• As livestock is an important source of liveli-hood, it is necessary to find
suitable solutions not only to maintain this industry as an economically
viable enterprise but also to enhance profitability and decrease
environmental pollutants by reducing the ill-effects of climate change.
Chapter- Various Livestock Diseaes

• Classification of Diseases:
• A. According to mode of origin
• Hereditary diseases: are transmitted from parents
to the offspring.
• Congenital diseases: are acquired during intra-
uterine life.
• Acquired diseases: are acquired after birth.
B. According to specific causes:

• a) Specific diseases: are produced by a specific pathogen or factor. They

are subdivided into
i) Infectious diseases: are caused by pathogenic organisms
• Viral diseases: Rinderpest (RP), Foot & Mouth disease (HMD)
Bacterial diseases: Black quarter (BQ), Haemorrhagie septicemia (HS)
Protozoan diseases: Surra, Thieleriosis.
• ii) Non-infectious diseases: are caused by physical or chemical or
Poisonous agents, nutritional deficiency or disturbed metabolism.
E.g.
• Deficiency diseases - Rickets.
• Metabolic diseases - Milk fever
• Poisoning - Pesticide poisoning

b) Non-specific disease: those diseases whose causes are indefinite or

multiple e.g. Pneumonia
• C. According to mode of spread:
• Contagious disease: sprout by means of direct or indirect
contact, e.g. FMD; HS All infections discuses may or may
not be contagious but all contagious dieses are injections.
• Non-contagious diseases: do not spread by means of
direct or indirect contact. E.g. Rickets.

• D- According to clinical signs:

• Preacute disease is characterized by very short course
(few hours to 48 hours) and very server symptoms e.g.
Anthrax,
• Acute disease is characterized by a sudden onset, short
course (3-14 days) and severe symptoms e.g. FMD, RP.
• Subacutc disease: whose course is 1-4 weeks and severity
is less than acute one. E.g. Sub acute mastitis
• Chronic disease: whose course is more than 4 weeks and
signs are not severe in character e.g. Tuberculosis
• E. According to intensity and spread of diseases:
• Sporadic disease: affects one or few animals and shows
little or no tendency to spread within the herd e.g. Johne's
disease.
• Enzootic/Endemic disease: means are outbreak of disease
among animals in a definite area or particular district. E.g.
Anthrax, H.S.
• Epizootic/Epidemic disease: which assets a large
population of animals in large area at the same time and
spread with rapidity e.g. FMD, RP.
• Panzootic /Pandemic disease: is a widespread epidemic
disease usual of world wide distribution e.g. Influenza
• Zoonotic disease: a disease which can be transmitted from
animal to man and vice versa e.g. Anthrax, Brucellosis.
 Enlisted Diseases of Cattle and Buffalo
1. Hemorrhagic Septicaemia ( HS) - Animal Disease

• Synonyms: Pasturellosis, shipping fever, ghatsurp

• Etiology: It is caused by Pasteurella multocida
• Transmission:Ingestion of contaminated feed and water and Inhalation.
• Symptoms:
• High fever (106 - 107°F), Loss of appetite, Suspended rumination,
Dullness and depression, Rapid pulse & heart rate, Profuse salivation and
laciration., Profuse nasal discharge, Difficult/snoring respiration, Swelling
of throat region (submandibular oedema), Death within 10-72 hours.
• a) Specific treatment:
• 1. Injection. Sulphadimidine @ 150 mg/Kg body weight IV daily for 3 days
2. Injection Oxytetracycline @ 5-10 mg/Kg body weight IV or IM daily for
3 days. 3. Alum precipitated M.S. vaccine@ 5 ml subcut every year before
monsoon.
4. Use of antipyretics lo reduces body temperature
5. Use of antihistaminic e.g. Injection Avil/Cadistin5-10 ml IM.
• 2. Black Quarter ( BQ) - Animal Disease
• Synonyms: Black - leg, Farrya
• It is an acute infectious and highly fatal, bacterial disease of cattle. Buffaloes,
sheep and goats are also affected. Young cattle between 6-24 months of age,
in good body condition are mostly affected. the disease is sporadic (1-2
animal) in nature.
• Etiology: It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei
• Transmission: The disease spreads through Ingestion of contaminated feed
and Contamination wounds.
• Symptoms:
• 1. Fever (106-10S°F) , Loss of appetite, Depression, dullness, Suspended
rumination, Rapid pulse and heart rates, Difficult
breathin(dyspnoea), Lameness in affected leg. Crepitating swelling over hip,
back & shoulder. Swelling is hot & painful in early stages whereas cold and
painless inter. Recumbency (prostration) followed by death within 12-48 hrs.
• Treatment:
• 1. Penicillin @ 10,000 units /Kg body weight 1M & locally daily for 5-6
days.
2. Oxytetracycline in high doses i.e. 5-10 mg/Kg body weight 1M or IV
3. Indcse the swelling and drain off
4. B.Q. antiserum in large does, if available.
5 Injection. Avil / Cadistin @ 5-10 ml IM
 3. Anthrax - Animal Disease

• Synonyms: Splenic fever, fanshi, kalpuli

• It is an acute widespread infectious disease of all warm blooded animals
specially cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat. It is communicable to man i.e.
Zoonotic disease.
• Etiology: This disease is caused by bacteria called Bacillus authracis.
• Transmission:
• It usually spreads through ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
Sometimes, it also occurs by inhalation and biling flies.
• Symptoms: Sudden rise in body temperature (104 - 10S°F) ,Loss of appetite
i.e. off-feed., Severe depression or dullness, Suspended rumination, Increased
respiration and heart rate, Bloat or tympany, Dyspnoea - difficult breathing,
Dysentery or diarrhoea, Bleeding from natural openings like anus, nostrils,
vulva etc, Sudden death in peracute cases.
• Treatment : Treatment is effective if given in the initial stage of the disease.
• Penicillin @ 10000 units/kg body wt. IM.
• Oxytetracycline © 5-10 mg/kg body wt. IM/IV.
• Antiantrax serum @ 100-200 ml IV may be given if available.
• Supportive treatment with antipyretics, antitistammics and fluid therapy.
 4. Rinder Pest – Animal Disease

• Synonyms: Cattle plague, Bovine typhus, Bulkandi

• It is an acute highly contagious viral disease of ruminants and pig.
Crossbred and young cattle are more susceptible to this virus.
• Etiology: It is caused by paramyxo virus.
• Transmission: 1. It spreads primarily through inhalation.
2. It also spreads through ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
• Symptoms: Fever usually persists for 3 days. Loss of appetite (off
feed), Drop in milk yield ,Suspended rumination, Conjunctiva
becomes dark red i.e. congested, Ladriation.Nasal discharge, Necrotic
ulcers or erosions on oral mucus membrane. Salivation, Shooting
diarrhoea. Abdominal pain/colic, Dehydration, Death within 6-12 days
• Treatment; a) Antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin,
Oxytetracycline should be given to check secondary bacterial infection.
Use of anti-rinderpest serum. Fluid and electrolyte therapy - Dextrose
saline
• b) Vaccination:
• Tissue Culture Rinderpest Vaccine (TCRPV) © 1 ml /SC every a I
term year.
 5. Foot and Mouth Disease ( FMD)
• Cauasal organism- Aphtho- virus ( Asia I, II type- virus)
• Symptoms; Foot and mouth disease is a highly communicable disease
affecting cloven footed animals and is characterized by fever,
formation of vesicles and blisters in the mouth, udders, and teats and on
the skin between the toes and above the hooves. The incubation period
in natural infection is about two to five days. In artificial infections, the
temperature rises to 104 to 105°F. In about 24 to 48 hours and at this
stage the virus occurs in the circulation, being eventually carried to
distant parts of the body, where it causes the formation of vesicles.
• Treatment:
• No scientific evidence is obtainable in support of claims that foot and
mouth disease is curable by the use of therapeutic agents. The use of
drugs by field workers is only resorted to as a measure of aiding in the
natural process of recovery.
• Thus, the external application of antiseptics contributes lo the healing
of the ulcers and wards off attacks by flies.
• A common and inexpensive dressing for the lesions in the feet is a
mixture of coal tar and copper sulphate in the proportion of 5: 1.
 6. Enterotoxaemia -Animal Disease
• Causal agent- Clostridium welchii
• Symptoms; The disease commonly occurs in England,
Australia, New Zealand and certain parts of America. Lately, its
occurrence has been reported from certain parts of Bombay and
Madras. The term 'Pulpy Kidney' denotes a condition in which
the kidney is so damaged that it decomposes soon after
death, Clostridium welchii, Type D, infection in adult sheep
usually occurs in those which are in very good condition and
over resting is regarded to be a predisposing factor. The specific
toxins liberated by the organisms in the intestines are absorbed
very rapidly and death occurs within three to four hours after the
onset the disease.
• Treatment; Anti-toxin and whole culture toxoid-vaccine arc very
effective for the control of the disease
 7. Mastitis - Animal Disease
• Synonyms: Mastitis, Dagadi
• A. Causal agents: Bacteria - Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, E. coli
• Viral diseases - Cow pox, FMD
• Fungus - Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Mycoplasm
• Transmission: It spreads through infected water, contaminated bedding,
utensils, milkers hands.
• Symptoms: a) Acute form: 1. Fever 2. Loss of appetite. 3. Udder is
swollen, hot and painful. 4. Milk may be yellowish or brownish, 5. Milk
contains flakes or clots.
• Treatment: Evacuate the Under , Intramammary antibiotic
therapy/infusion with Vetclox plus or Pendistrin - SH or Tilox @ I tube
twice daily for 3 days.
• Milk should not be used for human consumption forecast 72 hours after
last infusion.
• Injections of antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin, ampicillin,
tetracycline or chloramphenicol IM.
• Hot fomentation of udder with magnesium sulphate to relieve
inflammation.
Chapter -Integrated Livestock Farming
• Integrated farming System
• Definition- farming system is an integration of various
farm enterprises like., crops, flowers, fruits, vegetable,
dairy, goats, pig, poultry, sericulture, bee-keeping,
mushroom cultivation,agroforestry etc
• Or
• Farming system is an appropriate combination of farm
enterprises viz., cropping pattern and other
enterprises like, livestock, forestry, sericulture, piggery,
fisheries, bee-keeping etc..
Interrelationship between enterprises
• Various enterprises on the farm are related with each
other
• The output or end product or waste of one enterprises
are used as starter or input for other enterprises
• For examples;
• Straw obtained from crops grown in farm is used as
fodder for cattle like bullock, cow, buffalo, ships and
goats
• Cattles are used for different field operation for crop
growing
• Buffalo, cows yield milk, dairy products and also give
dung, urine as a waste or output
• The waste are given out by cattle is used as input in
cropping system
 Concept of Livestock farming system
▪ To earn more profit and dividend in different enterprises
▪ To preserve land productivity and preserve environment quality
▪ To maintained desired level of biological diversity and ecological
Stability
▪ To combined allied enterprises with cropping to generate income

Cropping pattern

Dung
Fodder and
urine

Cattle
 Components of farming system
Sr. no and Particulars Examples ( Models)

1. Main enterprises Crops and Cropping pattern

2. Allied enterprises Dairy farming, Goat farming, Poultry

farming, Ducks farming, Turkey farming,
Pigeons for meat, Piggery, Japanese
quail, Bee-keeping, Mushroom
cultivation
3.Complimentary Rice-cum Fish culture
Enterprises Crop- Livestock- Fish farming
Fish-cum -Horticulture
Fodder production in Integrated farming system
• In integrated farming system, maintenance of cattle,
realize more income; good quality of fodder production is
essential.
• Fodder cultivation improves soil fertility and soil water
holding capacity.
• Weeds, non- beneficial plants and sedges growth were
restricted.
• Legume fodder cultivation enriches soil nutrients
particularly nitrogen
• Profitable milk and meat production requires protein rich
legume fodder to be fed to the animals
• Cereals and grass fodders are mixed with legume fodder
will reduced the cost incurred for concentrate
 Guideline for fodder production
• In minimum land high yielding forage varieties must be selected
• Select forage varieties both irrigated and rainfed condition
• Based on soil testing forage crops could be cultivated
• Forage crops can be classified as;
• Grass fodders- 1)Irrigated crops ex., Cumbu-napier hybrid grass and
guinea grass 2) Rainfed crops- Kollukutai grass and Deenanath grass
• Grain fodders- 1) Irrigated crops- ex., forage maize, forage
sorghum, forage cumbu etc 2) Rainfed crops- forage sorhum and
cumbu grass
• Legume fodders- 1) irrigated crops- hedge legume, luern,
cowpea, cluster bean, soya, centro etc
2. Rainfed crops- hedge legume, stylo, ciratro
3) Short term crops- pigeon pea, horse gram, lablab, cowpea, cluster
bean
 Application of Integrated farming system or Essentiality
of Integrated farming system

• Globally the demand for livestock products has been increase day by
day
• So integrated farming system agriculture crops integrated with
livestock , poultry, and fish farming with production of fodder
• Places where one crop in a year, scarcity in irrigation and low rainfall
areas, agriculture practiced with livestock farming not only giving
additional income but also given opportunity to the family members
around the year
• Livestock excreta used as manures lowered the cost of fertilizers
.Crop residues used as a livestock feed will reduce the feed cost
• In this method agriculture along with fodder, azolla production
combined with livestock production definitely get more profit
• Effective formulation of farming system model which combined all
enterprises with main/ cropping enterprises. Effective recycling of
farm residues within system
• To maintained sustainable production without damaging resources
and environmental quality. To formulates judicious mixture of
cropping system with associated enterprises like, dairy, poultry,
piggery, sericulture etc
Swot analysis
 11
Discussion 7

STUDENTS
STUDENTS

PROFESSOR

HOD