01 Units and Dimensions

Solved Examples

1. Write three physical quantities having dimension:[ML2T-2].[DPS] [1 mark]

Sol. Energy, Torque, Work.
2. Deduce dimensional formulae for following physical quantities: (i) Power, (ii) Young’s Modulus, (iii) Surface
Tension, (iv) Specific Heat, (v)Electric charge, (vi) Electric Potential. [3 marks]
Sol. Work Force × Distance [ MLT ] [ L] −2
(i) Power = = = = [ML2T-3].
Time Time [T ]

(ii) Young’s Modulus =

Longitudinal Stress
=
Force/ Area
=
[ MLT −2 ] /[L2 ] =
Longitudinal Strain (Change∈length)/(Original length) [ L ] /[ L]
[ML-1T -2]
Force [ MLT −2 ]
(iii) Surface Tension = = = [MT -2]
Length [L]
2 −2
Heat [M L T ]
(iv) Specific Heat = = = [M0L2T -2K-1]
Mass× Temperature [ M ][ K ]
(v) Electric Charge = Current × Time = [A][T] = [AT]
2 −2
Work [M L T ]
(vi) Electric Potential = = = [ML2T -3A-1]
Charge [ AT ]

3. Convert 1 joule into erg. [1 mark]

Sol. Joule is SI unit of energy and erg is the CGS unit of energy. Dimensional formula of energy is [ML 2T -2].
Hence, a = 1, b = 2, c = -2.
For SI system, M1 = 1kg = 1000g, L1 = 1m = 100cm, T1 = 1s, n1 = 1(joule)
For CGS system, M2 = 1g, L2 = 1cm, T2 = 1s, n2 =? (erg)

[ ][ ][ ]
a b c
M1 L1 T1
n2= n1
M2 L2 T2

[ ][ ][ ]
1 2 −2
1000 g 100 cm 1s
=1
1g 1 cm 1s
= 10 × 10 × 10
3 4 0

= 107
Ans.1 joule = 107erg
4. G = 6.67×10-11Nm2/kg2 = _____dynecm2/g2.[DPS] [1 mark]
Sol. Dimensions of different terms are
(i)[s]=[L],
(ii)[ut] = [LT-1][T] = [L],
(iii)[½ at2] = [LT -2] [T2] = [L].
As all the terms on both sides of the equations have the same dimensions, so the given equation is dimensionally
correct.
5. Find the dimensions of a/b in the equation: F = a√ x + bt2, where F is force, x is distance and t is time.[Udgam]
[2 marks]
Sol. By Principle of homogeneity, dimensions of F = dimensions of a√ x = dimensions of bt2.

1
 Hence, [a√ x ] = [F]
[F ] [ ML T −2]
⟹[a] = = = [ML1/2T -2]
[√x] [ L]
1/ 2

Also, [bt2] = [F]

[ F] [ ML T −2]
⟹[b] = 2 = 2 = [MLT -4]
[t ] [T ]
1
2 −2
Thus, [a/b] = [ M L T ] = [L-1/2 T2]
−4
[ ML T ]
Ans. Dimensions of a/b are [L-1/2 T2]
6. Consider a simple pendulum, having a bob attached to a string that oscillates under the action of the force of
gravity. Suppose that the period of oscillation of the simple pendulum depends on its length ( l), mass of the bob
(m) and acceleration due to gravity (g). Derive the expression for its time period using method of dimensions.
[MAV] [3 marks]
Sol. The dependence of time period T on the quantities l, g and m as a product may be written as:
T = k lxgymz, where k is dimensionless constant and x, yand z are the exponents.
By considering dimensions on both sides, we have,
[L0M0T1]=[L1]x [L1 T-2 ]y[M1 ]z
⟹[L0M0T1]= [Lx+yT -2yMz]
On equating the dimensions on both sides, we have x + y = 0; –2y = 1; and z = 0.
On solving, we get, x = ½ y = - ½ and z =0.
Thus, T = k l1/2 g-1/2 or, T = k
√ l.
g
Value of constant k cannot be obtained by the method of dimensions. Here it does not matter if some number
multiplies the right side of this formula, because that does not affect its dimensions.
Actually, k = 2π so that T = 2𝛑
√ l.
g

7.
Ans. T = 2𝛑
√ l
g
A planet moves around the sun in nearly circular orbit. Its period of revolution ‘T’ depends upon: (i) radius ‘r’ of
orbit, (ii) mass ‘M’ of the sun and (iii) the gravitational constant G. Show dimensionally T 2∝ r3.[DPS][3 marks]
Sol. Let, T = k raMb Gc→ ①, where k=dimensionless constant.

Dimensions of various quantities are: T = [T], r = [L], M = [M], G =

Fr
2
=
[ MLT −2 ] [ L]2 = [M-1L3T -2]
m1 m2 [ M ] [M ]
Substituting these dimensions in eqn ①, we get,
[T] = [L]a [M]b [M -1 L3T -2]c
⟹ [M0L0T 1] =[M]b-c [L]a+3c [T]-2c
Equating the dimensions of M, L and T, we get, b – c =0; a + 3c = 0; -2c = 1
3
On solving, we get, a = , b = -½, c = -½
2
Thus, T = k r3/2 M-1/2 G-1/2
3
kr
⟹ T2 =
MG
∴ T 2∝ r3. Hence Proved.
8. State the number of significant figures in the following : (a) 0.007m2 (b) 2.64 × 1024 kg (c) 0.2370 g cm-3, (d) 6.320
J (e) 6.032 Nm-2 (f) 0.0006032m2. [2 marks]
Sol. (a) One: 7, (b) Three: 2,6,4, (c) Four: 2,3,7,0, (d) Four: 6,3,2,0, (e) Four: 6,0,3,2, (f) Four: 6,0,3,2.
9. Round off the following numbers as indicated:
(i) 18.35 upto 3 digits, (ii) 143.45 upto 4 digits, (iii) 18967 upto 3 digits, (iv) 12.653 upto 3 digits, (v) 101.55×10 6
upto 4 digits. [2 marks]
Sol. (i)18.4, (ii) 143.4, (iii) 19000, (iv) 12.6, (v) 101.6×106

2
10. Add 7.21, 12.141 and 0.0028, and express the result to an appropriate number of significant figures.[1 mark]
Sol. 7.21 + 12.141 + 0.0028
Sum =19.3538
Ans. Corrected Sum = 19.35
Here, 7.21 has minimum number of decimal places (two), so result is rounded off upto second place of decimal
point.
11. Subtract 4.27153 from 6.807 & express the result to an appropriate no of significant figures.
[Prakash] [1 mark]
Sol. Sol: 6.807 - 4.27153
Difference = 2.53547
Ans. Corrected Difference = 2.535
12. The mass of a box measured by a grocer’s balance is 2.3 kg. Two gold pieces of masses 20.15g & 20.17g are added
to the box. What is (a) the total mass of the box, (b) the difference in the masses of the pieces to correct significant
figures? [MAV, Prakash] [2 marks]
Sol. (a) Total mass of the box = 2.3kg + 0.02015kg + 0.02017kg
= 2.34032kg
= 2.3kg [Rounded off to 1stdecimal place]
(b) Difference in masses of 2 gold pieces = 20.17g – 20.15g = 0.02g
Ans. (a) Total mass of the box = 2.3kg, (b) Difference in masses of pieces = 0.02g.
13. Each side of cube is measured to be 7.203m. What is the total surface area and volume of the cube to appropriate
significant figures? [DPS] [2 marks]
Sol. Side of the cube = 7.203m
Total Surface Area = 6 × (side)2 = 6 × (7.203)2
= 311.299254m2
= 311.3m2 [Rounded off to 4 significant figures]
3 3
Volume = (side) = (7.203)
= 373.714754m3
= 373.7m3 [Rounded off to 4 significant figures]
Ans. Total Surface Area = 311.3m2, Volume = 373.7m3
14. 5.74g of a substance occupies 1.2cm3. Express its density by keeping the significant figures in view. [MAV]
[1 mark]
Sol. Mass 5.74 g
Density = = 3
Volume 1.2cm
= 4.783 gcm-3
= 4.8 gcm-3 [Rounded off to 2 significant figures]
Ans. Density is 4.8gcm-3.

3
 PPC 1.1

1. Deduce dimensional formulae for following physical quantities: (i) Power, (ii) Young’s Modulus, (iii) Surface
Tension, (iv) Specific Heat, (v) Electric charge, (vi) Electric Potential. [3 mark]
2 -5 -2
2. In the expression, P = El m G ; E, m, l and G denote energy, mass, angular momentum and gravitational
constant, respectively. Show that P is a dimensionless quantity. [2 marks]
3. Show that angular momentum (L)has the same physical units as the Planck’s constant h which is given by the
relation E = hν. [Hint:L = [ML2T -1]] [2 marks]
4. Calculate the dimensions of force and impulse taking velocity (v), density (ρ) and frequency ( ν ) as basic
quantities. [Hint:Use dimensional analysis and [Force] = [MLT-2 ] and [Impulse] = [MLT-1]]
Ans. ρv4 ν−2, ρv4 ν−3 [2 marks]

4
 Home Work Sheet 1.1

M.C.Q
1. Which of the following physical quantities is not a fundamental physical quantity in the SI system?
(a) Luminous intensity (b) Electric current
(c) Solid angle (d) Quantity of matter
2. Which of the following group have different dimension?
(a) Potential difference, electromotive force, potential
(b) Pressure, stress, Young modulus
(c) Heat energy, work, work done, electric dipole moment, electric flux, electric field
(d) Electric dipole moment, electric flux, electric field
3. Which of the following pair, does not have identical dimensional formula?
(a) Moment of inertia and moment of force (b) Work and torque
(c) Angular momentum and Plank’s constant (d) Impulse and momentum
4. Dimensional formula of thermal resistance RH is ……..
(a) [M1L1T–2] (b) [M1L0T–3] (c) [M–1L–2T3K1] (d) [M1L2T–3K1]

5. If E and G respectively denote energy and gravitational constant, then has the dimensions of ………
(a) [M2][L–2][T–1] (b) [M2][L–1][T0] (c) [M][L–1][T–1] (d) [M][L0][T0]
Theory
6. What are physical quantities? Distinguish between fundamental and derived quantities.[DPS]
[2 marks]
7. (a) What is the SI system of units? [Udgam, DPS] [1 mark]
(b) State two advantages of SI system over other system of units.[Udgam, DPS] [1 mark]
8. Give an example of a physical quantity for each of the following: (i) Dimensional variable,(ii) Dimensional
constant, (iii) Non-dimensional variable, (iv) Non-dimensional constant. [2 marks]
Numerical
9. Deduce dimensional formulae for following physical quantities: (1) Impulse, (2) Angular velocity, (3) Torque,
(4) Moment of inertia, (5) Resistance, (6) Capacitance. (7) Gravitational Constant, (8) Latent Heat, (8)
Universal Gas Constant, (9) Coefficient of thermal conductivity. [MAV]
Linear velocity
[Hint: Impulse = Force × Time, Angular velocity = ,
Radius
Torque = Distance × Force, Moment of Inertia = Mass × (Radius)2
2
Work (Charge )
Resistance = , Capacitance =
Charge ×Current Work
2
Force ×(distance ) Heat (Energy)
Gravitational Constant = 2 , Latent Heat = ,
( mass) Mass
Force ×Volume
Universal Gas Constant = , Coefficient of thermal conductivity =
mol × Area× Temperature
Heat × Distance
Area ×time ×Temperature
10. De-Broglie wavelength is given by the relation λ=h/mv, where λ is the wavelength, m is the mass, v is the
velocity and h is Planck’s constant. Using dimensional analysis find the dimensions of Planck’s constant.
[DPS]
Ans.[ML2T-1] [1 mark]

5
 PPC 1.2

a
1. The equation of state for a real gas is given by (P+ 2 )(V-b)=RT, where P is pressure, V is volume of gas & a
V
and b are constants. Using dimensional analysis find the SI units of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
Ans. kgm5s-2, m3 [2 marks]
2. The rate of flow (V ) i.e. volume flowing per unit time of a liquid flowing through a pipe of radius r and a
4
π Pr
pressure gradient ( P/l ) is given by poiseuilles equation: ¿ . Check the dimensional consistency of this
8 ɳl
equation.
Ans. Correct [2 marks]
3. In CGS system, the value of Stefan’s constant is σ = 5.67 ×10 -5 erg s-1 cm-2 K-4. Find its value in SI units.
Given 1 J = 107 erg.
Ans. 5.67 × 10-8 J s-1 m-2 K-4 [2 marks]
4. Find the value of 100 J on a system which has 20 cm, 250 g and half minute as fundamental units of length,
mass and time.
Ans. 9 × 106new units [2 marks]
5. Assuming that the mass M of the largest stone that can be moved by a flowing river on velocity ‘v’, density of
water ‘ρ’ and acceleration due to gravity ‘g’. Using dimensions show that M varies with 6 th power of the
velocity of flow.[MAV] [3 marks]
6. Assuming that the critical velocity v cof a viscous liquid flowing through a capillary tube depends only upon
the radius r of the tube, density ρ and the coefficient of viscosity η of the liquid, find the expression for critical
velocity. [DPS]
Kη
Ans.vc= [3 marks]
rρ
7. Using principle of homogeneity of dimension,find which of the equations is dimensionally correct:
2 3
4π r
T2 = 4π2r2, (b) T2 = [T is time period, r is radius, G is gravitational constant and M is mass[MAV]
GM
[2
marks]

6
 Home Work Sheet 1.2

M.C.Q
1. The dimensional formula of parsec is …………..
(a) [M0L0T0] (b) [M0L1T0] (c) [M0L0T1] (d) [M0L1T–1]

2. If ,then what is the unit of C in formula?

(a) N (b) m (c) kg/m2 (d) unitless
3. If dimension of (A) and (B) are different then which of the following mathematical operation will be true?
(a) A + B (b) A – B (c) A/B (d) A/eAB
4. If velocity v, acceleration A and force F were chosen as fundamental physical quantities, then angular
momentum in terms of v, A and F is ……….
(a) [FA–1v] (b) [Fv3A–2] (c) [Fv2A–1] (d) [M1L2T–1]

5. The dimensional formula of a/b in the equation , where p = pressure, x= distance and t= time is………
2 1 –3 1 0 –2 1 3 –2
(a) [M L T ] (b) [M L T ] (c) [M L T ] (d) [M0L1T–1]
Theory
6. State the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.[Udgam] [1 mark]
7. What are the limitations of dimensional analysis?[DPS] [1 mark]
Numerical
8. What is the ratio of SI unit to CGS unit of impulse?[Udgam]
Ans. 105 [1 mark]
9. Check the validity of given expression: (i)y = a +vt where y is position at any time t of any particle having
2GM 1/2
speed v and a is amplitude.(ii) v = ( ) , where v is velocity of any body of mass M moves round in
R
radius R, G is gravitational constant.[MAV]
Ans.(i) Correct, (ii) Correct [2 marks]
9 -1
10. An electric bulb has a power of 500W. Express it in CGS units.Ans.5×10 ergs [2 marks]
11. Find the value of 60J per min on a system that has 100g, 100cm and 1min as the base units.
Ans.2.16×106 [2 marks]
-1
12. If the units of force, energy and velocity are 20N, 200J and 5ms , find the units of length, mass and time.
Ans.10m, 8kg, 2s [2 marks]
13. The escape velocity v of a body depends upon (i) acceleration due gravity (g), (ii) radius of the planet R.
Establish dimensionally the relationship between v, g and R.
Ans. v = K√ gR [3 marks]
14. Using the method of dimensions, derive an expression for the energy of a body (E) executing SHM; assuming
this energy depends upon its mass m, frequency ν and amplitude of vibration r.[Udgam]
Ans.E = Kmν2r2 [3 marks]

15. Let us consider an equation , where m is the mass of the body. its velocity. g is the
acceleration due to gravity and h is the height. Check whether this equation is dimensionally correct.
[2 marks]
2 -2
16. A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J where 1J = 1 kg m s . Suppose we employ a
system of units in which the unit of mass equals α kg, the unit of length equals β m, the unit of time is γ s.
Show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 α-1 β -2γ2 in terms of the new units. [2 marks]

7
 PPC 1.3

1. Round off the following numbers as indicated: (i) 15.654 upto 3 digits, (ii) 142667 upto 5 digits, (iii) 0.7995
upto 1 digit.
Ans. 15.7, 142670, 1 [1 mark]
2. The length, breadth and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are 4.234 m, 1.005 m, and 2.01 cm
respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to correct significant figures. [ Hint: Volume = lbh,
Surface Area = 2(lb+bh+lh)]
Ans. 8.72m2, 0.0855m3 [2 marks]

3.

8
 Home Work Sheet 1.3

M.C.Q
1. The number of significant figures in 0.06900 is
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
2. The sum of the numbers 436.32, 227.2 and 0.301 in appropriate significant figures is
(a) 663.821 (b) 664 (c) 663.8 (d) 663.82
3
3. The mass and volume of a body are 4.237g and 2.5 cm respectively. The density of the material of the body
in correct significant figure is
(a) 1.64048 g/cm3 (b) 1.69 g/cm3 (c) 1.7 g/cm3 (d) 1.695 g/cm3
4. The number 2.745 and 2.735 on rounding off to 3 significant figures will give
(a) 2.75 and 2.74 (b) 2.74 and 2.73 (c) 2.75 and 2.73 (d) 2.74 and 2.74
5. Taking into account of the significant figures, what is the value of 9.99 m – 0.0099 m ?
(a) 9.98 m (b) 9.980 m (c) 9.9 m (d) 9.9801 m
Theory
6. State the rules for counting the number of significant figures in measured quantity. [KV] [1 mark]
Numerical
7. Each side of cube is measured to be 7.203m. What is the total surface area and volume of the cube to
appropriate significant figures?[DPS]
Ans. 311.3m2, 373.7m3 [2 marks]
8. The radius of a sphere is 1.41cm. Express its volume to an appropriate number of significant figures.[Udgam]
4 3
[Hint:Volume of sphere = πr ]
3
Ans. 11.7cm3 [2 marks]
9. The diameter of a circle is 1.06 m. Calculate the area to an appropriate number of significant numbers.
Ans. 0.082 m2 [2 marks]
10. 5.74g of a substance occupies 1.2cm . Express its density by keeping the significant figures in view. [MAV]
3

11.

9
Assignment Sheet :
1. Let us consider an equation ½ mv2= mgh, where m is the mass of the body, v its velocity, g is the acceleration due
to gravity and h is the height. Check whether this equation is dimensionally correct.
[1 mark]
2. If x = at+bt2, where x is in metres and t is in hours, what will be the units of ‘a’ and ‘b’?[MAV,KV]
Ans. mh-1, mh-2 [1 mark]
-3
3. The density of mercury is 13.6gcm in CGS system. Find its value in SI units.
Ans. 13.6×103kgm-3 [2 marks]
4. Reynold number NR(a dimensionless quantity) determine the condition of laminar flow of a viscous liquid through
a pipe. NRis a function of the density of the liquid 'ρ', its average speed v and coefficient of viscosity ɳ. Given that
NRis also directly proportional to D(the diameter of the pipe), show from dimensional considerations that
ρvD
N R∝ . The unit of ɳ in SI system is kg m-1 s-1 [3
ɳ
marks]
5. 2
b−x
Find the dimensions of a × b in the relation: P= ; where P is power, x is distance and t is time.
at
Ans.[M-1L2T2] [2 marks]
6. Obtain an expression for the centripetal force F acting on a particle of mass m moving with velocity v in a circle of
radius r. Take dimensionless constant K=1.
2
mv
Ans. F = [3 marks]
r
7. Taking velocity, time and force as the fundamental quantities, find the dimensions of mass. [1 mark]
8. Using principle of homogeneity of dimension, find which of the equations is dimensionally correct: T 2 = 4π2r2,
2 3
4π r
(b) T2 = [T is time period, r is radius, G is gravitational constant and M is mass] [MAV]
GM
[2 marks]
9. The measure of diameter of a cylinder is (1.6±0.01)cm and length is (5.0±0.1)cm. Calculate the percentage error in
2
πd h
its volume. [Hint: Volume of cylinder = ][MAV]
4
Ans.3.25% [2 marks]
10. Obtain an expression for acceleration ‘a’ of a particle of mass ‘m’ executing uniform circular motion in path of
radius ‘r’ with a constant speed ‘v’ of the particle using dimensional analysis. K=1[Udgam]
2
v
Ans. a = [3 marks]
r
11. Derive by the method of dimensions, an expression for the volume of a liquid flowing out per second through a
narrow pipe. Assume that the rate of flow of liquid depends on
(i) The Coefficient of viscosity ɳ of the liquid.
(ii) The radius r of the pipe
P Ω
(iii) The pressure gradient ( ) along the pipe. Take K=
l 8
4
ΩPr
Ans.V = [3
8ɳ l
marks]
12. A gas bubble, from an explosion under water, oscillates with the period T proportional to p a dbEc, where p is the
static pressure, d is the density of water and E is the total energy of the explosion. Find the values of a, b and c.
5 1 1
[DPS]Ans.- . , [2 marks]
6 2 3
13. The measured mass and volume of a body are 2.00g and 5.0cm 3 respectively. With possible errors of 0.01g and

10
 0.1cm3, what would be the percentage error in the density ? [Udgam]
Ans. 2.5% [2 marks]
14. If density ρ, acceleration due to gravity g and frequency ν are the basic quantities, find the dimensions of force.
[Hint: ρ = [ML-3], g = [LT -2], ν = [T -1]]
Ans. [ρg4ν -6] [2 marks]
15. Calculate the dimensions of force and impulse taking velocity (v), density (ρ) and frequency ( ν ) as basic quantities.
[Hint: Use dimensional analysis and [Force] = [MLT-2 ] and [Impulse] = [MLT-1]]
Ans. ρv4 ν−2, ρv4 ν−3 [2 marks]
2 -2
16. A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J where 1J = 1 kg m s . Suppose we employ a system
of units in which the unit of mass equals α kg, the unit of length equals β m, the unit of time is γ s. Show that a
calorie has a magnitude 4.2 α-1 β -2γ2 in terms of the new units. [2 marks]
17. A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity. What is the distance between the Sun
and the Earth in terms of the new unit if light takes 8 min and 20 s to cover this distance? [Hint: Distance = Speed
× Time]
Ans. 500 new units [2 marks]
18. Two resistors of resistances R1 = 100 ±3 ohm and R2 = 200 ± 4 ohm are connected (a) in series, (b) in parallel. Find
the equivalent resistance of the (a) series combination, (b) parallel combination. Use for (a) the relation R =R1+ R2,
1 1 1 ∆ R ' ∆ R1 ∆ R2
and for (b) = + and 2 = 2 + 2 .
R ' R1 R2 R' R1 R2
Ans. 300±7 ohm, 66.7±1.8 ohm [3 marks]
19. The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an angstrom and is denoted by Å: 1 Å= 10-10 m. The
radius of a hydrogen atom is about 0.5 Å. What is the total atomic volume in m 3 of a mole of hydrogen atoms?
4 3
[Hint: Total volume = πr × (6.022×1023)]
3
Ans. 3×10-7m3 [2 marks]
20. The photograph of a house occupies an area of 1.75 cm 2 on a 35 mm slide. The slide is projected on to a screen,
and the area of the house on the screen is 1.55 m 2. What is the linear magnification of the projector-screen
2
1.55 m
arrangement? [Hint: Linear magnification = √ Areal Magnification , Areal Magnification = 2]
1.75 cm
Ans. 94.1 [2 marks]
21. A student measures the thickness of a human hair by looking at it through a width of the hair in the field of view of
the microscope is 3.5 mm. What is the estimate on the thickness of hair? [1 marks]
22. A famous relation in physics relates ‘moving mass’ m to the ‘rest mass’ m 0 of a particle in terms of its speed and
the speed of light, c. (This relation first arose as a consequence of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). A boy
recalls the relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant c. He writes :

Guess where to put the missing c. [3 marks]

23. 2 -2 –1 –2
The SI unit of energy is J = kg m s , that of speed is m s and of acceleration a is m s . Which of the formulae
for kinetic energy (K) given below can you rule out on the basis of dimensional arguments (m stands for the mass
of the body) :
(a) K = m2 v3
(b) K = (1/2) mv2
(c) K = ma
(d) K = (3/16)mv2
(e) K = (1/2) mv2 + ma [2 marks]
12.

11
13.

12
 02 Motion In A Plane

Solved Examples

1. A car is moving along a straight line, say OP. It moves from O to P in 18 s and returns from P to Q in 6.0 s as
shown in fig 8. What are the average velocity and average speed of the car in going (a) from O to P? (b) From O to
P and back to Q? [2 marks]

Fig.1
Sol. (a) Time taken for O to P = 18s
In going from O to P, distance travelled = 360 – 0 = 360m
In going from O to P, displacement = 360 – 0 = 360m
Total path length 360
Average speed = = = 20ms-1
Total time interval 18
Displacement 360
Average velocity = = = 20ms-1
Total time 18
(b) Time taken for O to Q = 18 + 6 = 24s
In going from O to Q, distance travelled = OP + PQ = 360 + (360-240) = 360 + 120 = 480m
In going from O to Q, displacement = 240 – 0 = 240m
480
Average speed = = 20ms-1
24
240
Average velocity = = 10ms-1
24
Ans.(a)Average speed = 20ms-1, Average velocity = 20ms-1 (b)Average speed = 20ms-1, Average velocity =
10ms-1.
2. A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5 km h-1. Finding the
market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed of 7.5 km h-1. What is the (a) magnitude of
average velocity, and (b) average speed of the man over the interval of time (i) 0 to 30 min, (ii) 0 to 50 min, (iii) 0
to 40 min? [3 marks]
Sol. DistanceTravelled 2.5
Time taken for home to market = = = ½ hr = 30min
Speed 5
DistanceTravelled 2.5 1
Time taken for market to home = = = hr = 20min
Speed 7.5 3
Total time taken = 30 + 20 = 50min
(i) For 0 to 30 min,
Distance traveled = 2.5km (from home to market).
Displacement = 2.5km
Time taken = 30min = ½ hr

13
 2.5
Average speed = = 5kmh-1
1/2
2.5
Average velocity = = 5kmh-1
1/2
Ans. Average speed = 5kmh-1, Average velocity = 5kmh-1
(ii) For 0 to 50 min,
Distance traveled = 5km (from home to market and market to home).
Displacement = 0km
50 5
Time taken = 50min = hr = hr
60 6
5
Average speed = = 6 kmh-1
5/6
0
Average velocity = = 0 kmh-1
5/6
Ans. Average speed = 6 kmh-1, Average velocity = 0 kmh-1
(iii) For 0 to 40 min,
Distance travelled in 30min = 2.5km
10
In next 10 min, distance travelled = 7.5 × = 1.25km
60
Hence, total distance travelled = 2.5 + 1.25 = 3.75km
Displacement in 40min = 2.5 – 1.25 = 1.25km (Refer to fig 9)
40 2
Time taken = = hr
60 3
3.75
Average speed = = 5.625 kmh-1
2/3
1.25
Average velocity = = 1.875 kmh-1
2/3
Ans. Average speed = 6 kmh-1, Average velocity = 1.875 kmh-1
3. On a 60km track, a train travels the first 30km with a uniform speed of 30kmh -1. How fast must the train travel the
next 30km so as to average 40kmh-1 for the entire trip. [2 marks]
Sol. Total distance, d = 60km, d1 = 30km, s1 = 30kmh-1, d2 = 30km, s = 40kmh-1
d
We know that, s = .
t
d 1 30
Hence, t1 = = = 1hr
s 1 30
Totaldistance 60
Total time, t = = = 1.5hr
AverageSpeed 40
⟹ t = t1 + t2
⟹ t2 = t – t1
⟹ t2 = 1.5 – 1 = 0.5hr
d2
Now, t2 =
s2
d2
⟹s2 =
t2
30
⟹ s2 = = 60kmh-1
0.5

14
 Ans. Train must travel with a speed of 60kmh-1 the next 30km.
4. A particle moves along X-axis in such a way that its x-coordinate varies with time t as x = 2 – 5t + 6t2, where x is
in metres (m) and t is in seconds (s). Find the initial velocity of the particle. [1 mark]
Sol. dx
We know that, v =
dt
2 2
d (2−5 t+ 6 t ) d (2) d (5 t) d (6 t )
Hence, v= ¿ - +
dt dt dt dt
v=¿ 0 – 5 + 12t
For initial velocity, t=0 s .
Hence, v=−5 ms -1
Ans. Initial velocity is −5 ms -1.
5. The position of an object moving along x-axis is given by x = a + bt 2where a = 8.5 m, b = 2.5 m s-2and t is
measured in seconds. What is its velocity at t = 0 s and t = 2.0 s. What is the average velocity between t = 2.0 s and
t = 4.0 s? [2 marks]
Sol. dx
We know that, v =
dt
2
d (a+ b t )
Hence, v =
dt
d (a) d (b t 2)
= +
dt dt
= 0 + 2bt
v = 2bt = 2(2.5)t = 5t
At t = 0s, v = 0ms-1
At t = 2s, v = 5(2) = 10ms-1
Displacement
For average velocity, vavg=
Total time interval
¿ x x
Displacement (at t =4s) – (at t = 2s)
= (a + b(4)2) – (a + b(2)2)
= 16b – 4b
= 12b
= 12(2.5)
= 30m.
Time taken = 4 – 2 = 2s
30
Hence, vavg= = 15ms-1
2
Ans. Velocity at t=0s is 0ms-1, at t = 2s is 10ms-1. vavg between 2 s and 4s is 15ms-1.
6. A car moving along a straight highway with speed of 126 km h -1 is brought to a stop within a distance of 200 m.
What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform), and how long does it take for the car to stop?[Prakash]
[2 marks]
Sol. 5
u = 126kmh-1 = 126× = 35ms-1 , s = 200m, v = 0ms-1
18
Using 3rd equation of motion, v2 = u2+2as, we get,
(0)2 = (35)2 + 2a (200)
−1225
⟹a= = -3.06ms-2
400
Using 1st equation of motion, v = u+at, we get,
0 = (35) – (3.06)t
400
⟹t= = 11.43s
35

15
 Ans. Retardation of car is 3.06ms-2 and time taken to stop is 11.43s.
7. A ball thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 19.6ms-1 from the top of a tower returns to the earth in 6s. Find
the height of the tower. [2 marks]
Sol. We know that, at maximum height, velocity = 0ms-1.
u = 19.6ms-1, v=0ms-1, a = -9.8ms-2 (acceleration due to gravity)
Using 1st equation of motion, v = u+at, we get,
0 = (19.6) – (9.8)t
19.6
⟹t= = 2s
9.8
Hence, in 2 sec, ball will be at maximum height from top of tower.
Thus, in next 2 sec, ball will reach top of tower from maximum height with velocity 19.6ms-1 in downward
direction.
Total time = 6s.
Time taken for ball to reach earth from top of tower = 6 – 2 – 2 = 2s.
Now, t = 2s, u = -19.6ms-1, a = -9.8ms-2.
Applying second equation of motion, s = ut + ½at2, we get,
s = (-19.6) (2) + ½(-9.8)(2)2
⟹ s = -39.2 + (-19.6)
⟹ s = -58.8m
Here, -ve sign indicates that displacement is in negative direction.
Ans. Height of tower = 58.8m
8. A body starting from rest accelerates uniformly at the rate of 10cms -2 and retards uniformly at the rate of 20cms -2.
Find the least time in which it can complete the journey of 5km if the maximum velocity attained by the body is
72kmh-1. [3 marks]
Sol. Sol: We can divide journey of body into 3 parts: (i) Accelerated motion, (ii) Decelerated motion, (iii) Uniform
motion.
5
(i) For accelerated motion, a = 10cms-2 = 0.1ms-2, u = 0ms-1, v = 72kmh-1 = 72 × = 20ms-1. Let s1 and t1 be
18
the distance travelled and time taken for accelerated motion.
Using 1st equation of motion, v = u + at, we get,
20 = 0 + (0.1)t1
20
⟹ t1 = = 200s
0.1
Now, using 2nd equation of motion, s = ut + ½at2, we get,
s1 = 0×200 + ½ × 0.1 × (200)2
⟹ s1 = 2000m
5
(ii) For decelerated motion, a = -20cms-2 = -0.2ms-2, u = 72kmh-1 = 72 × = 20ms-1, v = 0ms-1. Let s2 and t2
18
be the distance travelled and time taken for accelerated motion.
Using 1st equation of motion, v = u + at, we get,
0 = 20 + (-0.2)t2
−20
⟹ t2 = = 100s
−0.2
Now, using 2nd equation of motion, s = ut + ½at2, we get,
s2 = 20 × 100 - ½ × 0.2 × (100)2
⟹ s2 = 2000 – 1000 = 1000m
(iii) For uniform velocity motion, u = 20ms-1, v = 20ms-1, a = 0ms-2. Let s3 be the distance travelled and t3 be the
time taken.
Total distance of journey = s1 + s2 + s3 = 5km = 5000m
⟹2000 + 1000 + s3 = 5000
⟹ s3 = 2000m

16
 Using 2nd equation of motion, we get,
2000 = (20)t3
⟹ t3 = 100s
Hence, total time of journey = t1 + t2 + t3 = 200 + 100 + 100 = 400s
Ans. Total time of journey is 400s.
9. A burglar’s car had a start with an acceleration of 2ms -2. A police vigilant party came after 5 seconds and continued
to chase the burglar’s car with a uniform velocity of 20ms -1. Find the time in which the police van overtakes the
burglar’s car. [3 marks]
Sol. For burglar, u = 0ms-1, a = 2ms-2. Let distance travelled by burglar’s car be s and time taken by burglar be t s.
Using 2nd equation of motion, s = ut + ½ at2, we get,
s = 0 + ½ × 2 × t2
⟹ s = t2→①
For police, u = 20ms-1, a = 0ms-2. Since it comes 5 seconds later and covers equal distance as burglar car, hence,
distance travelled by police is s and time taken is (t–5)s.
Using 2nd equation of motion, s = ut + ½ at2, we get,
s = 20(t-5)
From equation ①, we get,
⟹t2 = 20(t-5)
⟹ t2 = 20t – 100
⟹ t2 – 20t + 100 = 0
⟹ (t – 10)2 = 0
⟹ t = 10s
Hence, time taken by police van to overtake burglar’s car = t – 5 = 10 – 5 = 5s
Ans. Police van overtakes burglar’s car in 5s.
10. A hundred meter sprinter increases her speed from rest uniformly at the rate of 1ms-2upto three quarters of the
total run and covers the last quarter with uniform speed. How much time does she take to cover the first half and
the second half of the run?[Udgam] [3
marks]
Sol. Sol: For first half of run, u = 0ms-1, a = 1ms-2, s = 50m (½ of 100m). Let t 1 be the time taken and v be the final
velocity at end of 50m.
Using 3rd equation of motion, v2 = u2 + 2as, we get,
v2 = 0 + 2 × 1 × 50
⟹ v2 = 100
⟹ v = 10ms-1
Now using 1st equation of motion, v = u + at, we get,
10 = 0 + 1 × t1
⟹ t1 = 10s
For second half of run, we divide it into 2 parts.
For starting 25m, motion is accelerated and for final 25m, motion is uniform. Let t 2 be the time for second half of
run.
For 1st 25m, u = 10ms-1 (final velocity at end of 50m is initial speed for next 25m run), a = 1ms -2, s = 25m.
Let t21 be time taken to cover 25m.
Using 3rd equation of motion, we get,
v2 = (10)2 + 2 × 1 × 25
⟹ v2 = 100 + 50
⟹ v2 = 150
⟹ v = √ 150 = 12.2ms-1
Now, using 1st equation of motion, we get,
12.2 = 10 + (1)×t21
⟹ t21 = 2.2s

17
 For 2nd 25m, u = 12.2ms-1, a = 0ms-2, s = 25m. Let t22 be time taken to cover last 25m.
Using 2nd equation of motion, we get,
25 = (12.2)t22
⟹ t22 = 2.04s
Now, t2 = t21 + t22 = 2.2 + 2.04 = 4.24s
Ans. Time taken for 1st half of run is 10s and for 2nd half of run is 4.24s.
11. From the top of a tower, a ball is dropped to fall freely under gravity and at the same time, another ball is thrown
up with a velocity of 50ms-1. Find the position of the 2 balls during the time interval t=0 to t=5s for each second.
Take g=10ms-2. [2 marks]
-1 -2
Sol. For ball 1 dropped from top of a tower, u=0ms , a = -10ms .
Using 2nd equation of motion, we get,
For t=1s, s = ½ (-10)(1)2 = -5m
For t=2s, s = ½ (-10)(2)2 = -20m
For t=3s, s = ½ (-10)(3)2 = -45m
For t=4s, s = ½ (-10)(4)2 = -80m
For t=5s, s = ½ (-10)(5)2 = -125m
For ball 2 thrown upward, u = 50ms-1, a = -10ms-2
Using 2nd equation of motion, we get,
For t=1s, s = (50)(1) + ½ (-10)(1)2 = 45m
For t=2s, s = (50)(2) + ½ (-10)(2)2 = 80m
For t=3s, s = (50)(3) + ½ (-10)(3)2 = 105m
For t=4s, s = (50)(4) + ½ (-10)(4)2 = 120m
For t=5s, s = (50)(5) + ½ (-10)(5)2 = 125m

18
 PPC 2.1

1. A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5 km h -1. Finding the
market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed of 7.5 km h -1. What is the (a) magnitude
of average velocity, and (b) average speed of the man over the interval of time (i) 0 to 30 min, (ii) 0 to 50 min,
(iii) 0 to 40 min?
Ans. 5kmh-1, 5kmh-1, 0kmh-1, 6kmh-1, 1.875kmh-1, 5.625kmh-1 [3 marks]
2. A body travels the first half of the total distance with velocity v 1 and the second half with velocity v 2.
Calculate the average velocity.
2 v1 v2
Ans. [2 marks]
v1+ v2
3. A body covers one third part of its journey with speed ‘u’, next one-third with speed ‘v’ and the last one-third
with velocity speed ‘w’. Calculate the average speed of the body during the entire journey.
3uvw
Ans. [2
uv+ vw+ uw
marks]
4. On a 60km track, a train travels the first 30km with a uniform speed of 30kmh -1. How fast must the train travel
the next 30km so as to average 40kmh-1 for the entire trip.
Ans. 60kmh-1 [2 marks]

5.

19
 Home Work Sheet 2.1

M.C.Q
1. A particle moves on a circular path of radius 'r'. It completes one revolution in 40 s. Calculate distance and
displacement respectively in 2 min 20 s.
(a) 2r, 7r (b) 7r, 2r (c) 7r, 2r (d) 2r, 7r
2. Distance travelled by the tip of minute hand of length 10 cm in 100 sec is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3. An object travels 10 km at a speed of 100 m/s and another 10 km at 50 m/s. The average speed over the whole
distance is :-
(a) 75 m/s (b) 55 m/s (c) 66.7 m/s (d) 33.3 m/s
4. A boy walks to his school at a distance of 6 km with constant speed of 2.5 km/hour and walks back with a
constant speed of 4 km/hr. His average speed for round trip expressed in km/hour, is
(a) 24/13 (b) 40/13 (c) 3 (d) 1/2
5. A body has speed v, 2v and 3v in first 1/3 part of total travelled distance S, second 1/3 part of S and third 1/3
part of S respectively. Its average speed will be :-
(a) v (b) 2v (c) 18v/11 (d) 11v/18
Theory
6. Define the following terms and write their SI units: (i) Displacement, and (ii) Instantaneous velocity.
[2 marks]
7. Distinguish between average velocity and average speed over same time interval in one dimensional motion.
Can first quantity be greater than average speed? When are two quantities equal? [KV] [2 marks]
8. Distinguish between distance travelled and displacement. [2 marks]
9. Define uniform motion. State its features. [2 marks]
Application based
10. A bullet fired vertically upwards falls at the same place after some time. What is the displacement of the
bullet? [1 mark]
11. Under what condition is the average velocity equal to the instantaneous velocity. [1 mark]
12. A particle is moving along a circular track of radius r. What is the distance travelled by the particle in half a
revolution? What is its displacement? Ans. πr , 2r [1 mark]
13. In which of the following examples of motion, can the body be considered approximately a point object:(a) a
railway carriage moving without jerks between two stations.(b) a monkey sitting on top of a man cycling
smoothly on a circular track.(c) a spinning cricket ball that turns sharply on hitting the ground.(d) a tumbling
beaker that has slipped off the edge of a table. [1 mark]
14. State in the following cases, if the motion is one, two, three dimensional:-
(a) A kite flying on a windy day.
(b)A speeding car on a long straight highway.
(c)An insect crawling on a globe.
(d)A planet revolving around the sun. [2 marks]
Numerical
15. A car travel along straight line for the first half time with speed 50kmh -1 and the second half time with speed
60 kmh-1. Find the average speed of the car.
Ans. 55kmh-1 [2 marks]

20
16. A car covers the first half of the distance between two plates at a speed of 40 kmh -1 and the second half at
60kmh-1. what is the average speed of the car?
Ans. 48 kmh-1 [2 marks]

21
 PPC 2.2

1. Following figure gives the x-t plot of a particle in one-dimensional motion. Three different equal intervals of
time are shown. In which interval is the average speed greatest, and in which is it the least? Give the sign of
average velocity for each interval. [2 marks]

2. According to the graph in figure given below, what are the types of motion in part I, II, III and IV?
[2 marks]

3. From the graph in figure given below, find the value of average acceleration in the given time intervals, (i) 0
to 10s, (ii) 10 to 18s and (iii) 18 to 20s?
Ans. 2.4ms-2, 0ms-2, -12ms-2. [2 marks]

4. Following figure gives the x-t plot of a particle executing one-dimensional simple harmonic motion. Give the
signs of position, velocity and acceleration variables of the particle at t = 0.3 s, 1.2 s, – 1.2 s. [3 marks]

22
1.

23
 Home Work Sheet 2.2

M.C.Q
1. A particle starts from rest, its acceleration-time graph is shown in figure. Find out velocity at t = 4 sec

(a) 20 m/s (b) 30 m/s (c) 40 m/s (d) None of these

2
2. A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration at time t = 0 is 5 m/s which varies with time as shown in the figure.
The maximum speed of the particle will be :

(a) 7 m/s (b) 15 m/s (c) 20 m/s (d) 37.5 m/s

3. The variation of velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is illustrated in the figure. The distance
traversed by the particle in 3 seconds is

(a) 60 m (b) 45 m (c) 55 m (d) 30 m

4. Which of the following displacement–time graphs shows a realistic situation for a body in motion?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

5. A person walks along an east-west street and a graph of his displacement from home is shown in figure. His
average speed for the whole-time interval is

(a) 0 (b) 23 m/s (c) 8 m/s (d) None of above

24
Theory
6. (i) What does the slope of position-time graph indicate?
(ii) What is the nature of velocity-time graph for uniform motion?
(iii) If the x-t graph for a particle is parallel to time-axis, how much is the velocity of the particle.
(iv) What does the area under acceleration-time graph represent? [4 marks]
7. What is uniform motion? How would you represent uniform motion graphically? What are the uses of such
graph? [3 marks]
8. Discuss the motion of an object under free fall and draw:-
(a) Acceleration time
(b) Velocity time and
(c) Position –time graph for this motion. [3 marks]
9. How do we find the average and instantaneous velocities from the position-time graph. [2 marks]
Graph based
10. Draw x-t graph to show, (i) positive acceleration, (ii) Negative acceleration, (iii) Zero acceleration.
[3 marks]
11. An object is in uniform motion along a straight line ,sketch the position (x) vs time(t) graph for the motion if
(i) X 0=positive, v=negative |⃗v| is constant (ii) Both X 0 and v are negative |⃗v| is constant where X 0 is
position at t=0s [2 marks]
12. Draw the acceleration verses time graph for an object projected upwards with a velocity V 0 , which comes
back to the same point after some time. [1 mark]
Application based
13. If the x-t graph for a particle is parallel to displacement axis, what should be the velocity of the particle?
[1 mark]
14. The displacement of a body is given to be proportional to the cube of time elapsed. What is the nature of the
acceleration of the body?[DPS] [2016] [1 mark]
15. Following figure gives a speed-time graph of a particle in motion along a constant direction. Three equal
intervals of time are shown. In which interval is the average acceleration greatest in magnitude? In which
interval is the average speed greatest? Choosing the positive direction as the constant direction of motion, give
the signs of v and a in the three intervals. What are the accelerations at the points A, B, C and D?
[3 marks]

16. The velocity time graph of a body projected vertically upwards is shown below. Find
(a) The maximum height achieved
(b) Position of a body at 1s
(c) Will the displacement of a body ever be negative? [3 marks]

25
17.

26
 PPC 2.3

1. The displacement x of a particle varies with time t as x = 4t2-15t+25. Find the position, velocity and
acceleration of the particle at t=0. When will the velocity of the particle become zero? Can we call the motion
of the particle as one with uniform acceleration?
Ans. 25m, -15ms-1, 8ms-2, 1.875s, yes constant acceleration. [2 marks]
2 -1
2. The velocity of the particle is given by the equation, v=2t +5cms . Find (i) the change in velocity of the
particle during the time interval between t 1 = 2s and t2=4s, (ii) the average acceleration during the same
interval and (iii) the instantaneous acceleration at t 2 = 4s.
Ans. 24cms-1, 12cms-2, 16cms-2 [3 marks]
3. The relation between t and distance x is t= a x +b x where a and b are constants. Express the instantaneous
2

acceleration in terms of instantaneous velocity.

Ans. -2av3 [3 marks]
4. The distance x of a particle moving in one dimension, under the action of a constant force is related to time t
by the equation, t=√ x +3, where x is in metres and t in seconds. Find the displacement of the particle when its
velocity is zero.
Ans. Zero [2 marks]

5.

27
 Home Work Sheet 2.3

M.C.Q
1. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
2. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
3. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
4. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
5. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3

Numerical
6. A particle moves along X-axis in such a way that its x-coordinate varies with time t as x = 2 – 5t + 6t 2,
where x is in metres (m) and t in sec(s). Find the initial velocity of the particle.
Ans. -5 m/s [2 marks]
7. The position of an object moving along x-axis is given by x = a + bt where a = 8.5 m, b = 2.5 m s-2and t is
2

measured in seconds. What is its velocity at t = 0 s and t = 2.0 s. What is the average velocity between t =
2.0 s and t = 4.0 s?
Ans. 0ms-1, 10ms-1, 15ms-1 [2 marks]
2
8. The displacement (in meter) of a particle moving along x-axis is given by x=18t+5t . Calculate:
(i) The instantaneous velocity at t=2s, Ans. 38ms-1
(ii) Average velocity between t=2s and t=3s, Ans. 43ms-1
(iii) Instantaneous acceleration. Ans. 10ms-2 [3 marks]
9. The displacement is given as x = 2 + 4t+ 5t . Find instantaneous velocity t=1 s.
-2

Ans. -6 units [2 marks]

2
10. The displacement x of a particle at time t along a straight line is given by x = α-βt + γt . Find the
acceleration of the particle.
Ans. 2γ [2 marks]
11. The distance traversed by a particle moving along a straight line is given by x=¿ 180t+50t2 meter. Find:

28
(i) The initial velocity of the particle. Ans. 180ms-1
(ii) The velocity at the end of 4s. Ans. 580ms-1
(iii) The acceleration of the particle. Ans. 100ms-2 [3 marks]
12. The displacement x of a particle along X-axis is given by x =3+8t+7t . Obtain its velocity and acceleration
2

at t=2s.
Ans. 36ms-1, 14ms-2 [2 marks]

29
 PPC 2.4

1. A car moving along a straight highway with speed of 126 km h -1 is brought to a stop within a distance of 200
m. What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform), and how long does it take for the car to stop?
Ans. 3.06ms-2, 11.43s. [2 marks]
2. A jet plane starts from rest with an acceleration of 3ms -2 and makes a run for 35s before taking off. What is the
minimum length of the runway and what is the velocity of the jet at take off?
Ans. 1837.5m, 105ms-1 [2 marks]
3. A burglar’s car had a start with an acceleration of 2ms -2. A police vigilant party came after 5 seconds and
continued to chase the burglar’s car with a uniform velocity of 20ms -1. Find the time in which the police van
overtakes the burglar’s car.
Ans. 5s. [3 marks]
-1
4. A player throws a ball upwards with an initial speed of 29.4 m s .
(a) What is the direction of acceleration during the upward motion of the ball?
(b) What are the velocity and acceleration of the ball at the highest point of its motion?
(c) Choose the x = 0 m and t = 0 s to be the location and time of the ball at its highest point, vertically
downward direction to be the positive direction of x-axis, and give the signs of position, velocity and
acceleration of the ball during its upward, and downward motion.
(d) To what height does the ball rise and after how long does the ball return to the player’s hands? (Take g =
9.8 m s-2 and neglect air resistance).
Ans.(a) vertically downward. (b) zero and 9.8 m s -2 (c)during upward motion position is +ve, velocity is –ve
and acceleration is +ve. During downward motion position all three are +ve. (d)- 44.1m, 6s
[3 marks]
-1
5. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 10s to a velocity of 8ms . It then runs at a constant
velocity and is finally brought to rest in 64m with a constant retardation. The total distance travelled by car is
584m. Find the value of acceleration, retardation and total time taken.
Ans. 0.8ms-2, -0.5ms-2, 86s

30
 Home Work Sheet 2.4

M.C.Q
1. The motion of a particle is described by the equation x = a + bt2 where a = 15 cm and b = 3 cm/sec2 . Its
acceleration at time 3 sec will be :-
(a) 36 cm/sec2 (b) 18 cm/sec2 (c) 6 cm/sec2 (d) 32 cm/sec2
2. Displacement x of a particle is related to time t as x = at + bt 2 – ct3 where a, b and c are constants. The velocity
of the particle when its acceleration is zero is given by :-

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3. A particle starts from rest, moves with constant acceleration for 15 s. If it covers S 1 distance in first 5 s then
distance S2 in next 10 s, then find the relation between S1 & S2.
(a) S2 = 2S1 (b) S2 = 4S1 (c) S2 =6S1 (d) S2 =8S1
–1
4. A car moving along a straight highway with speed 126 kmh is brought to a halt within a distance of 200m.
What is the retardation of the car (assume uniform) and how long does it take for the car to stop?
(a) 3.06 ms–2 ; 11.4 s (b) 3.06 ms–2 ; 1.14 s (c) 30.6 ms–2 ; 11.4 s (d) 30.6 ms–2 ; 1.14 s
5. If a car at rest accelerates uniformly and attains a speed of 54 km/h in 10s, then it covers a distance of
(a) 75 m (b) 100 m (c) 200 m (d) 400 m

Derivations
6. Derive the equations of motion using graphical method. [3 marks]
7. Derive the equations of motion using calculus method. [3 marks]
Numerical
8. A race car accelerates on a straight road from rest to a speed of 180kmh -1 in 25s. Assuming uniform
acceleration of the car throughout, find the distance covered in this time.
Ans. 625m [2 marks]
-1
9. A ball thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 19.6ms from the top of a tower returns to the earth in 6s.
Find the height of the tower.
Ans. 58.8m [2 marks]
10. Two balls are thrown simultaneously a vertically upward with speed of 20 m/s from the ground and B dropped
freely from a height of 60 m and along the same line of motion at what distance do they collide? Take g=10
m/s2[Udgam]
Ans. 3s, 15m [3 marks]
11. An athlete runs a distance of 1500m in the following manner: (i) Starting from rest, he accelerates uniformly
at 2ms-2 till he covers a distance of 900m. (ii) He then runs the remaining distance of 600m at the uniform
speed developed. Calculate the time taken by the athlete to cover the two parts of the distance covered. Also
find the time taken to reach centre of the track.
Ans. 30s, 10s, 27.4s [3 marks]
12. A ball roll downs an inclined track 2m long in 4s. Find (a) acceleration, (ii) time taken to cover second metre
of the track, (iii) speed of the ball at the bottom of the track.
Ans. 0.25ms-2, 1.17s, 1ms-1 [3 marks]
13. An electron started from rest, has a velocity ‘ν’ given by ν= kt, where k= 4 ms-2 and it is the time in second.
What will be the distance covered in first 4 second? [Udgam]
Ans. 32m [2 marks]
14. The acceleration of a particle in ms -2 is given by a=3t2+ 2t+2, where t is in second. If the particle starts with a
velocity v=2ms-1 at t=0, then find the velocity at the end of 2s.

31
Ans. 18ms-1 [2 marks]
2
(a)The velocity of a body is given by v=4t +3t-2t. find the displacement of the body in 2s.
(b) The velocity time graph for a body is given below. Draw the acceleration-time graph from it.
[2 marks]

32
Assignment Sheet :
1. What is meant by relative velocity? Obtain an expression for the relative displacement of two particles moving
with velocity V 1and V 2 along a straight line path. [3 marks]
2. Give an example in which the distance travelled and displacements have the same magnitude.[1 mark]
3. A body covers a distance of 20m in the 7 th second and 24m in the 9 th second. How much shall it cover in 15 th
second?
Ans. 36m [2 marks]
rd th
4. A body moving with uniform acceleration described 10 m in 3 second and 12 in 5 second. Find the distance
travelled in 9th second? [Udgam]Ans. 16m [2 marks]
5. Figure shows the x-t plot of one-dimensional motion of a particle. Is it correct
to say from the graph that the particle moves in a straight line for t<0 and on a
parabolic path for t>0? If not, suggest a suitable context for this graph .

[2 marks]

Fig.3
6. The position-time ( x−t ¿ graphs for two children A and B returning from their
school O to their homes P and Q respectively are shown in Fig 4. Choose the
correct entries in the brackets below
i. (A/B) lives closer to the school than (B/A)
ii. (A/B) starts from the school earlier than (B/A)
iii. (A/B) walks faster than (B/A)
iv. A and B reach home at the (same/different) time
v. (A/B) overtakes (B/A) on the road (once/twice). [5 marks]
Fig.4
7. A ball is dropped from a height of 90m on a floor. At each collision with a floor, the ball loses one tenth of its
speed. Plot the speed-time graph of its motion between t=0 to 12s. [3 marks]
-1 -1
8. A car moving at 10ms on a straight road is ahead of car B moving in the same direction at 6ms . Find the velocity
of A relative to B and vice-versa.
Ans. 4ms-1, -4ms-1 [2 marks]
-1 -1
9. A car A is moving with a speed of 60kmh and car B is moving with a speed of 75kmh , along parallel straight
paths, starting from the same point. What is the position of car A w.r.t. B after 20 minutes?
Ans. 5km behind [2 marks]
10. The speed-time graph of a particle moving along a fixed direction is shown in
fig.5 Obtain the distance travelled by the particle between (a) t=0s to t=10s, (b)
t=2s to t=6s [2 marks]

Fig.5
11. Suggest a suitable physical situation for each of the following graphs [3 marks]

Fig.6
12. Look at the graph (a) to (d) carefully and state, with reason, which of these cannot possibly represent one-

33
 dimensional motion of a particle. [2 marks]

Fig.7
13. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 100m completes one revolution in 4 minutes. What is his (i) average
speed, (ii) average velocity in one full revolution?
Ans. 50π metre/minute, Zero [2 marks]
14. A woman starts from her home at 9.00 am, walks with a speed of 5 km h.1 on a straight road up to her office 2.5
km away, stays at the office up to 5.00 pm, and returns home by an auto with a speed of 25 kmh -1. Choose suitable
scales and plot the x-t graph of her motion. [1 mark]
15. A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, followed again by 5 steps
forward and 3 steps backward, and so on. Each step is 1 m long and requires 1 s. Plot the x-t graph of his motion.
Determine graphically and otherwise how long the drunkard takes to fall in a pit 13 m away from the start.
Ans. 37s [2 marks]
16. An insect crawling up a wall crawls 5cm upwards in the first minute but then slides 3cm downwards in the next
minute. It again crawls up 5 cm upwards in the third minute but again slides 3cm downwards in the fourth minute.
How long will the insect take to reach a crevice in the wall at a height of 24cm from its starting point? Draw
position-time graph for the same.
Ans. 21 minutes [2 marks]
-2
17. Starting from the rest a car uniformly accelerates uniformly with 3ms for 5s and then moves with uniform
velocity. Draw the distance – time graph of the motion of the car upto t=7s. [2 marks]
18. On turning a corner a car driver driving at 36kmh -1 finds a child on the road 55m ahead. He immediately applied
breaks so as to stop within 5 m of the child. Calculate the retardation produced and the time taken by the car to
stop.
Ans. 1ms-2, 10s [2 marks]
19. A body starting from rest accelerates uniformly at the rate of 10cms and retards uniformly at the rate of 20cms -2.
-2

Find the least time in which it can complete the journey of 5km if the maximum velocity attained by the body is
72kmh-1.
Ans. 400s. [3 marks]
20. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20 ms -1 from the top of a multi-storey building. The height of
the point from where the ball is thrown is 25.0 m from the ground. (a) How high will the ball rise? and (b) how
long will it be before the ball hits the ground? Take g = 10ms-2.
Ans. 20m, 5s. [3 marks]
21. The motion of an object is shown in figure.

34
(a) Describe the motion of the object for the three distinct intervals shown.
Ans. Uniform motion in 0-2s, rest in 2-5s, uniform motion in opposite direction in 5-6s
(b) Determine the displacement after i) 2.00s ii) 5.00 iii) 6.00s
Ans. 5m, 5m, 0m
(c) When is the object at 3.00 meters?
Ans. 1.2s and 5.4s
(d) Calculate the average velocity for the time interval of 0-5.00 s.
Ans. 1ms-1
(e) Determine the overall: i) displacement ii) distance travelled.
Ans. 0m, 10m [3 marks]

35
 03 Motion In A Plane

Solved Examples

1. Find the magnitude and direction of resultant of addition of two vectors A and B which are at (a) θ = 0 0, (b) θ =
900 to each other ?[DPS] [2 marks]
Sol. B sinθ
For two vectors added, resultant is given by, R=√ A 2+ B2 +2 AB cos θ and tan α =
A+ B cos θ
(a) For θ=00,
R=√ A 2+ B2 +2 AB cos 0
= √ A 2 + B2+ 2 AB
=√ ( A+ B)2
R= A+B
B sin 0
For resultant direction, tan α= [sin0=0, cos0=1]
A+ B cos 0
⟹ tan α = 0
⟹ α = 00
Ans. Resultant of A & B is given by A+B at an angle 00 to A.
(b) For θ = 900,
R=√ A 2+ B2 +2 AB cos 90
R=√ A 2+ B2
B sin 90
For resultant direction, tan α = [sin90=1, cos90=0]
A+ B cos 90
B
⟹ tan α =
A
B
⟹ α = tan-1
A
B
Ans. Resultant of A & B is given by √ A 2 + B2 at an angle tan-1 to A.
A
2. Two equal forces have their resultant equal to either. What is the inclination between them?[DPS] [2 marks]
Sol. Let two forces be equal to A.

Hence, their resultant is equal to A.

Using R2 = A2 + B2 + 2ABcos θ, we get,
A2 = A2 + A2 + 2A2cosθ
cosθ =−¿ ½
Ans. θ = 1200
3. Two forces whose magnitudes are in the ratio of 3:5, give a resultant of 35 N with angle of inclination between
them is 600. Calculate the magnitude of each force. [2 marks]
Sol. Here, force A = 3x and force B = 5x, where x is the common factor between A and B forces.
It is given that, R=35N and θ=600

36
 Using,
R2 = A2 + B2 + 2ABcos θ, we get,
352 = (3x)2 + (5x)2 + 2(3x)(5x)cos 600
⟹ 1225 = 9x2+ 25x2 + 30x2(1/2)
⟹ 1225 =49x2
⟹x=5
Ans. Hence, A = 15N and B = 25N
4. Establish the following vector inequalities. Give the condition in which the equality sign holds.
(a) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|, (b) |a + b| ≥ ||a| - |b||, (c) |a-b|≤|a|+|b|, (d) |a - b| ≥ |a| - |b| [3 marks]
Sol. Two vectors a⃗ and b⃗ are inclined at an angle θ, then their resultant is |a⃗ +b⃗ |=√ a2 +b 2+ 2ab cosθ.
(a)Now, |a⃗ +b⃗ | will be maximum when cosθ = 1 or θ = 0.
|a⃗ +b⃗ |max = √ a2 +b 2+ 2ab cos 0
= √ a2 +b 2+ 2ab
√
= (a+ b)2 = a + b or |a⃗ |+|b⃗ |
Hence, |a⃗ +b⃗ |≤|a⃗ |+|b⃗ |
(b)Also, value of |a⃗ +b⃗ | will be minimum when cosθ = -1 or θ = 1800.
|a⃗ +b⃗ |min = √ a2 +b 2+ 2ab cos 180
= √ a2 +b 2−2 ab
√
= (a−b)2
= a - b or |a⃗ |-|b⃗ |
Hence, |a⃗ +b⃗ |≥|a⃗ |-|b⃗ |.
If θ is the angle between a⃗ and b⃗ , then the angle between a⃗ and -b⃗ will be (1800 – θ)
√
Thus, |a⃗ - b⃗ | = |a⃗ + (-b⃗ )| = ¿ ⃗a ∨¿2 +¿− ⃗b∨¿2+ 2|⃗a|∨−⃗b ∨cos ⁡(180−θ) ¿ ¿
√
= ¿ ⃗a ∨¿2 +¿ ⃗b ∨¿2−2|a⃗|∨b⃗ ∨cos ⁡θ ¿ ¿ [∵ |-b⃗ |=|b⃗ |, cos(180-θ) = cosθ]
(c)Now, |a⃗ - b⃗ | will be maximum when cosθ = -1 or θ = 1800.
√
|a⃗ - b⃗ |max = ¿ ⃗a ∨¿2 +¿ ⃗b ∨¿2−2|a⃗|∨b⃗ ∨cos ⁡180 ¿ ¿
√
= ¿ ⃗a ∨¿2 +¿ ⃗b ∨¿2 +2|⃗a|∨⃗b ∨¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

√
= (|⃗a|+|⃗b|)
2

=|a⃗ |+|b⃗ |
Hence, |a⃗ - b⃗ |≤|a⃗ |+|b⃗ |.
(d) Similarly, Now, |a⃗ - b⃗ | will be minimum when cosθ = 1 or θ = 00 and continue as done above.
5. The sum and difference of two vectors ⃗
A and ⃗
B are ⃗ B =2i^ +6 ^j +k^ and ⃗
A +⃗ B =4i^ +2 ^j -11k^ . Find ⃗
A-⃗ A and ⃗
B
and their scalar product ⃗ A .⃗
B [2
marks]
Sol. Here,⃗A +⃗B =2i^ +6 ^j +k^ ⟶① & ⃗ B =4i^ +2 ^j -11k^ ⟶②
A-⃗
Adding ① & ②, we get,
A=¿ 6i^ +8 ^j -10k^
2⃗
A=¿ 3i^ +4 ^j -5k^
⟹⃗
Substituting value of ⃗
A in eqn ①, we get,
B = (2i^ +6 ^j +k^ ) – (3i^ +4 ^j -5k^ )
⃗
⟹⃗ B = -i^ +2 ^j +6k^
Now, ⃗A .⃗B = (3i^ +4 ^j -5k^ ).(-i^ +2 ^j +6k^ )
⟹⃗ A .⃗ B = -3 + 8 + -30 = -25

37
6. If ⃗
A +⃗ C and A2+B2=C2, then prove that ⃗
B=⃗ A and ⃗
B are perpendicular to each other. [2 marks]
Sol. Here, ⃗A +⃗ B=⃗ C.
(⃗
A +⃗B).( ⃗
A +⃗B)=⃗C .⃗
C
2 2 2
C = A + B + 2A.B ⃗ ⃗
C2 = A2 + B2 + 2ABcosθ
⟹ 2ABcosθ = 0 [∵ A2+B2 = C2]
⟹ cosθ = 0
⟹ θ = 900
Hence, ⃗ A and ⃗B are perpendicular to each other.
7. θ
If unit vectors a^ and b^ are inclined at an angle θ, then prove that |a^ - b^ |= 2 sin . [2 marks]
2
Sol. We know, |a^ |2 = a^ . a^
a^ – b^ |2 = (a^ – b^ ). (a^ – b^ ¿
a^ - b^ |2 = a^ . a^ + b^ . b^ -a^ . b^ -b^ . a^
|a^ - b^ |2 = (a^ )2 + (b^ )2 + 2(a^ )(b^ )cosθ
⟹ |a^ - b^ |2 = 1 + 1 – 2cosθ
⟹ |a^ - b^ |2 = 2(1 - cosθ)
θ
⟹ |a^ - b^ |2 = 2(2sin2 ) [∵ cos2θ = 1 – 2sin2θ]
2
θ
⟹ |a^ - b^ | = 2 sin
2
Hence proved.
8. On an open ground, a motorist follows a track that turns to his left by an angle
of 60° after every 500 m. Starting from a given turn, specify the displacement
of the motorist at the third, sixth and eighth turn. Compare the magnitude of
the displacement with the total path length covered by the motorist in each
case. [3 marks]
Sol. As shown in Fig. 1 suppose motorist starts from point A.
Clearly, he will follow the hexagonal path ABCDEFA. The orders of the turns
taken by him are indicated at the vertices of the hexagon.
(i) At the third turn, the motorist will be at D. The magnitude of displacement
⃗
AD = AP+ PQ+ QD Fig. 1
= AB sin 30°+ BC+ CD sin 30°
1 1
= 500 × + 500 + 500 × = 1000 m =1 km.
2 2
The direction of AD is 60°left of the initial direction ⃗
⃗ AB .
Total path length = AB+ BC+ CD = 500 x 3 = 1500m =1.5 km
(ii) At the sixth turn, the motorist comes back to the starting point A, so magnitude of displacement is zero.
Total path length = AB+ BC+ CD+ DE+ EF + FA = 500 x 6 = 3000 m = 3 km
(iii) At the eighth turn, the motorist will be at C. The magnitude of his displacement ⃗
AC is

|⃗
AC | = AR + RC= AB sin 60° + BC sin 60°
= 500 ×
√3 √3
= 500√ 3 = 866m.
+ 500 ×
2 2
AC is 30° left of the initial direction⃗
The direction of ⃗ AB .
Total path length = 500 x8 = 4000 m = 4 km

38
9. Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 30 m/s. A woman rides a bicycle with a
speed of 10 m/s in the north to south direction. What is the relative velocity of rain
with respect to the woman? What is the direction in which she should hold her
umbrella to protect herself from the rain?
Sol. The situation is shown in Fig 2.
Here ⃗
OA =⃗ v W = velocity of woman cyclist = 10 m/s, due south
⃗
OB = ⃗
v R = velocity of rain = 30 m/s, vertically downward
⃗
OC = - ⃗
v W = Opposite velocity of the woman cyclist.
⃗
OD = ⃗
v R + (- ⃗
vW ) = ⃗vR - ⃗
v W =⃗
v RW
= Velocity of rain relative to woman cyclist
v RW = OD= √ OC 2 +OB 2 =√ 102 +302
Fig. 2
= 10√ 10 =31.6 m/s
If OD makes angle  with the vertical, then
BD OC 10
tan = = = = 0.3333 or = 18°26'.
OB OB 30
Ans. The woman should hold her umbrella at 18°26' with the vertical in the direction of her motion i.e.,
towards south.
10. A river 800m wide flows at a rate of 5kmh -1. A swimmer who can swim at 10kmh -1 in still water, wishes to
cross the river straight. (i) Along what direction must he strike? (ii) What would be his resultant velocity? (iii)
How much time he would take? [3 marks]
Sol. Here, width of river = 800m, v1 = velocity of river = 5kmh , v2 = velocity of swimmer in still water = 10kmh-1
-1

(i) The swimmer will cross the river straight if the resultant velocity ⃗v
is perpendicular to the bank of the river. This will be possible if the
swimmer moves makes an angle θ with the normal to the river.
BC v 1 5
In ΔOCB, sin θ = = =
OB v 2 10
Ans.  = sin-1(0.5) = 300
Thus, the swimmer will swim at 300 with the normal to the river.
(ii) Resultant velocity of the swimmer is v.
2 2
In ΔOBC, by pythagoras theorem, v 1 + v2 = v 2
Fig. 3
⟹ v = √ v 22−v 21 = √ 102−52 = 8.66kmh-1

8.66 ×5
= = 2.4ms-1
18
Ans. Resultant velocity = 2.4ms-1
(iii) Time taken to cross the river,
width of river 800
⟹t = = = 333.3s
v 2.4
Ans. Time taken to cross river = 333.3s
11. A man can swim with a speed of 4 km/h in still water. How long does he take to cross the river 1 km wide, if
the river flows steadily at 3 km/h and he makes his strokes normal to the river current? How far from the river
does he go, when he reaches the other bank? [2 marks]

39
Sol. In Fig. 4 ⃗v M and ⃗v R represent the velocities of man and river. Clearly ⃗v is
the resultant of these velocities. If the man begins to swim along AB, he
will be deflected to the path AC by the flowing river.
Time taken to cover distance AC with velocity ⃗v will be same as the time
taken to cover distance AB with velocity ⃗ vM .
AB 1 km 1
Time taken by the man to cross the river is t = = = h
v M 4 km/h 4
=15 min
Distance through which the man goes down the river is Fig. 4
1
BC = v R × t = 3 km/h × h = 0.75 km
4
12. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with a velocity of 5.0 i^ m/s and moves in x-y plane under action of a
force which produces a constant acceleration of (3 i^ + 2 ^j ) m/s2. (a) What is the y-coordinate of the particle at
the instant its x-coordinate is 84 m? (b) What is the speed of the particle at this time? [3 marks]
Sol. Given, ux = 5ms-1, uy = 0ms-1, ax = 3ms-2, ay = 2ms-2.
(a) Here, x = 84m.
Using x = uxt + ½ axt2, we get,
84 = 5t + ½ (3)t2
168 = 10t + 3t2
3t2 + 10t - 168 = 0
3t2-18t + 28t – 168 = 0
(3t + 28)(t - 6)=0
t = 6sec
Now, applying x = uyt + ½ ayt2, we get,
y = (0)(6) + ½ (2)(6)2
y = 36m
Ans. y-coordinate is 36m.
(b) Applying, vx = ux + axt & vy = uy + ayt, we get.
vx = 5 + 3(6) = 23ms-1
vy = 0 + 2(6) = 12ms-1
√
v= v 2x + v 2y = √ 232 +122 = 26ms-1
Ans. Velocity is 26ms-1.
13. In a harbour, wind is blowing at the speed of 72 km/h and the flag on the mast of a boat anchored in the
harbour flutters along the N-E direction. If the boat starts moving at a speed of 51 km/h to the north, what is
the direction of the flag on the mast of the boat? [2 marks]
Sol. When the boat is stationary, the flag flutters along N-E direction. This shows
that velocity of the wind is along N-E direction. When the boat moves, the flag
flutters along the direction of relative velocity of wind w.r.t. the boat. Thus ⃗
vw =
-1
wind velocity = 72kmh , due N-E direction.
Boat velocity = ⃗ v B = 51kmh-1, due north
Relative velocity of wind w.r.t boat is given by,
⃗
v wB = ⃗
vw - ⃗
vB = ⃗v w + (-⃗
v B)
Fig. 5
Clearly, the flag will flutter in the direction of vwB on the mast of the moving boat.
Angle between ⃗ v w and -⃗
v B, θ = 900 + 450 = 1350
If ⃗
v wB makes angle β with ⃗
v w, then
v B sinθ
tan β =
v w + v B cosθ

40
 51 sin 135
=
72+ 51cos 135
51sin 135
=
72+ 51¿ ¿
1
51( )
=
√2
1
72−51( )
√2
= 1.0037
β = tan-1 1.0037  β = 45.010
Ans. Angle w.r.t east direction = 45.010 - 45= 0.01. Hence the flag will flutter almost in the east direction.
14. A particle P is moving along a straight line with a velocity of 3ms-1 and another particle Q has a velocity of
4ms-1 at an angle of 300 to the path of P. Find the speed of Q relative to P. [2 marks]
Sol. The situation is shown in fig. 18.
Here, ⃗
OA = ⃗ v p = 3ms-1
⃗
OB = ⃗v Q = 4ms-1
⃗
OC = -⃗
v p = opposite velocity of
Fig. 6
Relative velocity of Q w.r.t. P is,
⃗
v QP = ⃗vQ - ⃗
vP = ⃗
v Q + (-⃗
v P)
In Parallelogram OBDC,
OC = 3ms1, OB=4ms-1, ∠BOC = 1500
∴⃗ v QP = OD
= √ OC 2 +OB 2+2 ( OC ) ( OB ) cos 150

√ −√ 3
= 32 +4 2+ 2 ( 3 )( 4 ) (

= √ 9+16−12(1.732)
2
)

= √ 4.216
Ans. ⃗
v QP = 2.1ms-1
15. A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 28m/s in a direction 30° above the horizontal. Calculate: (a) The
maximum height (b) The time taken by the ball to return to the same level (c) The horizontal distance from the
thrower to the point where the ball returns to the same level. [3 marks]
Sol. Here u=28m/s, θ=30°
2 2 2 2
u sin θ 28 sin 30 °
(a) Maximum Height, h= = = 10.0m
2g 2 ×9.8
(b) The time taken by the ball to return to the same level,
2u sin θ 2× 28× sin 30 °
¿ = = 2.9s.
g 9.8
(c) The distance from the thrower to the point where the ball returns to the same level,
2
u sin 2θ 28× 28 ×sin 60 °
R= = = 69.3m.
g 9.8
16. A ball is thrown at an angle θ and another ball is thrown at an angle (90°-θ) with the horizontal direction from
the same point with velocity 39.2m/s. The second ball reaches 50m higher than the first ball. Find their
individual heights. Take g = 9.8m/s. [3 marks]
Sol. For the first ball: Angle of projection=θ, Velocity of projection, u=39.2m/s.

41
 2 2
u sin θ
As maximum height, H=
2g
2 2
(39.2) sin θ
∴H = …(1)
2 ×9.8
For the second ball: Angle of projection= (90°−θ ¿ , Velocity of projection, u=39.2 m/s,
Maximum Height Reached= (H+50) m.
2 2
39.2 sin (90 °−θ)
∴ H+ 50=
2× 9.8
2 2
39.2 cos θ
H + 50 ¿ …(2)
2× 9.8
Adding (1) and (2), we get
(39.2 )2
H + 50 = (sin2 θ+cos 2 θ ¿
2× 9.8
(39.2 )2
= =78.4
2× 9.8
2H = 78.4-50 = 28.4
H=14.2m.
Ans. Height of first ball= H=14.2m. Height of second ball= H + 50 =14.2+50=64.2m.
17. Show that there are two angles of projection for which the horizontal range is the same. Also show that the sum
of the maximum heights for these two angles is independent of the angle of projection. [2 marks]
Sol. When a projectile is fired with velocity u at an angle θ with the horizontal, its horizontal range is
2
u sin 2θ
R=
g
Replacing θ by (90°-θ), we get
2 2
u sin 2 ( 90 °−θ ) u sin ( 180 °−2 θ ) u2 sin 2 θ
R’ = = = i.e., R’ = R
g g g
Hence there are two angles of projection θ and (90°-θ) for which the horizontal range R is same.
2 2
u sin θ
Now H= … (1)
2g
2 2
u sin (90 °−θ) u2 cos 2 θ
And H’ = = …(2)
2g 2g
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
2
u
H + H’= (sin2 θ+cos 2 θ ¿
2g
2
u
Or H+H’ =
2g
18. The ceiling of a long hall is 25m high. What is the maximum horizontal distance that a ball thrown with a
speed of 40 m/s can go without hitting the ceiling of the hall? [2 marks]
Sol. Here H=25m, u=40m/s
If the ball is thrown at an angle Ө with the horizontal, then maximum height of flight,
2 2
u sin Ө
H=
2g
 25= ¿ ¿
25× 2× 9.8
sin  =
2
2 = 0.306
(40)
sin= √ 0.306 =0.544

42
 cos= √ 1−sin 2 = √ 1−0.306
= √ 0.694 =0.833
The maximum horizontal distance is given by
2 2
u sin 2 2u sin❑ cos ❑
R= =
g g
2
2×(40) ×0.544 ×0.833
= = 150.7 m.
9.8
Ans. Range is 150.7m
19. A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the stone
makes 14 revolutions in 25 seconds, what is the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone?
[2 marks]
Sol. Here, r = 0.80m
14 ×2 π
Angular speed, ω = = 1.12π rad/s
25
Ans. Centripetal Acceleration = ω2r = (1.12π)2(0.80) = 9.912ms-2

43
44
 PPC 3.1

1. A body is simultaneously given two velocities, one 30ms -1 due east and other 40ms -1 due north. Find the
resultant velocity.
Ans. 50ms-1, 530 with the east direction. [2 marks]
2. Two forces 5 and 10 kg wt. are acting with an inclination of 120° between them. What is the angle which the
resultant makes with 10 kg wt.?[MAV]
Ans. 300 [2 marks]
3. Two boys raising a load pull at an angle to each other. If they exert forces of 30N and 60N respectively and
their effective pull is at right angles to the direction of the pull of the first boy, what is the angle between their
arms? What is the effective pull?
Ans. 1200, 30√ 3N [2 marks]
-1 -1
4. A motorboat is racing towards north at 25kmh and the water current in that region is 10kmh in the direction
of 600 east of south. Find the resultant velocity of the boat.
Ans. 21.8kmh-1, tan-1(0.433)= 23.40 [2 marks]

5.

45
 Home Work Sheet 3.1

M.C.Q
1. Which of the following is a vector?
(a) Energy (b) Power (c) Force (d) Mass
2. Vectors and are shown in figure then diagram representing is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3. The resultant of two forces, each P, acting at an angle  is -

(a) (b) (c) (d)

4. Two forces, each numerically equal to 5 N, are acting as shown in the Fig. Then the resultant is–

(a) 2.5 N (b) 5 N (c) N (d) 10 N

5. Two forces of magnitudes F and F act at right angles to each other. Their resultant makes an angle  with
F. The value of  is -
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) 1350
Theory
6. Define (i) unit vector, (ii) co-planar vectors, (iii) equal vectors. [3 marks]
7. State triangle law and polygon law of vector addition. [2 marks]
Derivations
8. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two vectors ⃗
A and ⃗
B in terms of their magnitudes and
angles θ between them using parallelogram law of vector addition. [DPS, MAV, Udgam, KV] [3 marks]
9. Derive law of sines. [2 marks]
Application Based
10. State with reasons whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) Three vectors not lying in a plane can never add up to give a null vector.
Ans.True. This is because the resultant of three vectors will not lie in the plane of third vector and hence
cannot cancel its effect to give null vector.
(b) The total path length is always equal to the magnitude of the displacement vector of a particle.
Ans. False. The displacement depends only on the initial and final points while the path length depends on the

46
 actual path. The two quantities are equal if and only if the direction of the motion of the object does not
change. In all other cases, path length is greater than the magnitude of displacement.
(c) The magnitude of a vector is always a scalar.
Ans. True. The magnitude of a vector is a pure number and has no direction.[DPS]
[3 marks]
11. What is the minimum number of coplanar vectors of different magnitudes which can give zero resultant?
Ans. Triangle Law of vector addition states that a min. of 3 vectors are required to obtain the resultant,
[1 mark]
Numerical
12. At what angle do the forces (P+Q) and (P-Q) act so that the resultant is √ 3 P 2+Q 2?
Ans. 600 [2 marks]
13. Two forces whose magnitudes are in the ratio of 3:5, give a resultant of 35 N with angle of inclination
between them is 600. Calculate the magnitude of each force.
Ans. 15N and 25N [2 marks]
14. Two boys raising a load pull at an angle to each other. If they exert forces of 30N and 60N respectively and
their effective pull is at right angles to the direction of the pull of the first boy, what is the angle between their
arms? What is the effective pull?
Ans. 1200, 30√ 3N [2 marks]
15. Two vectors, both equal in magnitude, have their resultant equal in magnitude of the either. Find the angle
between the two vectors.[DPS]
Ans. 120° [2 marks]
16. A boy travels 10 m due to north and then 7 m due east. Find the displacement of the boy.
Ans. 12.21 m, 35° east of north or tan-1(10/7) north of east [2016] [2 marks]
17. The resultant of two equal forces acting at right angles to each other is 1414 dyne. Find the magnitude of
either force.[2016]
Ans. 1000 dyne [2 marks]

47
 PPC 3.2

1. Three vectors ⃗
A, ⃗ C are such that ⃗
B and ⃗ A=⃗
B+⃗
C and their magnitudes are 5, 4 and 3 respectively. Find the
angle between ⃗ A and ⃗
C.
Ans. 53° [2 marks]
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
2. If the resultant of the vectors 3 i+ 4 j+ 5 k and 5 i+ 3 j+4 k makes an angle θ with x-axis, then find cos θ.
Ans. 0.5744 [3 marks]
3. (a) i and j are unit vectors along x- and y- axis respectively. What is the magnitude and direction of the vectors
(i + j) and (i – j)?
Ans. √ 2, 450 with +X axis, √ 2, 1350 with +X axis
(b) Find the unit vector along the vector A = 2i^ + 3 ^j .[DPS]
^ 3 ^j).
(2 i+
Ans. [3 marks]
√13
^ 7 ^j+4 k^ .
4. Find the unit vector of 3 i+
^ ^j+ 4 k^
3 i+7
Ans. [1
√ 74
mark]

5.

48
 Home Work Sheet 3.2

M.C.Q
1. A displacement vector, at an angle of 30º with y-axis has an x-component of 10 units. Then the magnitude of
the vector is -
(a) 5.0 (b) 10 (c) 11.5 (d) 20

2. If a unit vector is represented by , then the value of ‘c’ is -

(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)

3. A body constrained to move in y direction is subjected to a force given by . What is the

work done by this force in moving the body through a distance of 10 m along positive y-axis?
(a) 190 J (b) 160 J (c) 150 J (d) 200 J

4. The angle between the vectors and is –

(a) 900 (b) 1800 (c) 00 (d) 600

5. If and ,then projection of on will be -

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Theory
6. What do you understand by resolution of a vector? How will you resolve a vector in a plane into its
components along two mutually perpendicular directions? [DPS] [2 marks]
Application Based
7. Under what condition is the scalar product of two non-zero vectors zero?
Ans. θ=90 [1 mark]
Numerical
8. A particle has a displacement of 12 m towards east and 5 m towards the north and 5 m towards the north and
then 6 m vertically upward. Find the magnitude of the sum of these displacements. [2016]
Ans. 14.32 m. [2 marks]
9. A force is inclined at 50° to the horizontal. If its rectangular component in the horizontal direction be 50 N,
find the magnitude of the force and its vertical component.
Ans. F = 77.88N, Fy = 59.65 [2 marks]
10. Find the angle between the vectors ⃗ ^ ^ ^
A =i +2 j -k and ⃗ ^ ^ ^
B=-i + j -2k ?
0
Ans. 60 [2 marks]
⃗ ^ ^ ^ ⃗ ^ ^ ^
11. Find the value of λ so that the vectors A =2i +λ j -k and B=4i -2 j -2k are perpendicular to each other.
Ans. 5 [2 marks]
^ ^ ^ ^
12. Show that the angle between the vectors, A = (i -5 j ) and B = (2i -10 j ) is zero. [2 marks]

49
 PPC 3.3

1. A particle is moving eastwards with a velocity of 5ms-1. In 10s, the velocity changes to 5ms-1 northwards. Find
the average acceleration of the particle in this time interval.
Ans. 1/√ 2 ms-2, along N-W direction [2 marks]
2. If the position vector of a particle is given by r⃗ = (4cos 2 t ¿ ¿ i^ + (4sin 2 t ¿ ¿ ^j + (6t)k^ m, calculate its
π
acceleration at t= . (DPS)[2016]
4
Ans. –16 ^J ms-1 [2 marks]
3. A man travels 30m due to north on a straight road reaches a road junction. He then turns through 90 0 towards
east and moves 40m straight. Find the displacement and its direction.
Ans. 50m, at 370 North of east [2 marks]

4.

50
 Home Work Sheet 3.3

M.C.Q
1. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
2. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
3. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
4. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
5. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
S
S
Derivation
6. Show that in two-dimensional motion with uniform acceleration, each rectangular component of a velocity is
similar to that of uniformly accelerated motion along one direction. [3 marks]
Numerical
7. A boat is moving with a velocity (3i^ +4 ^j ) with respect to ground. The water in the river is moving with a
velocity -3i^ -4 ^j with respect to ground. What is the relative velocity of boat with respect to river?
Ans. 6i^ +8 ^j [2 marks]
8. To a driver going east in a car with velocity of 40kmh -1, a bus appears to move towards north with a velocity
of 40√ 3 kmh-1. What is the actual velocity and direction of motion of the bus?
Ans.80kmh-1, 300 east of north [2 marks]
9. A plane is travelling eastward at a speed of 500km/h. But a 90km/h wind is blowing southward. What is the
direction and speed of the plane relative to the ground?
Ans. 10.20 south of east, 508km/h [2 marks]
^ 2^ ^
10. The position of a particle is given by r = 3.0ti - 2.0t j + 5.0k where t is in seconds and the coefficients have
the proper units for r to be in metres. Find (i) v(t) and a(t) of the particle, (b) and the magnitude and direction
of v(t) at t = 1.0s. [DPS]

51
 ^ ^ ^
Ans. [(3i – 4t j )ms-1, -4 j ms-2], or [5ms-1, 127° with + X axis.] [2 marks]
11. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0s with a velocity of 10.0 ^j m/s and moves in the x-y plane with a
constant acceleration of (8.0i^ + 2.0 ^j ) m/s2. (a) At what time is the x – coordinate of the particle 16 m? (b)
What is the y – coordinate of the particle at that time?
Ans. 2sec, 24m [2 marks]
12. Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 35 ms -1. Winds starts blowing after sometime with a speed of 12 ms -1
in east to west direction. In which direction should a boy waiting at a bus stop hold his umbrella?
Ans. At tan-1(0.343)=190 with the vertical towards the east [2 marks ]

52
 PPC 3.4

1. Two tall buildings face each other and are at a distance of 180m from each other. With what velocity must a
ball be thrown horizontally from a window 55m above the ground in one building, so that it enters a window
10.9m above the ground in the second building?
Ans. 60ms-1 [3 marks]

2. What is the angle of projection of a projectile if its range is

√3 v 2 . [DPS]
2g
Ans. 300 [2 marks]
3. A football is kicked with a velocity of 20ms -1 at a projection angle of 450. A receiver on the goal line 25
metres away in the direction of the kick runs the same instant to meet the ball. What must be his speed, if he is
to catch the ball before it hits the ground?
Ans. 5.474m/s [3 marks]
4. A person observes a bird on a tree 39.6m high and at a distance 59.2m. With what velocity the person should
throw an arrow at an angle of 450 so that it may hit the bird?
Ans. 41.86ms-1 [2 marks]

5.

53
 Home Work Sheet 3.4

M.C.Q
1. A bomb is fired from a cannon with a velocity of 1000 m/s making an angle of 30° with the horizontal. What
is the time taken by the bomb to reach at the highest point-
(a) 11 sec (b) 23 sec (c) 38 sec (d) 50 sec
2. If time of flight of a projectile is 10 seconds. Range is 500 meters. The maximum height attained by it will be
(a) 125 m (b) 50 m (c) 100 m (d) 150 m
3. In the graph shown in fig. time is plotted along x-axis. Which quantity associated with a projectile motion is
plotted along the y – axis ?

(a) kinetic energy (b) momentum (c) horizontal velocity (d) none of the above
4. In the above, the change in speed is :
(a) ucos (b) 0 (c) usin (d) (ucos – u)
5. In a projectile motion, the velocity :
(a) is always perpendicular to the acceleration
(b) is never perpendicular to the acceleration
(c) is perpendicular to the acceleration for one instant only
(d) is perpendicular to the acceleration for two instants
Theory
6. What is a projectile? Give example. [DPS] [1 mark]
Derivation
7. (a) Show that the path of projectile is a parabola.
(b) Also deduce expressions for the time of flight, horizontal range and maximum height attained by the
projectile.[MAV] [5 marks]
8. (a) Show that for two complimentary angles of projections of a projectile thrown with the same velocity the
horizontal range are equal.
(b) For what angle of projection is the range maximum?
(c) For what angles of projection, are the horizontal ranges and maximum height attained are equal? [MAV]
[3 marks]
Application Based
9. What is the angle between the direction of velocity and acceleration at the highest point of a projectile path?
Ans. 90 [1 mark]
10. A bullet is dropped from a certain height and at the same time, another bullet is fired horizontally from the
same height. Which one will hit the ground earlier and why? [1 mark]

Numerical
11. A hiker stands on the edge of a cliff 490 m above the ground and throws a stone horizontally with an initial
speed of 15 ms-1. Neglecting air resistance, find the time taken by the stone to reach the ground, and the speed
with which it hits the ground. (Take g = 9.8 m s-2).

54
 Ans. 10s, 99 ms-1, 99.14 99m/s [2 marks]
-1
12. A ball is projected horizontally from a tower with a velocity of 4ms . Find the velocity of the ball after 0.7s.
Take g =10 ms-2. [2016]
Ans. 8.06 ms1 [2 marks]
13. A bullet fired at an angle of 60° with the vertical hits the ground at a distance of 2 km. calculate the distance at
which the bullet will hit the ground when fired at an angle of 45°, assuming the speed to be the same. [2016]
Ans. 2.31km [2 marks]

55
 PPC 3.5

1. An aircraft is flying at a constant height of 3400 m above the ground. If the angle subtended at a ground
observation point by the aircraft positions 10.0 s apart is 30°, what is the speed of the aircraft?
Ans. 196.5 m/s [2 marks]
2. The angular velocity of a particle moving along a circle of radius 50cm is increased in 5 minutes from 100
revolutions per minute to 400 revolutions per minute. Find (i) angular acceleration, (ii) linear acceleration.
π 5π
Ans. rads-2, cms-2 [2
30 3
marks]
3. The radius of the earth’s orbit around the sun is 1.5×1011 m. calculate the angular and linear velocity of the
earth. Through how much angle does the earth revolve in 2 day?
Ans. angular velocity=1.99×10-7 rad s-1, linear velocity= 2.99×104 ms-1, angle through which the earth revolves
in 2 days=0.0344 rad [2 marks]
4. A body of mass 0.5kg is whirled in horizontal circle of radius 4m with a constant speed of 20m/s. Calculate
(i) Angular speed
(ii) time period
(iii) Centripetal acceleration [2 marks]

5.

56
 Home Work Sheet 3.5

M.C.Q
1. If the equation for the displacement of a particle moving on a circular path is given by (t) = 2t3 + 0.5, where
 is in radians and t in seconds, then the angular velocity of the particle after 2 s from its start is :–
(a) 8 rad/s (b) 12 rad/s (c) 24 rad/s (d) 36 rad/s
2. If a particle moves in a circle describing equal angles in equal times, its velocity vector
(a) Remains constant (b) Changes in magnitude
(c) Changes in direction (d) Changes both in magnitude and direction
3. The linear and angular acceleration of a particle are 10 m/s 2 and 5 rad/s2 respectively. It will be at a distance
from the axis of rotation given by.
(a) 50 m (b) 0.5 m (c) 1 m (d) 2 m
4. A stone tied to the end of a string of 1m long, is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the
stone makes 22 revolution in 44 seconds, what is the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone :–
(a) and direction along the tangent to the circle.
(b) and direction along the radius towards the centre.

(c) and direction along the radius towards the centre.

(d) and direction along the radius away from the centre.
5. A body is moving in a circular path with a constant speed. It has
(a) A constant velocity
(b) A constant acceleration
(c) An acceleration of constant magnitude
(d) An acceleration whose magnitude varies with time
Theory
6. Define centripetal acceleration.[DPS] [1 mark]
7. Define angular acceleration. Establish its relation with linear acceleration. [2 marks]
8. Justify the statement that a uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. [2 marks]
Derivations
9. Derive an expression for centripetal acceleration for a body moving in uniform circular motion. Explain the
direction of centripetal acceleration. [3 marks]
10. Derive the relation between linear velocity and angular velocity. [2 marks]
Application Based
11. If both the speed and the radius of the circular path of a body are doubled, how will the centripetal
acceleration change? [DPS]
Ans. It will be doubled [1 mark]
12. For uniform circular motion, does the direction of centripetal acceleration depend upon the sense of rotation
(clockwise, anti-clockwise)? Explain.
Ans. No, it does not depend as centripetal acceleration is always towards the centre. [1 mark]
13. Read each statement below carefully and state, with reasons, if it is true or false :
(a) The net acceleration of a particle in circular motion is always along the radius of the circle towards the
centre
(b) The velocity vector of a particle at a point is always along the tangent to the path of the particle at that
point

57
 (c) The acceleration vector of a particle in uniform circular motion averaged over one cycle is a null vector.
[3 marks]
Numerical
14. Calculate the angular speed of (i) the hour hand of a watch, (ii) the earth about its own axis.
Ans. π/21600 rad/s, π/43200rad/s [2 marks]
15. An insect trapped in a circular groove of radius 12 cm moves along the groove steadily and completes 7
revolutions in 100 s. (a) What is the angular speed, and the linear speed of the motion? (b) Is the acceleration
vector a constant vector? What is its magnitude?
Ans. 0.44rad/s, 5.3×10−2ms -1, 2.3×10−2ms -2 [3 marks]
16. A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the
stone makes 14 revolutions in 25 s, what is the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone?
Ans. 991.2×10−2ms-2 [2 marks]
17. A body of mass 10kg revolves in a circle of diameter 0.40m making 1000 revolutions per minute. Calculate its
linear velocity and centripetal acceleration.
20 π -1 2000 π 2 -2
Ans. ms , ms [2 marks]
3 9

58
Assignment Sheet
1. Pick out the only scalar quantity in the following list: force, angular momentum, work, current, liner momentum,
electric field, average velocity, magnetic moment, relative velocity.
2. Pick out the only vector quantity in the following list: Temperature, force, pressure, impulse, time, power, total
path length, energy, gravitational potential, coefficient of friction, charge. [1 mark]
3. State, for each of the following physical quantities, if it is a scalar or vector: volume, mass ,speed, acceleration,
density, number of moles, velocity , angular velocity, angular frequency, displacement. [2 marks]
4. Under what condition does | A + B| =| A − B| holds good?
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
5. Two equal forces have their resultant equal to either. What is the inclination between them? [DPS]
Ans. 1200 [2 marks]
6. Three girls skating on a circular ice ground of radius 200 m start from a point P on the
edge of the ground and reach a point Q diametrically opposite to P following different
paths as shown in Fig 7. What is the magnitude of the displacement vector for each ?
For which girl is this equ al to the actual length of path skate?

Fig. 7
7. A cyclist starts from the centre O of a circular path of radius 1km, reaches the edge P of
the park, then cycles along the circumference, and returns to the centre along QO as
shown in figure 8. If the round trip takes 10min, what is the (a) net displacement , (b)
average velocity, and (c) average speed of the cyclist?

Fig. 8
8. A man travels 30m due to north on a straight road reaches a road junction. He then turns through 90 0 towards
east and moves 40m straight. Find the displacement and its direction.
Ans. 50m, at 370 North of east [2 marks]
9. Given a+b+c+d =0 , which of the following statement are correct:
(a) a, b, c, and d must each be a null vector,
(b) The magnitude of (a + c) equals the magnitude of (b + d),
(c) The magnitude of a can never be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of b, c, and d,
(d) b + c must lie in the plane of a and d if a and d are not collinear, and in the line of a and d, if they are
collinear?
10. Prove that for any vector A and B, A+B = B+A. [2 marks]
11. A passenger arriving in a new town wishes to go from the station to a hotel located 10 km away on a straight
road from the station. A dishonest cabman takes him along a circuitous path 23 km long and reaches the hotel
in 28 min. What is (a) the average speed of the taxi, (b) the magnitude of average velocity? Are the two equal?
Ans. 49.3kmh-1, 21.43kmh-1 [2 marks]
12. On an open ground, a motorist follows a track that turns to his left by an angle of 600 after every 500 m.
Starting from a given turn, specify the displacement of the motorist at the third, sixth and eighth turn. Compare
the magnitude of the displacement with the total path length covered by the motorist in each case.
Ans. (i)1km, 1.5km, (ii)0km, 3km, (iii)866m, 4km. [3 marks]
13. A body is moving with a uniform speed of 10ms -1 on a circular path of diameter 2m. Calculate (i) the
difference between the magnitude of the displacement and the distance covered in half a round and (ii) the
magnitude of the change in velocity of the body in half a round.
Ans. 1.14m, 20ms-1 [2 marks]
14. A boatman can row with a speed of 10km/h. Rain falls vertically downwards with a speed of 12km/h, in which
direction should the boatman row in order to reach the opposite bank in the shortest time. The width of the
river is 2km.

59
15. A particle P is moving along a straight line with a velocity of 3ms-1 and another particle Q has a velocity of
4ms-1 at an angle of 300 to the path of P. Find the speed of Q relative to P.
Ans. 2.1ms-1 [2 marks]
16. Show that the projectile angle θ for a projectile launched from the origin is given by θ = tan−1 (4 hm / R),
where the symbols have their usual meaning. [DPS] [2
marks]
17. The greatest height to which a man can throw a stone is h. Show that the maximum horizontal distance up to
which he can throw the stone is 2h.[DPS] [2 marks]
18. A ball is projected vertically upwards with a speed of 50m/s. Find :-
(a) The maximum height
(b) time to reach the maximum height
(c) Speed of ball at maximum height
19. A body is projected in air at an angle with certain velocity to obtain the maximum range of 40m. Find the
maximum height attained by the body.
20. A projectile has a range of 50 m and reaches a maximum height of 10m. Calculate the angle at which the
projectile is fired. (DPS) [2016]
Ans. 38.66° [2 marks]
21. 0 0
Two bodies A and B of equal mass ‘m’ is thrown with velocity ‘v’ at an angle 30 and angle 60 to the horizo-
ntal. Find the relation of horizontal range and maximum height of A and B.
22. A projectile is projected at an angle of 15o to the horizontal with speed V. If another projectile is projected
with the same speed, then at what angle with the horizontal it must be projected so as to have the same range.
23. A bullet fired at an angle of 30o with the horizontal hits the ground 3.0km away. By adjusting its angle of
projection, can one hope to a hit a target 5.0km away? Assume the muzzle speed to the fixed, and neglect air
resistance.
24. A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum horizontal distance of 100 m. How much high above the ground can
the cricketer throw the same ball?
Ans. 50m [2 marks]
25. Name the quantity which remains unchanged during the flight of an oblique projectile. (DPS) [1 mark]
26. The maximum range of projectile is 2/√ 3 times its actual range. What is the angle of projection for actual
range? (DPS)
Ans. 30° [1 marks]
27. An aircraft executes a horizontal loop of radius 1.00 km with a steady speed of 900 km/h. Compare its
centripetal acceleration with the acceleration due to gravity.
Ans. 6.38 [2 marks]
28. A body of mass 0.5kg is whirled in horizontal circle of radius 4m with a constant speed of 20m/s. Calculate
(i) Angular speed
(ii) time period
(iii) Centripetal acceleration

60
 04 Laws of motion

Solved Examples

1. Figure 3 shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 4kg. What is the (a) force on the particle for t<0,
t>4s, 0<t<4s, (b) impulse at t=0s and t=4s?(Consider one-dimensional motion only).[DPS] [2 mark]
Sol. Mass of particle, m=4kg,
(a) Force acting on the particle for the interval t< 0, the particle is not
moving, hence no force act on it. For t>4s, x has a constant value 3m, so
body is at rest, so no force act on it. During the interval, 0<t<4s, shown
by OA in the figure the velocity is constant, so acceleration is zero, hence
so no force act on it.
(b) Impulse = final momentum – initial momentum
Initial momentum just before t=0, Pi=mvi= 4 × 0=0
Fig. 1
Final momentum just after t=0, Pf=mvf= 4 × 3 / 4 = 3 kgm/s
(Velocity = slope of OA)
(Impulse) t=0 =Pf –Pi= 3−¿ 0 =3kgm/s
Impulse at t= 4s
Before t = 4s, momentum Pi = 3 kgm/s
After t = 4s, momentum Pf= 0
Therefore change of momentum = 0−¿3 kgm/s
and Impulse =−¿3kgm/s
2. A body of mass 5kg is acted upon by two perpendicular forces 8N and 6N. Give the magnitude and direction of
the acceleration of the body. [DPS] [2 marks]
Sol. Here, m = 5kg, F1 = 8N, F2 = 6N.
Since, the two forces acting are perpendicular to each other, hence, net force, is given by,
√
Fnet= F21 + F 22 = √ 82 +62 = 10N
8 4
Fnet makes an angle θ with 6N, given by, θ = tan-1 =tan-1 = 530
6 3
We know that, by Newton’s Second law,
Fnet = ma
⟹10 = 5a
⟹ a = 2ms-2
Ans. Acceleration is 2ms-2 at angle 530 with 6N force.
3. The motion of a particle of mass m is described by y=u2t + ½ gt2. Find the force acting on the particle.
[2 marks]
2 2
Sol. Here, displacement is given by,y=u t + ½ gt
2 1 2
dy d (u t+ g t )
We know that, v = = 2 = u2 + gt
dt
dt
dv d (u2 +¿)
Now, acceleration, a = = =g
dt dt

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 Thus, by Newton’s Second Law,
F = ma = mg
Ans. Force = mg.
4. A batsman hits back a ball straight in the direction of the bowler without changing its initial speed of 12m/s. If
the mass of the ball is 0.15kg, determine the impulse imparted to the ball. [2 marks]
Sol. Here, m = 0.15kg, initial velocity = 12ms , final velocity =−¿ 12ms (speed remains same but direction is
-1 -1

opposite).
Thus, change is speed = Δv = final velocity – initial velocity = −¿12 – 12 = −¿24ms-1
Impulse of bat = Change in momentum = Mass×(Change in velocity) = 0.15×(−¿ 24) =−¿3.6kgms-1.
Ans. Impulseimparted to ball = −¿(Impulse of bat) = 3.6Ns
5. A bullet of mass 0.04kg moving with a speed of 90m/s enters a heavy wooden block and is stopped after a
distance of 60cm. What is the average resistive force exerted by the block on the bullet ? [2 marks]
Sol. Here, m=0.04kg, u=90m/s, v=0m/s, s = 60cm=0.6m
Using 3rd equation of motion, v2 – u2 = 2as, we get,
⟹ 02 – 902 = 2(0.6)a
⟹−¿8100/1.2 = a
⟹ a = −¿6750ms-2
Ans. Resistive force = ma = (0.04)(−¿6750) =−¿270N
6. A body of mass 0.40kg moving initially with a constant speed of 10m/s to the north is subject to a constant
force of 8N directed towards the south for 30s. Take the instant of the force applied to be t=0, the position of
the body at that to be x=0, and predict its position at t=−¿5s, 25s, 100s. [3 marks]
Sol. Sol: Let north direction be considered to be positive and south as negative direction.
Here, m = 0.4kg, u=10m/s, F = −¿8N.
Using Newton’s Second law, F = ma, we get,
⟹−¿8 = (0.4)a
⟹a =−¿20ms-2
For t =−¿5s, there is no force acting on the body, hence, a=0.
Thus, displacement = velocity×time ¿(10)×(−5)=−50 m .
For t = 25s, u=10m/s, a ¿−20 ms-2.
Using 2nd equation of motion, we get,
⟹ s = (10)(25) + ½ ¿)(25)2
⟹ s ¿−6000 m=−6 km
For t = 100s: For first 30s acceleration of−20 ms-2acts and then for 70s body moves with constant velocity,
thus, we can divide distance travelled in two parts- s1 for accelerated motion and s2 for constant velocity
motion.
Thus, s = s1 + s2
Using 2nd equation of motion, we get,
⟹s1 = (10)(30) + ½¿)(30)2
⟹ s1 = -8700m
For s2, we first need to find velocity at end of 30s.
Thus, using 1st eqn of motion,
⟹v = 10 + (−20)(30)
⟹ v = −¿590ms-1
Now, for 70s, velocity is constant at -590ms-1.
Thus, s2 = (−590)(70) = −41300m
Thus, displacement in 100s, s=−41300+(−8700)=−50000 m=−50 km
Ans. Displacement in t=−5 s , is−50 m,
t=25 s , is−6 km ,
t=100 s ,−50 m .

62
7. A body of mass m moves along the X-axis such that its position co-ordinate at any instant t is x=at 4−¿bt3+ct,
where a, b, c are constants. What is the force acting on a particle at any instant t? [2 marks]
Sol. Here, displacement, x = at4−¿bt3+ct.
dx d (a t 4−b t 3 +ct )
Velocity, v = = = 4at3 – 3bt2 + c.
dt dt
dv d (4 a t 3 −3 b t 2 +c )
Now, acceleration, a = = = 12at2 –6bt
dt dt
Using Newton’s Second law, we get,
Ans. F = ma = m (12at2 – 6bt)
8. An astronaut accidentally gets separated out of his small spaceship accelerating in inter stellar space at a
constant rate of 100 m s-2. What is the acceleration of the astronaut the instant after he is outside the spaceship?
(Assume that there are no nearby stars to exert gravitational force on him.)
Sol. Since there are no nearby stars to exert gravitational force on him and the small spaceship exerts negligible
gravitational attraction on him, the net force acting on the astronaut, once he is out of the spaceship, is zero. By
the first law of motion the acceleration of the astronaut is zero.
9.
The motion of a particle of mass m is described Find the force acting on the particle.
Sol.
We know

Now,

acceleration,
Then the force is given by Eq. F = ma = mg
Thus the given equation describes the motion of a particle under acceleration due to gravity and y is the
position coordinate in the direction of g.
10. A truck starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 2.0 m s-2. At t = 0 s, a stone is dropped by a person
standing on the top of the truck (6 m high from the ground). What are the (a) velocity, and (b) acceleration of
the stone at t = 0 1 s? (Neglect air resistance.) [3 marks]
–2
Sol. Here, u = 0, a = 2ms , t = 10s
Let upsilon be the velocity of the truck when the stone is dropped

From = u + at
= 0 + 2 × 10 = 20 ms–1

(a) Horizontal velocity of stone, when it is dropped

Fig. 2

As air resistance is neglected remains constant In the vertical direction, initial of stone,
u = 0, a = g = 10ms–2
time t = 11 – 10 = 1s

from = u + at, = 0 + 10 × 1 = 10ms–1

Resultant velocity of stone, OC is given by

If 0 is the angle which the resultant velocity OC of stone makes with the horizontal direction OA then From

63
 (b) The moment the stone is dropped from the truck, horizontal force on the stone = 0 The only acceleration of
the stone is that due to gravity in the vertically downward direction The path followed by the
stone is however, Parabolic
11. A bob of mass 0.1 kg hung from the ceiling of a room by a string 2 m long is set into oscillation. The speed of
the bob at its mean position is 1 m s -1. What is the trajectory of the bob if the string is cut when the bob is (a) at
one of its extreme positions, (b) at its mean position.
Sol. (a) We shall study in unit 10 that at each extreme position velocity of the bob is zero If the string is cut at the
extreme position bob is only under the action of g Hence the bob will fall vertically downwards
(b) At the mean position velocity of the bob is 1ms−1 along the tangent to the arc which is in the horizontal
direction If the string is cut at mean position the bob will behave as a horizontal projectile Hence it will follow
a parabolic path .
12. A man of mass 70kg stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving (i) upwards with a uniform speed of
10m/s, (ii) downwards with a uniform acceleration of 5m/s2, (iii) upwards with a uniform acceleration of 5m/s2.
What would be the readings on the scale in each case? [Udgam, KV, DPS] [2 marks]
Sol. Here, m=70kg.
(i) As lift is moving with uniform speed, thus, a = 0ms-2.
Hence, apparent mass, m’ = m = 70kg.
(ii) In this case, lift is moving downwards with uniform acceleration, a = 5ms -2, thus,
g−a 10−5
Apparent mass, m’ = m( ) = 70( ) = 70(0.5) = 35kg.
g 10
(iii) In this case, lift is moving downwards with uniform acceleration, a = 5ms -2, thus,
g +a 10+5
Apparent mass, m’ = m( ) = 70( ) = 70(1.5) = 105kg.
g 10
Ans. Reading on scale of man will be, (i) 70kg, (ii) 35kg, (iii) 105kg.
13. Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05kg moving in opposite directions with speed 6m/s collide and rebound with
the same speed. What is the impulse imparted to each ball due to the other? [2 marks]
Sol. Let velocity of each billiard ball be 6m/s.
Hence, rebound speed of each ball will be−¿6m/s.
Now, change in velocity = −6−6 = −¿12m/s
Impulse = Change in momentum = m(Δv) = 0.05(−¿12) = −0 .6Ns
Ans. Impulse imparted to other ball = −¿ (Change in momentum) = 0.6Ns
14. Two identical billiard balls strike a rigid wall with the same speed but at
different angles, and get reflected without any change in speed. What is (i)
the direction of the force on the wall due to each ball? (ii) the ratio of the
magnitudes of impulses imparted to the balls by the wall? [DPS] [3 marks]

Fig. 3
Sol. Sol: (i)For ball in fig 8(i), change in velocity takes place only along x-direction because y component of
velocity remain same.
We know that, direction of Force = direction of change in momentum = direction of change in velocity
Since, change in velocity takes place along x-direction, hence, force imparted to wall will be along x-direction.
For ball in fig 8(ii), we resolve u into 2 components, u x= u cos300 acting along +ve x-direction and uy= u sin300
acting along –ve y-direction.
For the reflected ball, we can again divide u into 2 components, u x= −¿ u cos300 acting along -ve x-direction
and uy= u sin300 acting along –ve y-direction.
Thus, change in velocity, in x-direction = -u cos30 – u cos30 =−¿2u cos30
in y-direction = u sin30 – u sin30 = 0
Since, change in velocity is along x-direction, hence, force imparted to wall is also along x-direction.
(ii) For fig 8(i), initial velocity = u.

64
 Hence, final velocity = −¿u.
Thus, change in velocity =−¿ 2u
Impulse = Change in momentum = (m)¿2u)=−¿ 2mu
For fig 8(i), change in velocity = −¿2ucos 300
Impulse = Change in momentum = (m)¿2ucos 30)=−¿2mu cos30
−2 mu 1 2 √ 3 2 ×1.73 3.46
Ans. Thus, ratio of magnitudes of impulses = = = × = = = 1.15
−2 mucos 30 cos 30 √ 3 √ 3 3 3
15. A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 450 without changing it initial speed which is equal to 54km/h. What is
the impulse imparted by the ball? (mass of the ball is 0.15kg). [DPS] [2 marks]
Sol. 5
Here, initial velocity = 54km/h = 54× = 15m/s
18
Since, the ball is deflected without changing the speed, hence, final velocity
= -15m/s
√
From fig. 9, change in velocity, Δv = (15)2 +(15)2 +2 ( 15 ) (15 ) cos 45 =
27.71m/s
Now, impulse = Change in momentum
= m(Δv)
= (0.15)(27.71) Fig. 4
Ans. Impulse = 4.2 kgm/s
16. A bullet of mass 7g is fired into a block of metal weighing 7kg. The block is free to move. After the impact, the
velocity of the bullet and the block is 70m/s. What is the initial velocity of the bullet?
[2 marks]
Sol. Let mass of bullet be m1 and of block be m2.
Let initial velocity of bullet be u and of block is 0. Let their combined velocity after impact be v.
Hence, m1 = 0.007kg, m2 = 7kg, v = 70m/s.
Applying Law of conservation of momentum, we get,
Initial momentum = Final momentum
⟹m1u + m2(0) = (m1+m2)v
⟹ 0.007u = (7.007)70
⟹u = 70070 m/s
Ans. Initial velocity = 70070m/s
17. A machine gun of mass 10kg fires 20g bullets at the rate of 10 bullets per second with a speed of 500m/s. What
force is required to hold the gun in position? [2 marks]
Sol. Here, mass of gun, m1 = 10kg, mass of bullet, m2 = 0.20kg, speed of bullets, v2 = 500m/s, rate of bullets =
10bullets per second.
Now, applying law of conservation of linear momentum, we get,
Initial momentum = Final momentum
⟹0 =(Momentum of gun) + (momentum of bullets)
⟹Change in momentum of gun = -(0.02)(500) = -10kgm/s
Ans.Now, force required to hold gun = (Change in momentum of gun)(Rate of bullets) = (10)(10) = 1000N
18. A neutron having a mass 1.67×10-27kg and moving at 108m/s collides with a deuteron at rest and sticks to it. If
the mass of the deuteron is 3.34×10-27kg, find the speed of the combination. [2 marks]
Sol. Here, mass of neutron, m1 = 1.67×10-27kg, velocity of neutron, u1 = 108m/s, mass of deuteron = 3.34×10-27kg.
Let v be the speed of combination.
Now, applying law of conservation of linear momentum, we get,
Initial momentum = Final momentum
⟹(1.67×10-27)(108) = (1.67×10-27 + 3.34×10-27)v
⟹v = 3.33×107m/s
Ans.Speed of combination = 3.33×107m/s
19. Prove that under the action of three concurrent forces F 1 , F2 ∧F3 , a body will be in equilibrium,

65
 i.e., F 1+ F 2 + F3 =0. [DPS, KV] [2 marks]
Sol. Consider three concurrent forces ⃗
F 1, ⃗
F 2 and ⃗
F 3 acting at the same
point O of a body as shown in fig 5(i)
By parallelogram law,
Resultant of ⃗
F 1 and ⃗
F2 = ⃗
F 1+⃗
F2
Fig. 5 (i) Fig. 5 (ii)
If the third force ⃗
F 3 acts on the body such that
⃗
F 3 = - (⃗
F 1+⃗
F 2), then the body will be in equilibrium.
i.e., ⃗
F 3 = - (⃗
F 1+⃗F 2)
or ⃗ F 1+ ⃗
F 2 +⃗F3 = 0
As shown in figure 5(ii), these three forces in equilibrium can be represented by the sides of a triangle in the
same order.
20. See Fig 13, a mass of 6 kg is suspended by a rope of length 2 m from the ceiling. A force of 50 N in the
horizontal direction is applied at the midpoint P of the rope, as shown. What is the angle the rope makes with
the vertical in equilibrium? (Take g = 10 m s-2). Neglect the mass of the rope. [2 marks]
Here, since the rope is in equilibrium, hence, net force at point P is zero.
From diag, T1 tension acting at point P, has two components.
TX = T1cosθ acting opposite to 50N force,
TY = T1sinθ acting opposite to T2.
Now, since rope is in equilibrium,
Net horizontal force = 0
⟹T1sinθ – 50=0
⟹ T1sinθ = 50 ⟶①
Net vertical force = 0
⟹ T1cosθ – T2=0
Fig. 6
⟹ T1cosθ = T2⟶②
Now, block of mass 6 kg is also in equilibrium, hence, T2 = Weight of block
= 6(10) = 60N
Dividing eqn ② by ①, we get,
5
⟹ tanθ =
6
Ans. θ =400
21. A body m1 of mass 5kg is placed on a smooth horizontal table. It is connected to a string which passes over a
frictionless pulley and carries at the other end, a body m 2 of mass 10kg. What acceleration will be produced in
the bodies when system is released? What will be the tension in the string during the motion of the bodies?
What when the bodies stop? Take g = 9.8ms -2. [2 marks]
Sol. The situation is as shown in Fig 7. When the nail is fixed on the table is
removed, the system of two bodies moves with an acceleration ‘a’ in
downward direction as shown by arrow.
From Newton’s Second law, we have,
⟹(m1 + m2)a= m2g
10× 9.8
⟹a= = 6.53ms-2
10+5
Also, T = m1a = (5)(6.53) = 32.7N. Fig. 7
When the bodies stop, acceleration a=0.
Supposethe tension in the string becomes T’. As the net force on each body is
zero, so for body m2,T’ = m2g = 10(9.8) = 98N.
22. Three blocks are connected as shown in fig 15 on a horizontal frictionless table and pulled to the right with a
force of T3=60N. If m1=10kg, m2=20kg and m3=30kg, find the ration of T1/T2.[DPS] [2 marks]

66
Sol. In fig 14, T3 force acts on m1, m2 and m3, whereas T2 on m2
and m1 and T1 on m1 only.
Thus, using Newton’s Second law, we get,
T3 = (m1+m2+m3)a
⟹60 = (10+20+30)a Fig. 8
⟹ a = 1ms-2
Hence, T2 = (10+20)(1) = 30N
T1 = (10)(1) = 10N
Thus, T1/T2 = 10/30 = 1/3.
23. Why pulling a lawn roller is easier than to push it? [2 marks]
Sol. As shown in fig 9(i), suppose a force F is applied to pull a lawn roller
of weight W. The force F has two rectangular components:
(i) Horizontal component Fcosθ helps to move the roller forward,
(ii) Vertical component Fsinθ acts in the upward direction.
If R is the normal reaction, then R + Fsinθ = W [Equating vertical
components]
R = W – Fsinθ
Force of friction (fk) = μkR = μk(W – Fsinθ) →①
As shown in fig 9(ii), suppose a force F is applied to push a lawn roller Fig. 9 (i)
of weight W.
If R’ is the normal reaction, then R’ - Fsinθ = W
R’ = W + Fsinθ
Force of friction (f’k) = μkR’ = μk(W + Fsinθ) →②
From eqn ①&②, we find that f’k>fk,i.e., the force of friction is more
in case of push than in case of pull. So, it is easier to pull a body than
to push it

Fig. 9 (ii)
24. What is the acceleration of the block and trolley system shown in a Fig. 10, if the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the trolley and the surface is 0.04? What is the tension in the string? (Take g = 10 m s -2). Neglect the
mass of the string. [3 marks]
Sol. Let block and trolley move towards right with an acceleration a.
Let T be the tension acting on the string connecting trolley and block.
For block of 3kg, net force = 30 – T.
Using Newton’s second law, we get,
30 – T = 3a ⟶①
Now, for trolley, frictional force is acting backwards.
Thus, net force acting in horizontal direction = T – fk
= T – μN = T – (0.04)mg = T – (0.04)(10)(20)
Using Newton’s second law, we get, Fig. 10
T – 8 = 20a ⟶②
Adding eqn ① & ②, we get,
22 = 23a
⟹ a = 0.96ms-2
Substituting a in ①, we get,
T = 30 – 3(0.96) = 27.1N
Ans.Acceleration = 0.96ms-2, Tension = 27.1N
25. The coefficient of friction between the ground and the wheels of a car moving on a horizontal road is 0.5. If the
car starts from rest, what is the minimum distance in which it can acquire a speed of 72km/hr? Take g=10m/s 2.

67
 [2 marks]

( 185 ) = 20ms .
Sol. -1
Here, μ = 0.5, u=0, v = 72km/hr = 72
Here, friction provides the necessary acceleration and we know that, a = μg = (0.5)(10) = 5ms -2.
Using 3rd equation of motion, we get,
⟹v2 = u2 + 2as
⟹ (20)2 = 2(5)s ⟹s = 40m
Ans.Minimum distance = 40m
26. When an automobile moving with a speed of 36km/h reaches an upward inclined road of angle 30 0, its engine
is switched off. If the coefficient of friction involved is 0.1, how much distance will the automobile move
before coming to rest? Take g=10m/s. [3 marks]
Sol. In the given case, u = 36km/h = 10m/s and v=0m/s.
Now, net force acting on the automobile = mgsinθ + f k(both are acting downwards the slope, when body is
moving upwards)
Hence, net force = mgsinθ + μN = mgsinθ + μmgcosθ.
Using Newton’s second law, we get,
⟹ma=mgsinθ + μmgcosθ
⟹ a = g(sinθ+μcosθ)
⟹a = 10(sin 300 + (0.1)(cos300))
⟹a = 5.866ms-2
Since, this acceleration is acting downwards, hence, a = -5.866ms-2
Using 3rdequation of motion, we get,
⟹v2 = u2 + 2as
⟹ (0)2 = (10)2 - 2(5.866)s
⟹s = 8.52m
Ans.Distance = 8.52m
27. A block of mass 10kg is sliding on a surface inclined at an angle 30 0 with the horizontal. If the coefficient of
friction between the block and the surface is 0.5, find the acceleration produced in the block. [2 marks]
0
Sol. Here, μ = 0.5 and θ=30 .
When the block slides down, net force on the block = mgsinθ – fk= mgsinθ – μN = mgsinθ – μmgcosθ
Using Newton’s Second law, we get,
⟹ma=mgsinθ – μmgcosθ
⟹a= gsinθ – μgcosθ
⟹a = 10(sin 300 – (0.5)cos 300)
⟹ a = 0.67ms-2
Ans. Acceleration = 0.67ms-2
28. Determine the maximum acceleration of the train in which a box lying on its floor will remain stationary, given
that the co-efficient of static friction between the box and the train’s floor is 0.15.
Sol. Since the acceleration of the box is due to the static friction.
ma= fs ≤ µs N= µs mg
i.e. a ≤ µsg
amax = µsg = 0.15×10 ms–2
amax = 1.5 m/s2

68
 PPC 4.1

1. A pebble of mass 0.05 kg is thrown vertically upwards. Give the direction and magnitude of the net force on
the pebble, (a) during its upward motion, (b) during its downward motion, (c) at the highest point where it is
momentarily at rest. Will the answers change if the pebble was thrown an angle of 45 0 with the horizontal
direction?
Ans. [i]0.5N, vertically downwards [ii]0.5N, vertically downward [iii]0.5N, vertically downwards. No, the
answer will alter if the pebble were thrown at an angle 45° with the horizontal because the horizontal
component of velocity remain constant. [1 mark]
2. Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on a stone of mass 0.1kg, (a) just after it is dropped
from the window of a stationary train, (b) just after it is dropped from the window of a train running at a
constant velocity of 36km/h, (c) just after it is dropped from the window of a train accelerating with 1ms -2, (d)
lying on the floor of a train which is accelerating with 1ms-2, the stone being at rest relative to the train.
Ans. [i]1N , vertically downwards [ii]1N, vertically downwards [iii]0.1N, vertically downwards, [iv]0.1N, in
the direction of motion of the train. [2 marks]
3. Figure 4 shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 4kg. What is the (a)
force on the particle for t<0, t>4s, 0<t<4s, (b) impulse at t=0s and t=4s?(Consider
one-dimensional motion only). [DPS]
Ans. (a)Zero, (b) 3kgms-1, −¿3kgms-1 [2 marks]

4. A body of mass 0.40kg moving initially with a constant speed of 10m/s to the
north is subject to a constant force of 8N directed towards the south for 30s. Take the instant of the force
applied to be t=0, the position of the body at that to be x=0, and predict its position at t=-5s, 25s, 100s.
Ans. -50m, -6km, -50km [3 marks]

5.

69
 Home Work Sheet 4.1

M.C.Q
1. A force of 10 Newton acts on a body of mass 20kg for 10 seconds. Change in its momentum is
(a) 5 kg m/s (b) 100 kg m/s (c) 200 kg m/s (d) 1000 kg m/s
2. If mass of body is increased by 10% and its speed is decreased by 10% then the percentage change in
magnitude of momentum will be
(a) Increased by 1% (b) Decreased by 1% (c) Increased by 2% (d) Decreased by 2%
3. The velocity acquired by a mass m in travelling a certain distance d starting from rest under the action of a
constant force is directly proportional to: -

(a) (b) m0 (c) (d) m

4. For a body of 25 kg mass, the velocity-time graph is shown in figure. The force acting on the body is: -

(a) 25 N (b) 50 N (c) 12.5 N (d) 100 N

5. A 100 g tennis ball coming at a speed of 20 m/s is hit straight back by a bat to speed of 40 m/s. The magnitude
of the average force F on the ball, when it is in contact for 5 ms with the bat is: -
(a) 1200 N (b) 6000 N (c) 2400 N (d) 1000 N
Theory
6. Define momentum. Is it a scalar or vector quantity? Give its unit and dimensions. [2 marks]
7. What is force? Give its SI unit and dimensions. [1 mark]
8. State Newton’s second law of motion in terms of momentum. From it derive F=ma and explain from it that for
given force produced acceleration in lighter body is greater.[DPS, Prakash] [3 marks]
Application Based
9. Why are the passengers thrown forward from their seats when a speeding bus suddenly stops?
Ans.This is due to inertia of motion. When the speeding bus stops suddenly, lower part of the body in contact
with the seat stops. The upper part of the body of passengers tends to maintain its uniform motion. Hence, the
passengers are thrown forward.[DPS, KV] [1 mark]
10. Why does a cricketer move his hand backwards while holding a catch?
Ans.Cricketer moves his hand backwards to increase the time period so that force acting on his hand reduces
and hence he is not hurt. [1 mark]
11. Chinaware’s are wrapped in straw paper before packing. Why?
Ans.This is done so as to increase the time period of reaction of chinaware’s with ground so that reaction
force acting on them is decreased. [1 mark]
12. A car and a truck are moving on a level road so that their linear momenta are equal. Which one is moving
faster? [1 mark]
13. Explain why a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space?
Ans. In order to pull a cart, a horse pushes the ground backward with some force. The ground in turn exerts an
equal and opposite reaction force upon the feet of the horse. This reaction force causes the horse to move
forward. An empty space is devoid of any such reaction force. Therefore, a horse cannot pull a cart and run in
empty space. [KV] [1 mark]

70
Derivations
14. State the law of conservation of momentum and derive it from Newton’s laws of motion.[DPS] [3 marks]
Numerical
15. A body of mass 5kg is acted upon by two perpendicular forces 8N and 6N. Give the magnitude and direction
of the acceleration of the body.[DPS]
Ans. 2ms-2 at 530 to 6N [2 marks]
16. A batsman hits back a ball straight in the direction of the bowler without changing its initial speed of 12m/s. If
the mass of the ball is 0.15kg, determine the impulse imparted to the ball.
Ans. 3.6Ns [2 marks]
17. A constant retarding force of 50N is applied to a body of mass 20kg moving initially with a speed of 15m/s.
How long does the body take to stop?
Ans. 6s [2 marks]
18. A body of mass m moves along the X-axis such that its position co-ordinate at any instant t is x=at 4-bt3+ct,
where a, b, c are constants. What is the force acting on a particle at any instant t?
Ans. m(12at2-6bt) [2 marks]
19. A bullet of mass 0.04kg moving with a speed of 90m/s enters a heavy wooden block and is stopped after a
distance of 60cm. What is the average resistive force exerted by the block on the bullet?
Ans. 270N [2 marks]
20. Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05kg moving in opposite directions with speed 6m/s collide and rebound
with the same speed. What is the impulse imparted to each ball due to the other?
Ans. 0.6kgm/s [2 marks]
0
21. A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45 without changing it initial speed which is equal to 54km/h. What
is the impulse imparted by the ball? (mass of the ball is 0.15kg).
Ans. 4.2kgm/s [DPS] [2 marks]

71
 PPC 4.2

1. A shell of mass 0.020kg is fired by a gun of mass 100kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is 80m/s, what is the
recoil speed of the gun?
Ans. 1.6 cm/s [2 marks]
2. A 30kg shell is flying at 48m/s. When it explodes, one part of it of 18kg stops, while the remaining part flies
on. Find the velocity of the later.
Ans. 120m/s [2 marks]
3. A machine gun of mass 10kg fires 20g bullets at the rate of 10 bullets per second with a speed of 500m/s.
What force is required to hold the gun in position?
Ans. 100N [2 marks]
4. The driver of a three-wheeler moving with a speed of 36km/h sees a child standing in the middle of the road
and brings his vehicle to rest just in 4s to save the child. What is the average retarding force on the vehicle?
The mass of the three-wheeler is 400kg and the mass of the driver is 65kg.
Ans. 1.16×103N [2 marks]
5. Fig, find the acceleration ‘a’ of the system and the tensions T 1 and
T2 in the strings. Assume that the table and the pulleys are
frictionless and the strings are massless and mass of center block is
8kg.Take g = 9.8ms-2.
Ans. 1.4ms -2, 22.4N, 33.6N [3 marks]
6. See Fig, a wooden block of mass 2 kg rests on a soft horizontal
floor. When an iron cylinder of mass 25 kg is placed on top of the
block, the floor yields steadily and the block and the cylinder
together go down with an acceleration of 0.1 m s -2. What is the
action of the block on the floor (a) before and (b) after the floor
yields? Take g = 10 m s -2. Identify the action-reaction pairs in the
problem. [3 marks]
Ans. 20N, 267.3N, force on gravity on the block by the earth and
force of gravity on the earth by the block, force of gravity on the
system by the earth and force of gravity on the earth by the system.
7. Two blocks of masses 50kg and 30kg connected by a massless
string over a light frictionless pulley and rest on two smooth planes
inclined at angles 300 and 600 respectively with the horizontal as
shown in fig 20. Determine the acceleration of the two blocks and
the tension in the string. Take g=10ms -2.
Ans. 0.12ms -2, 256N [3 marks]
8. Two identical billiard balls strike a rigid wall with the same speed
but at different angles, and get reflected without any change in
speed. What is (i) the direction of the force on the wall due to each
ball? (ii) the ratio of the magnitudes of impulses imparted to the
balls by the wall? [DPS] [3 marks]
Ans. (a) In x-direction due to both balls (b) 1.2

1.

72
 Home Work Sheet 4.2

M.C.Q
1. A man fires a bullet of mass 200 g at a speed of 5 m/s. The gun is of one kg mass. By what velocity the gun
rebounds backwards
(a) 0.1 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 1 m/s (d) 0.01 m/s
2. A body of mass M at rest explodes into three pieces, two of which of mass M/4 each are thrown off in
perpendicular directions with velocities of 3 m/s and 4 m/s respectively. The third piece will be thrown off
with a velocity of
(a) 1.5 m/s (b) 2.0 m/s (c) 2.5 m/s (d) 3.0 m/s
3. In the arrangement shown in the figure, the pulley has a mass 3m. Neglecting friction on the contact surface,
the force exerted by the supporting rope AB on the ceiling is: -

(a) 5.67 mg (b) 3 mg (c) 4 mg (d) 2.67 mg

4. In the fig. mass m = 10 kg then in order to keep it at rest, the value of mass M will be: -

(a) 10 kg (b) 5 kg (c) 20 kg (d) 40 kg

5. What will be the acceleration of the blocks if they are set free to move? (g = acceleration due to gravity)

(a) g (b) g/2 (c) g/3 (d) g/4

Theory
6. What do you mean by conservation of linear momentum? Explain it giving appropriate example.[MAV, DPS]
[2 marks]
7. What are concurrent forces? [1 mark]
8. What do you mean by equilibrium of concurrent forces? [DPS, KV] [1 mark]
9. Prove that under the action of three concurrent forces F 1 , F2 ∧F3 , a body will be in equilibrium,
i.e., F 1+ F 2 + F3 =0. [DPS, KV] [2 marks]
Application Based

73
 10. Explain why a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space?
Ans. In order to pull a cart, a horse pushes the ground backward with some force. The ground in turn exerts an
equal and opposite reaction force upon the feet of the horse. This reaction force causes the horse to move
forward. An empty space is devoid of any such reaction force. Therefore, a horse cannot pull a cart and run in
empty space. [KV] [1 mark]
11. Why does a rifle give a backward kick on firing a bullet?
Ans. According to conservation of linear momentum of an isolated system is conserved. Since momentum of
rifle and bullet before firing is zero, so to conserve momentum after bullet is fired rifle is given a backward
jerk.[DPS] [1 mark]
12. Why is the boat pushed away when a man jumps out of the boat?
Ans. Since, momentum of boat and man is zero before jumping out, so according to conservation of linear
momentum, boat moves backward to conserve momentum. [1 mark]
13. A thief jumps from the upper storey of a house with a load on his back. What is the force of the load on his
back when the thief is in air?[DPS] [1 mark]
14. (a)When a ball is thrown up, the magnitude of its momentum first decreases and then increases. Does this
violate the conservation of momentum?
(b)In a tug of war, one team is slowly giving way to the other. What is the nature of the work done and by
whom? [3 mark]
Numerical
15. A bullet of mass 7g is fired into a block of metal weighing 7kg. The block is free to move. After the impact,
the velocity of the bullet and the block is 70m/s. What is the initial velocity of the bullet?
Ans. 70070m/s [2 marks]
16. A pull of 15N is applied to a rope attached to a block of mass 7kg lying on a smooth horizontal surface. The
mass of the rope is 0.5kg. What is the force exerted by block on the rope?
Ans. 14N [2 marks]
2
17. A rocket with a lift-off mass 20,000 kg is blasted upwards with an initial acceleration of 5m/s . Calculate the
initial thrust (force) of the blast.
Ans.3×105N [2 marks]
18. See Fig , a mass of 6 kg is suspended by a rope of length 2 m from the ceiling. A
force of 50 N in the horizontal direction is applied at the midpoint P of the rope, as
shown. What is the angle the rope makes with the vertical in equilibrium? (Take g =
10ms-2). Neglect the mass of the rope.
Ans. 400 [2 marks]

19. Two masses 8kg and 12kg are connected at the two ends of a light inextensible string that goes over a
frictionless pulley. Find the acceleration of the masses, and the tension in the string where the masses are
released.
Ans. 2m/s2, 96N [2 marks]
20. Two bodies of masses 10kg and 20kg respectively kept on a smooth, horizontal surface are tied to the ends of
a light string. A horizontal force F=600N is applied to (i) A, (ii) B along the direction of string. What is the
tension in the string in each case?
Ans. 200N, 400N [2 marks]
21. Two bodies whose masses are m 1= 50kg and m2=150kg are tied by a light string and are placed on a
frictionless horizontal surface. When m 1 is pulled by a force F, acceleration of 5ms -2 is produced in both the
bodies. Calculate the value of F. What is the tension in the string?
Ans. 1000N, 750N [2 marks]

74
22. A body m1 of mass 5kg is placed on a smooth horizontal table. It is connected to a string which passes over a
frictionless pulley and carries at the other end, a body m 2 of mass 10kg. What acceleration will be produced in
the bodies when system is released? What will be the tension in the string during the motion of the bodies?
What when the bodies stop? Take g = 9.8ms -2.
Ans.6.53ms-2, 32.7N, 98N [2 marks]
23. Three blocks are connected as shown in figure on a horizontal
frictionless table and pulled to the right with a force of
TS=60N. If m1=10kg, m2=20kg and m3=30kg, find the ratio of
T1/T2.
Ans. 1/3 [DPS]
[2 marks]

75
 PPC 4.3

1. A block of mass 10kg is sliding on a surface inclined at an angle 30 0 with the horizontal. If the coefficient of
friction between the block and the surface is 0.5, find the acceleration produced in the block.
Ans. 0.67m/s2 [2 marks]
2. The coefficient of friction between the ground and the wheels of a car moving on a horizontal road is 0.5. If
the car starts from rest, what is the minimum distance in which it can acquire a speed of 72km/hr? Take
g=10m/s2.
Ans. 40m [2 marks]
3. Why is it easier to pull a lawn roller than to push it? Explain with proper diagram and mathematical
expressions.[DPS, KV, Udgam] [2 marks]
4. When an automobile moving with a speed of 36km/h reaches an upward inclined road of angle 30 0, its engine
is switched off. If the coefficient of friction involved is 0.1, how much distance will the automobile move
before coming to rest? Take g=10m/s.
Ans. 8.52m [3 marks]

1.

76
 Home Work Sheet 4.3

M.C.Q
1. On which of the following angle of repose depends
(a) Angle of inclination (b) Friction force
(c) Weight of block (d) Coefficient of friction
2. For what value of  block will slide (  = 0.6 )

(a) 200 (b) 300 (c) 450 (d) 150

3. Find net contact force if block is at rest (given:-  =  =  0.75, 60 )

(a) 12 N (b) 14 N (c) 10 N (d) 16 N

4. A block of mass 4 kg is placed on the floor. The coefficient of static friction is 0.4. Force of 8 N is applied on
the block. The force of friction between the block and the floor is
(a) 16 N (b) 8.0 N (c) 2.0 N (d) Zero
5. The frictional force of the air on a body of mass 0.5 kg, falling with an acceleration of 9.0 m/s 2 , will be (g =
10 m/s2 ):
(a) 4.9 N (b) 0.5 N (c) 4.5 N (d) 5 N
Theory
1. Define coefficient of friction. What happens to the coefficient of friction when the weight of the body is
doubled?[DPS] [2 marks]
2. Explain the terms friction and limiting friction. State the laws of limiting friction. Give some methods for
reducing friction. Write its mathematical form. [DPS] [3 marks]
3. With the help of a suitable example, explain the terms static friction and kinetic friction. Show that static
friction is a self-adjusting force. [DPS, Udgam] [3 marks]
4. Define angle of repose. Deduce its relation with coefficient of static friction.[Udgam] [3 marks]
OR
Prove that coefficient of static friction is “tangent of angle of friction”.[Udgam school] [3 marks]
Application Based
5. Why are shockers used in cars, scooters and motorcycles? [DPS] [1 mark]
Ans. In the event of a jerk or jump, the time for which the force acts increases. Since the product of force and
time is to remain constant in a given situation therefore the force decreases.
6. Automobiles tyres are generally provided with irregular projections over their surfaces. Why? [1 mark]
Ans. Irregular projections increase the friction between rubber tyres and road. This provides a firm grip
between the tyres and the road and prevents slipping.

77
 7. How does friction help us in walking? [1 mark]
Ans. Due to friction, we are able to push the ground backward during walking. The reaction of the ground
helps to move forward.
Numerical
8. What is the acceleration of the block and trolley system shown in a
Fig. 25, if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the trolley and
the surface is 0.04? What is the tension in the string? (Take g = 10 m
s-2). [Neglect the mass of the string.][DPS]
Ans. 0.96ms-2, 27.1N [3 marks]

9. Find the distance travelled by a body before coming to rest, if it is moving with a speed of 10m/s and the
coefficient of friction between the ground and the body is 0.4.
Ans. 12.5m [2 marks]
10. A suitcase is gently dropped on a conveyor belt moving at 3m/s. If the coefficient of friction between the belt
and the suitcase is 0.5, how far will the suitcase move on belt before coming to rest?
Ans. 0.9m [2 marks]
11. See Fig. 24, A mass of 4 kg rests on a horizontal plane. The plane is
gradually inclined until at an angle θ = 15° with the horizontal, the
mass just begins to slide. What is the coefficient of static friction
between the block and the surface?
Ans. 0.27 [2 marks]

78
 PPC 4.4

1. A cyclist speeding at 18km/h on a level road takes a sharp circular turn of radius 3m without reducing the
speed and without bending towards the centre of the circular path. The coefficient of static friction between
the tyres and the road is 0.1. Will the cyclist slip while taking the turn?
Ans. The cyclist will slip [DPS] [2 marks]
0
2. A circular race track of radius 300m is banked at an angle of 15 . If the coefficient of friction between the
wheels of a race car and the road is 0.2, what is the (i) optimum speed of the race car to avoid wear and tear on
its tyres, and (ii) maximum permissible speed to avoid slipping?
Ans. 38.1m/s, 28.1m/s [2 marks]
3. A train has to negotiate a curve of 400m. By how much should the outer rail be raised with respect to the inner
rail for a speed of 48km/h? The distance between the rails is 1m.
Ans. 0.0454m [3 marks]
4. A stone of mass 0.25kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5m with a speed of
40rev/min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is the maximum speed with which the
stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand a maximum tension of 200N?
Ans.6.6N, 35m/s[DPS] [3 marks]

5.

79
 Home Work Sheet 4.4

M.C.Q
1. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
2. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
3. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
4. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
5. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
Theory
6. What do you mean by banking of curved roads? [Udgam] [1 mark]
7. What provides the centripetal force to a car taking a turn on a level road?
Ans. Frictional force provides the centripetal force to a car taking a turn on a level road [KV] [1 mark]
Derivations
8. Derive an expression for the maximum permissible speed of a vehicle on a curved banked road [DPS,
Udgam, KV, MAV] [3 marks]
9. Why are circular roads banked? Derive an expression for maximum velocity of a car on a circular level road.
[2 marks]
Application Based
10. Why does a cyclist bend inwards while riding along a curved road? [DPS, Udgam] [2 marks]
11. Why does skidding take place generally on a rainy day along a curved path?
Ans. On a rainy day, the wet ground becomes very smooth. The friction between body and road is greatly
reduced. This causes skidding. [1 mark]
Numerical
12. A bend in a level road has a radius of 100m. Find the maximum speed which a car turning this bend may have
without skidding, if the co-efficient of friction between the tyres and the road is 0.8.

80
 Ans. 28m/s [2 marks]
13. A cyclist riding at a speed of 14√3 m/s takes a turn around a circular road of radius 20√3m. What is the
inclination to the vertical?
Ans. 600 [2 marks]
14. Find the maximum speed at which a car can take a turn round a curve of 30m radius on a level road if the
coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road is 0.4. Take g=10m/s 2.
Ans. 11m/s [2 marks]
15. An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed of 720 km/h with its wings banked at 15°. What is the radius
of the loop?
Ans. 15km [2 marks]
16. A motor cyclist goes round a circular race course of diameter 320m at 144kmh -1. How far from the vertical
must he lean to keep his balance? Take g=10ms-2.
Ans. 450 [2 marks]

81
Assignment Sheet
Theory
1. If two bodies of different masses possess same momentum, the lighter body has greater velocity. Why?
1
Ans.We know that, p = mv. With p constant, m ∝ . Thus, lighter body will have greater velocity.[MAV, KV]
v
2. ` Standing is not allowed in a double Decker bus. Why? [1 mark]
3. In a tug of war, the team that pushes harder against the ground wins why? [1 mark]
4. Why fruit fall down from a tree, when its branches are shaken? [1 mark]
5. Explain why (a) a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space, (b) passengers are thrown forward from
their seats when a speeding bus stops suddenly, (c) it is easier to pull a lawn mower than to push it.
[2 marks]
6. A man is at rest in the middle of a pond on perfectly frictionless ice. How can he get himself to the shore?
[Prakash] [1 mark]
Numerical
7. A ship of mass 3×107 kg and initially at rest can be pulled through a distance of 3 m by means of a force of
5×104 N. the water resistance is negligible . Find the speed attained by the ship.
Ans. 0.1m/s [2 marks]
8. Forces of 5√ 2 and 6√ 2 are acting on a body of mass 1000 kg at an angle to 60° to the each other. Find the
acceleration, distance covered and the velocity of the mass after 10 s.
Ans.a = 0.01349 m/s2 v = 0.1349 m/s, s = 0.6745 m [2 marks]
9. A cricket ball of mass 150 g moving with a velocity of 15 m/s is brought to rest by a player in 0.05 s. calculate
the impulse and the average force exerted by the player.
Ans. -45N [2 marks]
10. A helicopter of mass 1000 kg rises with a vertical acceleration of 15 m s -2. The crew and the passengers weigh
300 kg. Give the magnitude and direction of the (a) force on the floor by the crew and passengers, (b) action of
the rotor of the helicopter on the surrounding air, (c) force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air.
Ans. 7500N, 32500N, 32500N [3 marks]
11. A stream of water flowing horizontally with a speed of 15 m s gushes out of a tube of cross-sectional area 10 -2
-1

m2, and hits a vertical wall nearby. What is the force exerted on the wall by the impact of water, assuming it
does not rebound?
Ans. 2250N [2 marks]
12. Ten one-rupee coins are put on top of each other on a table. Each coin has a mass m. Give the magnitude and
direction of (a) the force on the 7th coin (counted from the bottom) due to all the coins on its top, (b) the force
on the 7th coin by the eighth coin, (c) the reaction of the 6th coin on the 7th coin.
Ans. 3mg, 3mg, 4mg [3 marks]
2
13. A truck starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 2m/s . At t=10s, a stone is dropped by a person standing
on the top of the truck (6m high from the ground). What are the (a) velocity, (b) acceleration of the stone at
t=11s? (neglect air resistance).
Ans. 22.4m/s at tan-1(1/2), 10m/s2 downwards. [2 marks]
14. Figure shows a man standing stationary with respect to a horizontal
conveyer belt that is accelerating with 1 m s -2. What is the net force on the
man? If the coefficient of static friction between the man’s shoes and the
belt is 0.2, up to what acceleration of the belt can the man continue to be
stationary relative to the belt (Mass of the man = 65 kg.)
Fig.
-2
Ans. 65N, 2ms . [2 marks]

82
15. Two bodies A and B of masses 5 kg and 10 kg in contact with each other
rest on a table against a rigid wall (Fig. 35). The coefficient of friction
between the bodies and the table is 0.15. A force of 200 N is applied
horizontally to A. What are (a) the reaction of the partition (b) the action-
reaction forces between A and B ? What happens when the wall is
removed? Does the answer to (b) change, when the bodies are in motion?
Ignore the difference between μS and μK.
Ans.(a)200N,(b)200N,(c) 130N,130N [3 marks]
16. The rear side of a truck is open and a box of 40 kg mass is placed 5 m
away from the open end as shown in Fig 36. The coefficient of friction
between the box and the surface below it is 0.15. On a straight road, the
truck starts from rest and accelerates with 2ms -2. At what distance from the
starting point does the box fall off the truck? (Ignore the size of the box).
Ans. 20m [3 marks]
17. 1
A disc revolves with a speed of 33 rev/min, and has a radius of 15 cm. Two coin are placed at 4 cm and 14
3
cm away from the centre of the record. If the co-efficient of friction between the coins and the record is 0.15,
which of the coins will revolve with the record?
Ans. Nearer coin(4 cm) [2 marks]
18. A 70 kg man stands in contact against the inner wall of a hollow cylindrical drum of radius 3 m rotating about
its vertical axis with 200rev/min. The coefficient of friction between the wall and his clothing is 0.15. What is
the minimum rotational speed of the cylinder to enable the man to remain stuck to the wall (without falling)
when the floor is suddenly removed?
Ans. 5rads-1 [3 marks]
19. A block of mass 25 kg is raised by a 50 kg man in two different ways as
shown in Fig 37. What is the action on the floor by the man in the two
cases? If the floor yields to a normal force of 700 N, which mode should
the man adopt to lift the block without the floor yielding?
Ans. 735N, 245N, mode (b) [3 marks]

20. The motion of a particle of mass m is described by y=u2t + ½ gt2. Find the force acting on the particle.
21. A constant force acting on the body of mass 3kg changes its speed from 2m/s to 3.5m/s in 25 sec. The direction
of the motion of the body remains unchanged. What is the magnitude and direction of the force?
22. A neutron having a mass 1.67×10 -27kg and moving at 108m/s collides with a deuteron at rest and sticks to it. If
the mass of the deuteron is 3.34×10-27kg, find the speed of the combination.
Ans. 3.33×107m/s [2 marks]
23. Suresh noticed a big Granite Rock in his locality. He thought that if they worked upon it they could earn
money. He took permission from the government, completed all the formalities. He broke the Rock using a
bomb. The rock0 was made into slices. They established a Granite industry. Many of the people in the
surroundings started to earn and live comfortably.
(a)What values of Suresh impress you?
Ans. Intelligent, Caring, Honest
(b)A bomb is thrown in a horizontal direction with a velocity of 50m/s. It explode into two parts of masses 6kg
and 3kg, the heavier fragment continues to move in the horizontal direction with a velocity of 80m/s. Calculate
the velocity of the lighter fragment. [KV]
Ans. -10m/s [3 marks]
24. A body of mass 0.25kg moving with velocity 12 m/s is stopped by applying a force of 0.6N. Calculate the time

83
 taken to stop the body. Also calculate the impulse of this force. [Udgam]
Ans. 5s, 3Ns [2 marks]
25. A body of mass 15kg is hung by a spring balance in a lift. What would be the reading of the balance when
(i) the lift is ascending with an acceleration of 2m/s2, (ii) descending with the same acceleration?
Ans. 18kg, 12kg [2 marks]
26. A force of 9N pulls a block of 4kg through a rope of mass 0.5kg. The block is resting on a smooth surface.
What is the force of reaction exerted by the block on the rope?
Ans. 8N [2 marks]
27. Determine the maximum acceleration of the train in which a box lying on its floor will remain stationary, given
that the co-efficient of static friction between the box and the train’s floor is 0.15.
Ans. 1.5 m/s2 [2 marks]
28. If in the above question, the speed of the stone is increased beyond the maximum permissible value,and the string
breaks suddenly, which of the following correctly describes the trajectory of the stone after the string breaks : (a) the
stone moves radially outwards, (b) the stone flies off tangentially from the instant the string breaks,(c) the stone flies
off at an angle with the tangent whose magnitude depends on the speed of the particle?
Ans. (b) [1 mark]
29. One end of a string of length l is connected to a particle of mass m and other to a small peg on a smooth
horizontal table. If the particle moves in a circle with a speed v, then what is the net force on the particle
(directed towards the center): (i) T, (ii) T-mv2/l,(iii) T+mv2/l, (iv)0? [DPS]
Ans.(i)is correct. The net force on the particle directed towards the centre is T. This provides the necessary
centripetal force to the particle moving in the circle. [1 mark]
30. A body is travelling with a constant speed on the circumference of the circle. Of the quantities, (i) linear
velocity, (ii) linear acceleration, (iii) acceleration towards the centre and (iv) centripetal force, which remains
constant?
Ans. Acceleration towards the centre and centripetal force. [1 mark]
31. What should be the coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road, when a car travelling at 60km/h
makes a level turn of radius 40m? [MAV]
Ans. 0.71 [2 marks]
32. A circular racetrack of radius 300 m is banked at an angle of 15°. If the coefficient of friction between the
wheels of a race-car and the road is 0.2, what is the (a) optimum speed of the race-car to avoid wear and tear
on its tyres, and (b) maximum permissible speed to avoid slipping?
33. See Fig 17, a wooden block of mass 2 kg rests on a soft horizontal
floor. When an iron cylinder of mass 25 kg is placed on top of the
block, the floor yields steadily and the block and the cylinder together
go down with an acceleration of 0.1 m s-2. What is the action of the
block on the floor (a) before and (b) after the floor yields? Take g = 10
m s-2. Identify the action-reaction pairs in the problem.
Ans. 20N, 267.3N, force on gravity on the block by the earth and
force of gravity on the earth by the block, force of gravity on the
system by the earth and force of gravity on the earth by the system.
[3 marks]

84
 05 Work Energy and Power

Solved Examples

1. F = (3i^ +4 ^j -5k^ ) unit and displacement, d⃗ = (5i^ +4 ^j +3k^ ) unit.

Find work done by force, if force ⃗ [2 marks]
Sol. We know that, ⃗ F . d⃗ = Fx x+ Fy y + Fz z = (3)(5)+(4)(4)-(5)(3) = 16unit
2. A body of mass 2 kg initially at rest moves under the action of an applied horizontal force of 7 N on a table
with coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.1. Compute (a) work done by the applied force in 10 s, (b) work done by
friction in 10 s, (c) work done by the net force on the body in 10 s, (d) change in kinetic energy of the body in
10 s, and interpret your results. [3 marks]
Sol. Applied Force = 7N.
Force of Friction = μN = μmg = (0.1)(2)(9.8) = 1.96N.
Thus, Fnet = 7-1.96 = 5.04N
Now, F = ma ⟹ a = 5.04/2 = 2.52m/s2
Using, s = ut + ½ at2, we get,
⟹ s = (0) + ½ (2.52)(10)2 = 126m
v = u + at ⟹ v = 0 + (2.52)(10) = 25.2m/s
(a) Work Done by Applied Force = Fs = (7)(126) =882J
(b) Work Done by Friction = (1.96)(126) = 246.6J
(c) Work Done by net force = (5.04)(126) = 635.04J 635J
(d) ΔK = ½ mv2- ½ mu2 ⟹ ΔK = ½ mv2 (since u=0)
ΔK = ½(2)(25.2)2 = 635.04J ≈ 635J
Work done by net force = change in K.E
Therefore, W-E theorem is verified.
3. Consider a drop of mass 1.00g falling from a height 1.00km. It hits the ground with a speed of 50ms -1. (a) What
is the work done by the gravitational force? (b) What is the work done by the unknown force?
Take g = 10 m/s2 [2 marks]
Sol. Here, Force = mg = (0.001)(10) = 0.01N
Let work done by the unknown force be Wu.
(a) Work done by gravitational force, Wg = Fs = mgh = (0.01)(1000) = 10J
(b) ΔK = Kf – Ki = ½ mv2- ½ mu2
⟹ ΔK = Kf – 0 = ½(10-3)(50)2
⟹ ΔK = 1.25 J
Net work done = ΔK
Wnet = ΔK
Wg + Wu = 1.25J
10 + Wu = 1.25
Wu = 1.25 – 10
Wu = −¿ 8.75J
4. A uniform chain of length 2m is kept on a table such that a length of 60cm hangs freely from the edge of the
table. The total mass of chain is 4kg. What is the work done in pulling the entire chain on the table? Take
g=10ms-2. [2 marks]
Sol. Mass of 2m chain = 4kg.
4
Hence, mass of 60cm chain = (0.6) = 1.2kg
2
Weight of hanging part = (1.2)(10) = 12N

85
 Now, as centre of gravity of hanging part lies at its mid-point, i.e., 30cm below the edge of the table, so work
done in pulling hanging part of the chain is, W = (12)(0.3) = 3.6J
5. If the linear momentum of a body increases by 20%, what will be the %increase in the kinetic energy of the
body? [2 marks]
Sol. Let p be the initial momentum.
2
p
Hence, initial kinetic energy, K =
2m
Now, since momentum increases by 20%, hence, final momentum, p’= p + (20/100)p = p + 0.2p = 1.2p
2 2 2
p' (1.2 p) 1.44 p
Thus, final kinetic energy, K’ = = =
2m 2m 2m
2
0.44 p
Thus, change in kinetic energy, ΔK = K’– K =
2m
ΔK
Thus, %change in Kinetic energy = ×100 = 0.44×100 = 44%
K
6. In a ballistics demonstration a police officer fires a bullet of mass 50.0 g with speed 200 ms -1 on soft plywood
of thickness 2.00 cm. The bullet emerges with only 10% of its initial kinetic energy. What is the emergent
speed of the bullet? [2 marks]
2 2
Sol. Initial kinetic energy = ½ mv = ½ (0.05)(200) = 1000J
10
Final kinetic energy = 10% of initial = ×1000 = (0.1)(1000)=100 J
100

7.
Thus, emergent speed of bullet, v’ =
m √ (0.05) √
2 K ' = 2(100) = 63.2ms-1

A block of mass m = 1 kg, moving on a horizontal surface with speed v i= 2 ms-1 enters a rough patch ranging
from x = 0.10 m to x = 2.01 m. The retarding force F r on the block in this range is inversely proportional to x
over this range, Fr=−k/x for 0.1 < x < 2.01m and = 0 for x < 0.1m and x > 2.01m where k = 0.5 J. What is the
final kinetic energy and speed vf of the block as it crosses this patch? [l n(20.1)=3]
Sol. Here, Ki = ½ mvi2 = ½ (1)(2)2 = 2J
xf 2.01 2.01
Now, for variable force, W = ∫ F . dx = ∫( −k
x )
dx = ∫ ( −0.5
x )
dx
xi 0.1 0.1
By Work Energy theorem, ΔK = W.
KF −¿ Ki = W
KF = K i + W
2.01
KF = 2 + ∫ ( −0.5
x )
dx
0.1
1
KF = 2 – 0.5¿ ¿ [∫ dx = ln x]
x
KF = 2 – 0.5[ln 2.01 – ln 0.1]
a
KF = 2 – 0.5[ln(2.01/0.1)] [ln a – ln b = ln ]
b
KF = 2 – 0.5[ln(20.1)]
KF = 2 – 1.5 ⟹ KF = 0.5J

8.
KF = ½ mvf2 ⟹ vf =
√ √
2Kf
m
=
( 2 )(0.5) =
1
√1 ⟹ vf =1 ms-1

An electron and a proton are detected in a cosmic ray experiment, the first with kinetic energy 10 keV, and the
second with 100 keV. Which is faster, the electron or the proton ? Obtain the ratio of their speeds. (electron
mass = 9.11 × 10–31 kg. Proton mass = 1.67 × 10–27 kg, 1 eV = 1.60 × 10–19 J.
Sol. Mass of the electron, me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Mass of the proton, mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
Kinetic energy of the electron is
Ee = 10 keV = 104 eV

86
 Ee = 104 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 1.60 × 10–15 J

Kinetic energy of the proton

Ep = 100 keV = 105 eV = 1.60 × 10–14 J

For the velocity of an electron ve, its kinetic energy is given by the relation:

m/s
For the velocity of a proton vp, its kinetic energy is given by the relation:

m/s
As the velocity of electron is more than that of proton, so electron is faster than proton.

The ratio of their speeds is

9. The potential energy function for a particle executing linear simple harmonic motion is given by V(x)=kx 2/2,
where k is the force constant of the oscillator. Here, k=0.5Nm -1. Show that a particle of total energy 1J moving
under this potential must turn back when it reaches x=±2m. [2 marks]
Sol. At any instant, the energy of the oscillator is partly kinetic and partly potential. Its total energy is, E = K + V
E = ½ mv2 + ½ kx2
An oscillator particle turns back at the point where its instantaneous velocity is zero, i.e., particle will turn back
at such a point x when v=0.
Thus, E =0 + ½ kx2.
But E = 1J, k = 0.5Nm-1.
Thus, 1 = ½ (0.5)x2
⟹ x = ±2m
So the particle of total energy 1 J will turn back when it reaches x =±2m
10. A body of mass 0.5kg travels in a straight line with velocity v=ax 3/2 where a=5m-1/2s-1. What is the work done
by the net force during its displacement from x=0 to x=2m? [2 marks]
3/2
Sol. Velocity, v = ax
Vf = a(2)3/2 = 5(2)3/2
Vi = a(0)3/2 = 0
According to work energy theorem,
1 2 1 2 1
W = ΔK = Kf - Ki = mvf - mvi = m(vf2 – vi2)
2 2 2
1
W= 0.5[(5(2)3/2)2 – 02]
2
1
W = (0.5)(5)(5)(2)3 = 50 J
2
Ans. Work done is 50J
11. A pump is on the ground floor of a building can pump up water to fill a tank of volume 30m 3 in 15 min. If the
tank is 40 m above the ground, and the efficiency of the pump is 30%, how much electric power is consumed
by the pump?
Sol. vol. Of water = 30m3
t = 15 min = 900 sec.
h = 40 m
efficiency = 30%
density of water = 103 kg/m3.
Mass of water pumped m = vol × density = 30 × 103 kg.

Actual power consumed or output power

87
 = 13070 watt.

Now

= 43567 W = 43.56 kW
12. A car of mass 1000 kg accelerate uniformly from rest to a velocity of 54 kmh -1 in 5 seconds. Calculate (i)
acceleration, (ii) gain in K.E. (iii) average power of the engine during this period.
Sol. Here, m = 1000 kg, u = 0
u = 54 km/h = 15 m/s
t = 5s, a = ?, K.E = ?, Power = ?

From m/s2

Gain in K.E =
= 1.125 × 105 J

Power =
= 22500 W
13. The blades of a windmill sweep out a circle of area A. (a) If the wind flows at a velocity v perpendicular to the
circle, what is the mass of the air passing through it in time t? (b) What is the kinetic energy of the air? (c)
Assume that the windmill converts 25% of the wind’s energy into electrical energy, and that A = 30 m 2, v = 36
km/h and the density of air is 1.2 kg m-3. What is the electrical power produced ?
Sol. (a) Volume of wind flowing / sec =
Mass of wind flowing / sec =
Mass of air passing in t sec, m =

(b) K.E. of air

(c) Electrical energy produced × K.E. of air

Electrical power

W = 4.5 kW
14. Two inclined frictionless tracks, one gradual and the other steep meet at A from where two stones are allowed
to slide down from rest, one on each track (Fig.). Will the stones reach the bottom at the same time? Will they
reach there with the same speed? Explain, Given, and h = 10 m, what are the speeds and
times taken by the two stones ?

88
Sol.
In figure, OA and OB are two smooth planes inclined to the horizontal at and respectively. As height
of both the planes is the same, therefore, both the stones will reach the bottom with same speed.
As P.E. at O = K.E. at A = K.E. at B

As is clear from figure, acceleration of the two blocks are and

As

From or

As and

15. Slowing down of neutrons: In a nuclear reactor a neutron of high speed (typically 10 7 m s–1) must be slowed to

103 m s–1 so that it can have a high probability of interacting with isotope and causing it to fission. Show
that a neutron can lose most of its kinetic energy in an elastic collision with a light nuclei like deuterium or
carbon which has a mass of only a few times the neutron mass. The material making up the light nuclei,
usually heavy water (D2O) or graphite, is called a moderator.
Sol.
The initial kinetic energy of the neutron is while its final kinetic energy from Eq. (6.27)

The fractional kinetic energy lost is while the fractional kinetic energy gained by the

moderating nuclei K2f/K1i is f2 = 1 – f1 (elastic collision)

One can also verify this result by substituting from Eq. (6.28).
For deuterium m2 = 2m1 and we obtain f1 = 1/9 while f2 = 8/9. Almost 90% of the neutron’s energy is
transferred to deuterium. For carbon f 1 = 71.6% and f2 = 28.4%. In practice, however, this number is smaller
since head-on collisions are rare.

89
16. A ball of 0.1 kg makes an elastic heads on collision with a ball of unknown mass that is initially at rest. If the
0.1 kg ball rebounds at one-third of its original speed, what is the mass of the other ball?
Sol. Let u be initial velocity of first ball before collision and be velocity of other ball after collision. From
conservation of linear momentum

...(i)

for elastic collision.

from eqn (i),

17. A vehicle of mass 30 quintals moving with a speed of 18 kmh -1 collides with another vehicle of mass 90
quintals moving with a speed of 14.4 kmh-1 in the opposite direction. What will be the velocity of each after the
collision?
Sol. It is based on the laws of conservation of energy and momentum
so,
mu + m’u’ = mv + m’v’ ...(i)
and
law of conservation of (kinetic) energy

or
...(ii)
now, here
Mass(m) = 30 quintals = 3000 kg
mass(m’) = 90 quintals = 9000 kg
u = 18 km/hr = 5 m/s
u’ = 14.4 km/hr = 4 m/s
thus, equation 1 will be as following
3000 × 5 + 9000 × 4 = 3000 v + 9000 v’
on dividing by 3000 on both sides
5 + 12 = v + 3 v’ or v + 3v’ = 17 ...(3)
or v = 17 – 3v’ ...(4)
now, equation (2) will be

or
...(5)
now, by substituting the value of v from (4) in (5), we get

or

or

90
 dividing both sides by 6, we have

now, by solving the above quadratic equation given us two values of v’ that is
v’ = 4 m/s or v’ = 4.5 m/s
we can substitute both value of v; one by one in (3) to get two corresponding value of v
so,
(a) if v’ = 4 m/s ; v = 5 m/s
and
(b) if v’ = 4.5 m/s ; v = 3.5 m/s
we shall select option (b) to be the correct values as option (a) represents the initial velocities.
So, the final velocities will be
v = 3.5 m/ and v’ = 4.5 m/s
18. Consider the collision between two billiard balls in two dimensions. The masses of the two balls is same i.e. m 1
= m2 = m. The first ball is called cue while the second ball is called the target. The billiard player wants to sink
the target ball in a corner packet, which is at an angle Assume that the collision is elastic and that
friction and rotational motion are not important. Obtain
Sol.
If is initial velocity of cue, and = 0 is initial velocity of target

= final velocity of cue, and = final velocity of target, then from momentum
conservation,

or

...(i)
According to conservation of K.E.

Put in (i),

91
 PPC 5.1

1. Consider a drop of mass 1.00g falling from a height 1.00km. It hits the ground with a speed of 50ms -1. (a)
What is the work done by the gravitational force? (b) What is the work done by the unknown force?
Ans. 10J, -8.75J [2 marks]
2. A man weighing 50kg f supports a body of 25kg f on his head. What is the work done when he moves a
distance of 20m up an incline of sin-1(1/10)? Take g=9.8ms-2.
Ans. 1470J [2 marks]
3. A uniform chain of length 2m is kept on a table such that a length of 60cm hangs freely from the edge of the
table. The total mass of chain is 4kg. What is the work done in pulling the entire chain on the table? Take
g=10ms-2. [2 marks]

4.

92
 Home Work Sheet 5.1

M.C.Q

1. A force N acts on a body and produces a displacement m. The work done will
be
(a) 13 J (b) 30 J (c) 10 J (d) 20 J
2. A body of mass m is displaced from point A(3, 1, 3) to point B(1, 2, 1) under the effect of a force

, calculate work done by the force.

(a) 57 J (b) 11 J (c) 0 J (d) 22 J
3. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = x1 to x = x2 under the influence of a force given by F = 2x. Find
the work done in the process.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

4. A force F acting on an object varies with distance x as shown here. The work done by the force in moving the
object from x = 0 to x = 6m is :-

(a) 18 J (b) 27 J (c) 36 J (d) 9 J

5. Calculate the work done for following F-d curves

(a) 30 J (b) 40 J (c) 45 J (d) 50 J

Theory
6. Define work. Is work done a scalar or a vector quantity? [1 mark]
7. Give SI unit and dimensional formula of work.[DPS] [1 mark]
8. What do you mean by conservative and non-conservative forces? Give example of each.[DPS] [2 marks]
9. State work energy theorem. Prove work energy theorem for a constant force.
OR
Show that work done in increasing the velocity is equal to the change in kinetic energy.[DPS] [3 marks]
10. Discuss the conditions under which work done by a constant force is zero.
Ans. (i) When force is perpendicular to displacement, (ii) When displacement is zero.[DPS] [1 mark]
Application Based
11. What would be the angle between the directions of force and displacement for maximum and minimum work?
Ans. For maximum work, angle should be 00 or 1800 and for minimum work angle should be 900. [1 mark]

93
 12. A particle is moving in a circular path of a given radius with angular speed (i)being constant, (ii) is increasing,
(iii) is decreasing. What happens to work done in the three cases.
Ans. Zero work done in all cases as displacement is zero in all cases for a circular path. [1 mark]
13. State carefully if the following quantities are positive or negative:
(a) work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a well by means of a rope tied to the bucket.
(b) work done by gravitational force in the above case.
(c)work done by friction on a body sliding down an inclined plane.
(d)work done by an applied force on a body moving on a rough horizontal plane with uniform velocity.
(e)work done by the resistive force of air on a vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest.
Ans. (a) Positive, (b) Negative, (c) Negative), (d) Positive, Negative [5 marks]
Numerical
14. A body constrained to move along the z-axis of a coordinate system is subject to a constant force F given by
F = −i^ + 2 ^j +3k^ N. What is the work done by this force in moving the body a distance of 4 m along the z-
⃗
axis?
Ans. 12J [2 marks]
15. A gardener pushes a lawn roller through a distance of 20m. If he applies a force of 20kg wt on a ramp inclined
at 600 to the ground, find the work done by him. Take g=9.8ms-2
Ans. 1960J [2 marks]
16. A cyclist comes to a skidding stop in 10m. During this process, the force on the cycle due to the road is 200N
and is directly opposed to the motion. (a) How much work does the road do on the cycle? (b) How much work
does the cycle do on the road?
Ans. -2000J, Zero [2 marks]
17. A body of mass 2 kg initially at rest moves under the action of an applied horizontal force of 7 N on a table
with coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.1. Compute the (a) work done by the applied force in 10 s, (b) work
done by friction in 10 s, (c) work done by the net force on the body in 10 s, (d) change in kinetic energy of the
body in 10 s, and interpret your results.
Ans. 882J, -247J, 635J, 635J [3 marks]

94
 PPC 5.2

1. If the linear momentum of a body increases by 20%, what will be the %increase in the kinetic energy of the
body?
Ans. 44% [2 marks]
2. A woman pushes a trunk on a railway platform which has a rough surface. She applies a force of 100 N over a
distance of 10 m. Thereafter, she gets progressively tired and her applied force reduces linearly with distance
to 50 N. The total distance through which the trunk has been moved is 20 m. Plot the force applied by the
woman and the frictional force, which is 50 N. Calculate the work done by the two forces over 20 m.
Ans. 1750J, -1000J[DPS] [3 marks]
3. A block of mass m = 1 kg, moving on a horizontal surface with speed v i= 2 ms-1 enters a rough patch ranging
from x = 0.10 m to x = 2.01 m. The retarding force F r on the block in this range is inversely proportional to x
over this range, Fr=−k/x for 0.1 < x < 2.01m and = 0 for x < 0.1m and x > 2.01m where k = 0.5 J. What is the
final kinetic energy and speed vf of the block as it crosses this patch?[ln ( 20.1 ) =3]
Ans. 0.5J, 1ms-1 [2 marks]
4. A rain drop of radius 2 mm falls from a height of 500 m above the ground. It falls with decreasing
acceleration (due to viscous resistance of the air) until at half its original height, it attains its maximum
(terminal) speed, and moves with uniform speed thereafter. What is the work done by the gravitational force
on the drop in the first and second half of its journey? What is the work done by the resistive force in the
entire journey if its speed on reaching the ground is 10 m s-1?
Ans. 0.082J in each half, -0.163J [3 marks]

5. A pump is on the ground floor of a building can pump up water to fill a tank of volume 30m 3 in 15min. If the
tank is 40m above the ground, and the efficiency of the pump is 30%, how much electric power is consumed
by the pump?
Ans. 43.55 kW [3 marks]
6. A family uses 8 kW of power. Direct solar energy is incident on the horizontal surface at an average rate of
200 W per square meter. If 20% of this energy can be converted to useful electrical energy, how large an area
is needed to supply 8 kW? [DPS]
Ans. 200m2 [2 marks]
7. The blades of a windmill sweep out a circle of area A. (a) If the wind flows at a velocity v perpendicular to the
circle, what is the mass of the air passing through it in time t? (b) What is the kinetic energy of the air? (c)
Assume that the windmill converts 25% of the wind’s energy into electrical energy, and that A =30m2, v = 36
km/h and the density of air is 1.2 kg m-3. What is the electrical power produced?
Ans. (a) ρAvt (b)1/2ρAv3t (c)4.5 kW [3 marks]

8.

95
 Home Work Sheet 5.2

M.C.Q
1. If the kinetic energy of a body becomes 4 times of its initial kinetic energy, then the momentum of the body
will become :-
(a) time (b) time (c) 2 time (d) none of these

2. A force is acted upon a body of mass 6 kg which causes in its displacement which is given as metres
where ‘t’ is time. The work done by the force in 2 seconds is :-
(a) 18 J (b) 9 J (c) 27 J (d) 16 J
3. An electric motor produces a tension of 5000N in a load lifting cable and rolls it at the rate of 2 m/s. The
power of the motor is –
(a) 10 kw (b) 15 kw (c) 25 kw (d) 9 ×103 hp
4. A time varying power P = 2t is applied on a particle of mass 3kg. The change in kinetic energy of the particle
at t = 4 sec is :-
(a) 4 J (b) 8 J (c) 16 J (d) 24 J
5. A body of mass m accelerates uniformly from rest to velocity v 1 in time t1. The instantaneous power delivered
to the body as a function of time t is-

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Theory
6. Define kinetic energy. State its SI unit and dimension. [1 mark]
7. Define energy. Can a body have kinetic energy without momentum or vice-versa? Explain.
Ans. (ii) No a body cannot have kinetic energy without momentum. This is because, if there is no momentum,
then body is at rest and a body at rest does not have kinetic energy. [2 marks]
8. Prove work-energy theorem for a variable force. [DPS] [2 marks]
9. Define power and state its dimensions.[DPS] [1 mark]
10. Define instantaneous power and write its expression. [1 mark]
11. Which of the two: kilowatt hour or electron volt is bigger unit of energy and by what factor? [DPS, Udgam]
Ans. Kilo watt hour is a bigger unit and ratio of kilowatt hour to electron volt = 2.25×10 25 [1 mark]
12. Define efficiency of power. [1 mark]
Application Based
13. A light and a heavy body have the same momentum. Which one will have greater kinetic energy?
OR
Two bodies of unequal masses have same linear momentum, which one has greater kinetic energy?
Ans. Lighter body will have greater kinetic energy.[DPS] [1 mark]
14. Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 have same linear momentum. What is the ratio of their kinetic energies?
K 1 m2
Ans. Ratio of energies, = . [1
K 2 m1
mark]
15. A trolley of mass 300 kg carrying a sandbag of 25 kg is moving uniformly with a speed of 27 km/h on a
frictionless track. After a while, sand starts leaking out of a hole on the floor of the trolley at the rate of
0.05kgs-1. What is the speed of the trolley after the entire sand bag is empty?
Ans. Since there is no external force acting on the entire system, hence the speed of trolley remains
unchanged. [1 mark]

96
 16. When a constant force is applied to a body moving with the constant acceleration, is the power of the force
constant? If not, how would force have to vary with speed for power to be constant? [DPS] [3 marks]
Derivation
17. Show that P =⃗
F . ⃗v, where symbols have their usual meaning. [DPS, MAV] [2 marks]
Numerical
18. The momentum of a body of mass 5kg is 500kgms-1. Find its K.E.
Ans. 2.5×104J [2 marks]
19. A body of mass 4kg initially at rest is subject to a force 16N. What is the kinetic energy acquired by the body
at the end of 10s?
Ans. 3200J [2 marks]
20. The Kinetic energy is increased by 21%. What is the percentage increase in the linear momentum of the body?
Ans. 10% [2 marks]
-1
21. In a ballistics demonstration a police officer fires a bullet of mass 50.0 g with speed 200 ms on soft plywood
of thickness 2.00 cm. The bullet emerges with only 10% of its initial kinetic energy. What is the emergent
speed of the bullet?
Ans. 63.2ms-1 [2 marks]
22. A body of mass 1kg is allowed to fall freely under gravity. Find the momentum and kinetic energy of the body
5 seconds after it starts falling. Take g=10ms-2.
Ans. 50kgms-1, 1250J [2 marks]
23. An elevator can carry a maximum load of 1800kg (elevator + passengers) is moving up with a constant speed
of 2ms-1. The frictional force opposing the motion is 4000N. Determine the minimum power delivered by the
motor to the elevator in watts as well as in horse power.
Ans. 44000W, 59hp[DPS] [2 marks]
24. A body is initially at rest. It undergoes one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration. The power
delivered to it at time t is proportional to (a) t1/2, (b)t, (c)t3/2, (d)t2. [2 marks]
25. A body is moving unidirectional under the influence of a source of constant power. Its displacement in time t
is proportional to (a) t1/2, (b)t, (c)t3/2, (d)t2. [2 marks]
26. The bob of a pendulum is released from a horizontal position. If the length of the pendulum is 1.5m, what is
the speed with which the bob arrives at the lowermost point, given that it dissipated 5% of its initial energy
against air resistance
Ans. 5.28 ms-1[DPS] [2 marks]
-1
27. A car of mass 1000kg accelerate uniformly from rest to a velocity of 54kmh in 5 seconds. Calculate (i)
acceleration, (ii) gain in K.E. (iii) average power of the engine during this period.
Ans. 3ms-2, 1.125×105J, 22500W [3 marks]
–20
28. Express (a) The energy required to break one bond in DNA (10 J) in eV; (b) The kinetic energy of an air
molecule (10–21 J) in eV; (c) The daily intake of a human adult (107 J) in kilocalories. [3 marks]

97
 PPC 5.3

1. To simulate car accidents, auto manufacturers study the collisions of moving cars with mounted springs of
different spring constants. Consider a particular simulation where a car of mass 1000kg moving with a speed
of 18km/h on a smooth road and collides with a horizontally mounted spring of spring constant 6.25×103 Nm-1.
What is the maximum compression of the spring?
Ans. 2m [3 marks]
2. A bob of mass m is suspended by a light string of length L. It is imparted a
horizontal velocity of v0 at the lowest point A such that it completes a semi-
circular trajectory in the vertical plane with the string becoming slack only on
reaching the topmost point C. Obtain an expression for (i) v 0, (ii) the speeds at
points B and C, (iii) the ratio of kinetic energies at B and C. Comment on the
trajectory of the bob after it reaches the point C.
Ans. √5gl,√3gl, √gl, 3:1 [3 marks]

9.

98
 Home Work Sheet 5.3

M.C.Q
1. In stretching a spring by 5 cm energy stored is given by U, then the energy stored if the spring is stretched by
10 cm will be :-
(a) U (b) 5U (c) 4U (d) 25U
2. The potential energy of a spring when stretched through a distance x is 10 J. What is the amount of work done
on the same spring to stretch it through an additional distance x ?
(a) 10 J (b) 20 J (c) 30 J (d) 40 J
–1
3. The force constant of a weightless spring is 16 N m . A body of mass 1.0 kg suspended from it is pulled down
through 5 cm and then released. The maximum kinetic energy of the system (spring + body) will be
(a) 2 × 10–2 J (b) 4× 10–2 J (c) 8 × 0–2 J (d) 16 × 10–2 J
4. A raindrop of mass 1 g falling from a height of 1 km hits the ground with a speed of 50 m s –1. Which of the
following statements is correct ? (Take g = 10 m s–2)
(a) The loss of potential energy of the drop is 10 J
(b) The gain in kinetic energy of the drop is 1.25 J.
(c) The gain in kinetic energy of the drop is not equal to the loss of potential energy of the drop.
(d) All of these.
5. An athlete jumping vertically on a trampoline leaves the surface with a velocity of 10 m/s upward. What
maximum height does she reach ?
(a) 10 m (b) 2.5 m (c) 5.0 m (d) 0.50 m
Theory
6. Define potential energy and give its SI unit. [DPS] [1 mark]
7. Derive an expression for gravitational potential energy of body of mass m and height h. [2 marks]
8. State the properties of conservative forces. [MAV] [2 marks]
9. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an elastic stretched string. [3 marks]
10. State and prove the principle of conservation of mechanical energy for a body under free fall.
[DPS, MAV] [3 marks]
Graph Based
11. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy and kinetic energy with respect to height of a free fall
under a gravitational force. [1 mark]
12. Plot graphs of force versus displacement and energy versus displacement for an elastic stretched spring.[DPS]
[2 marks]
Application Based
13. When does expression F(x) = −¿ ΔU/Δx hold true? Give an example.
Ans. For a conservative force. Gravitational force is an example of conservative force.[DPS] [1 mark]
14. Why does an athelete run some steps before taking a jump?
Ans. He does so that he can gain energy and momentum which will be converted to potential energy and help
him jumping farther. More is the kinetic energy gained, farther is the jump made.[MAV] [2 marks]
15. State whether the potential energy in the following case increases or decreases. (a)A spring is stretched (b)A
spring is compressed (c)A body is taken away from gravitational force (d)Air bubble rises in water.
Ans. (a)increases (b)increases (c)increases (d)decreases [UDGAM] [2 marks]
Numerical

99
16. The potential energy function for a particle executing linear simple harmonic motion is given by V(x)=kx 2/2,
where k is the force constant of the oscillator. For k=0.5Nm-1, the graph of V(x) versus x is shown. Show that
a particle of total energy 1J moving under this potential must turn back when it reaches x=±2m. [2 marks]

17. A body of mass 0.5kg travels in a straight line with velocity v=ax3/2 where a=5m-1/2s-1. What is the work done
by the net force during its displacement from x=0 to x=2m?
Ans. 50J [2 marks]
18. A bolt of mass 0.3kg falls from the ceiling of an elevator moving down with a uniform speed of 7ms -1. It hits
the floor of the elevator (length of elevator=3m) and does not rebound. What is the heat produced by the
impact? Would your answer be different if elevator were stationary?
Ans. 8.82J [2 marks]

100
 PPC 5.4

1. A simple pendulum of length 1m has a wooden bob of mass 1kg. It is struck by a bullet of mass 10 -2kg
moving with a speed of 200ms -1. The bullet gets embedded into the bob. Obtain height to which the bob rises
before swinging back.
Ans. 0.2m [2 marks]
2. A bullet of mass 0.012 kg and horizontal speed 70 m s -1 strikes a block of wood of mass 0.4 kg and instantly
comes to rest with respect to the block. The block is suspended from the ceiling by means of thin wires.
Calculate the height to which the block rises. Also, estimate the amount of heat produced in the block.
Ans. h=0.212m,28.54J [3 marks]
3. Consider the collision between two billiard balls in two dimensions. The masses of the two balls is same i.e.
m1 = m2 =m. The first ball is called cue while the second ball is called the target. The billiard player wants to
sink the target ball in a corner packet, which is at an angle Ө2 = 37°. Assume that the collision is elastic and
that friction and rotational motion are not important. Obtain Ө1. [2 marks]

101
 Home Work Sheet 5.4

M.C.Q
1. A big ball of mass M, moving with velocity u strikes a small ball of mass m, which is at rest. Finally, small
ball attains velocity u and big ball v. What is the value of v :-

(a) (b) (c) (d)

2. A collision is said to be perfectly inelastic when: -
(a) Coefficient of restitution = 0 (b) Coefficient of restitution = 1
(c) Coefficient of restitution = ∞ (d) Coefficient of restitution < 1
3. Two elastic bodies P and Q having equal masses are moving along the same line with velocities of 20 m/s and
15 m/s respectively. Their respective velocities after the elastic collision will be in m/s :-
(a) 15 and 20 (b) 5 and 20 (c) 20 and 15 (d) 20 and 15
4. A body of mass m having an initial velocity v makes head on elastic collision with a stationary body of mass
M. After the collision, the body of mass m comes to rest and only the body having mass M moves. This will
happen only when: -

(a) m >> M (b) m << M (c) m = M (d)

5. A sphere of mass m moving with a constant velocity collides with another stationary sphere of same mass.
The ratio of velocities of two spheres after collision will be, if the coefficient of restitution is e-

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Theory
6. Define the term elastic collision and inelastic collision. [2 marks]
7. Define coefficient of restitution. [1 mark]
Derivations
8. Derive expression for energy loss in inelastic collision in one dimension. [2 marks]
9. Derive the expression for velocities of two bodies after elastic collision in one dimension. [KV, MAV, DPS,
Udgam] [3 marks]
Application Based
10. If two objects collide and one is initially at rest, (a) is it possible for both to be at rest after collision? (b) is it
possible for one to be at rest after collision? Explain your answer. [3 marks]
11. State if each of the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answer.(a) In the elastic
collision of two bodies, the momentum and energy of each body is conserved.
Ans. False, total energy and momentum of system is conserved and not of individual bodies.
(b) Total energy of a system is always conserved, no matter what internal and external forces on the body are
present.
Ans. False, The external forces acting on it may change its energy.
(c) Work done in the motion of a body over a closed loop is zero for every force in nature.
Ans. False, This is true for only conservative forces.
(d) In an inelastic collision, the final kinetic energy is always less than the initial kinetic energy of the system.
Ans. True, A part of initial K.E. is lost in the form of heat [4 marks]
12. (a) In an elastic collision of two billiard balls, is the total kinetic energy conserved during the short time of
collision of the balls (i.e. when they are in contact)?

102
 Ans. During short period of collision, kinetic energy gets converted into potential energy. Thus, kinetic
energy is not conserved.
(b) Is the total linear momentum conserved during the short time of an elastic collision of two balls?
Ans. Yes, it is conserved. [2 marks]
13. A bob A of pendulum released from 30 0 to the vertical hits another bob of the same mass at rest on a table as
shown in fig 15. How high does the bob A rise after collision?
Ans. It will not rise further as all its kinetic energy is transferred to bob B. [1 mark]
Numerical
14. A ball of 0.1 kg makes an elastic heads on collision with a ball of unknown mass that is initially at rest. If the
0.1kg ball rebounds at one-third of its original speed, what is the mass of the other ball?
Ans. 0.2kg [2 marks]
15. A vehicle of mass 30 quintals moving with a speed of 18kmh -1 collides with another vehicle of mass 90
quintals moving with a speed of 14.4kmh -1 in the opposite direction. What will be the velocity of each after
the collision?
Ans. 30.6kmh-1,1.8kmh-1 [2 marks]
–1
16. A molecule in a gas container hits a horizontal wall with speed 200 ms and angle 30° with the normal, and
rebounds with the same speed. Is momentum conserved in the collision? Is the collision elastic or inelastic?
17. Two identical ball bearings in contact with each other and resting on a frictionless table are hit head-on by
another ball bearing of the same mass moving initially with a speed V. If the collision is elastic, which of the
following (Fig.) is a possible result after collision ?

103
Assignment Sheet
1. A body is moving along a circular path. How much work is done by the centripetal force?
Ans. No work is done by centripetal force, as displacement is zero for circular path. [1 mark]
2. A body constrained to move in the Y-direction, is subject to a force, ⃗ F = (-2i^ + 15 ^j + 6k^ )N. What is the work
done by this force in moving the body through a distance of 10m along Y-axis?
Ans. 150 [2 marks]
3. If the kinetic energy of a body increases by 300%, by what % will the linear momentum of the body increase?
Ans. 100% [2 marks]
4. An electron and a proton are detected in a cosmic ray experiment, the first with kinetic energy 10 keV, and the
second with 100 keV. Which is faster, the electron or the proton? Obtain the ratio of their speeds. (electron
mass = 9.11×10-31kg, proton mass = 1.67×10-27 kg, 1 eV = 1.60 ×10-19J).
Ans. Electron is faster , ratio = 13.5 [2 marks]
5. When an arrow is shot, from where the arrow will acquire K.E.? [Udgam]
Ans. It acquires kinetic energy from potential energy acquired due to stretching of bow. [1 mark]
6. A lorry and a car with same K.E. are brought to rest by applying brakes which provides the same retarding
force. Which one of them will come to rest in a shorter distance? [1 mark]
Ans. Since both of them have the same K.E. and same force is applied on both of them , so the displacement
will be same for both of them as ΔK = W = Fs
7. Choose the correct alternative: (a) When a conservative force does positive work on a body, the potential
energy of the body increases/decreases/remains unaltered. (b) Work done by a body against friction always
results in a loss of its kinetic energy/ potential energy. (c) The rate of change of total momentum of a many-
particle system is proportional to the external force/sum of the internal forces on the system. (d) In an inelastic
collision of two bodies, the quantities which do not change are the total kinetic energy/total linear
momentum/total energy of the system of two bodies. [3 marks]
Ans. (a) decreases, (b) loss of kinetic energy, (c) external forces of the system, (d) total linear momentum.
8. A person trying to loose weight lifts a 10 kg mass to a height of 0.5 m each time. Assume that the potential
energy lost each time she lowers the mass is dissipated. (a) How much work does she do against the
gravitational force? (b) Fat supplies 3.8 × 107J of energy per kilogram which is converted to mechanical energy
with a 20% efficiency rate. How much fat will the dieter use up?
Ans.49000J, 6.45×10-3kg [3 marks]

104
 06 System of Particles & Rotational
motion
Solved Examples

1. Is it necessary that the centre of mass of a body should always lie inside the body? Explain with an example.
[1 mark]
Sol. It is not necessary that centre of mass of a body lies inside the body. For eg, in a ring, the centre of mass lies at
the geometric centre of the circle (i.e. its centre point) which lies outside the ring.
2. Find the centre of mass of three particles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The masses of the particles
are 100g, 150g, and 200g respectively. Each side of the equilateral triangle is 0.5m long. [2 marks]
Sol. X and Y coordinates for the vertices of the triangle are as shown in fig 5.Let the masses at O, A and B be 100g,
150g and 200g.
m1 x 1+ m2 x 2+ m3 x 3
Using X = , we get
m1 +m2 + m3
( 100 ) ( 0 ) + ( 150 ) ( 0.5 ) + ( 200 ) (0.25) 125 5
X= = = m
100+150+ 200 450 18
m1 y 1 +m2 y 2 +m3 y 3
Using Y = , we get
m1 +m2 + m3
( 100 ) ( 0 ) + ( 150 ) ( 0 ) + ( 200 ) (0.25 √ 3) 50 √3 1
Y= = = m
100+150+200 450 3 √3
5 1
Ans.Co-ordinates of centre of mass is ( m, m)
18 3 √ 3

3. Find the centre of mass of a uniform L-shaped lamina (a thin flat plate) with dimensions as shown in fig. 6.
The mass of the lamina is 3 kg. [2 marks]
Sol. Centre of mass of three squares can be found using symmetry considerations.
3 1 3
Hence, co-ordinates of C1 is (½ ,½), of C2 is ( ) and of C3 is ( , ).
2 2 2
Mass at C1, C2 and C3 is 1kg.
m1 x 1+ m2 x 2+ m3 x 3
Using X = , we get
m1 +m2 + m3
( 1 )( 1/2 ) + ( 1 ) ( 1/2 ) + ( 1 ) (3/2) 5/2 5
X= = = m
1+1+1 3 6
m1 y 1 +m2 y 2 +m3 y 3
Using Y = , we get
m1 +m2 + m3
( 1 )( 1/2 ) + ( 1 ) ( 1/2 ) + ( 1 ) (3/2) 5/2 5
Y= = = m
1+1+1 3 6
5 5
Ans. Co-ordinates of centre of mass is ( m, m).
6 6

4. A circular plate of uniform thickness has a diameter of 56cm. A circular portion of 42cm is removed from one
edge of the plate. Find CM of the remaining portion. [2 marks]

105
Sol. Let m be mass per unit area for the circular plate and centre of mass of original disc
is originO (0, 0)For original circular plate, centre is at the centre of the disc, i.e., x 1 =
56/2 = 28cm
Area of the original plate = π(28)2 = 2464cm2
Thus, mass of original plate = 2464m
For cut-out portion, centre is at, x2 = 42/2 = 21cm
Area of the cut-out plate = π(21)2 = 1386cm2
Thus, mass of cut-off plate m1= 1386m, and COM - (x1, y1)= (7,0)
Mass of remaining portion m2= 2464m−¿1386m=1078m,and COM(x2,0 )
m1 x 1+ m2 x 2
Using, X = , we get,
m1 +m2
( 1386 m )( 7 )+ (1078 m ) ( X 2)
X=0 = ⇒ ( 1386 m )( 7 )+ (1078 m ) ( X 2 ) =0
( 1386 m ) +(1078 m)
−1386 ×7
Thus, from the centre of the plate, X2 = = −¿9cm
1078
Ans.The CM is 9 cm from the centre of the large circle, in the opposite direction from the centre of the
removed portion.
5. Discuss the motion of the centre of mass of the following binary star
system in nature.
Sol. A binary star system consists of two stars which orbit around a
common point, called the center of mass following Kepler's Laws.
In astronomy, binary (double) stars is a common occurrence. If there are
no external forces, the centre of mass of a double star moves like a free
particle, as shown in Fig. 6 (c).
The trajectories of the two stars of equal mass are also shown in the
figure; they look complicated.
If we go to the centre of mass frame, then we find that there the two stars
are moving in a circle, about the centre of mass, which is at rest.
Note that the position of the stars have to be diametrically opposite to
each other [Fig. 6(d)].
Thus in our frame of reference, the trajectories of the stars are a
combination of (i) uniform motion in a straight line of the centre of mass
and (ii) circular orbits of the stars about the centre of mass.
6. Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors a⃗ and b⃗ is one half of the magnitude of a⃗ × b⃗
. [2 marks]
Sol. Suppose two vectors a⃗ and b⃗ are represented by the sides OP and OQ of
ΔPOQ.
Let ∠POQ = θ. Draw QN⊥OP.
The magnitude of vector product of a⃗ × b⃗ is,
|a⃗ × b⃗ | = absinθ
= (OP) (OQ)sinθ
= (OP) (QN)
= 2 × ½ (OP) (QN
= 2 × Area of ΔPOQ
Area of ΔPOQ = ½ |a⃗ × b⃗ |
7. Show that a⃗ .(b⃗ × c⃗ ) is equal in magnitude to the volume of the parallelepiped formed on the three vectors a⃗ , b⃗
and c⃗ . [2 marks]

106
Sol. consider a parallelepiped as shown in fig 11, with sides a, b, c.
We know that Volume of parallelepiped (V)
V¿(height) (area of base)
¿ (A)(h)
Now base is a parallelogram so area of base¿|b⃗ × ⃗c|
From diagram height h¿ acosϴ
So volume V¿ (acosϴ )(|b⃗ × ⃗c|)¿ a⃗ .|b⃗ × ⃗c|

8. Discuses the trajectory of the motion center of mass of a fire cracker that explodes in air.
Sol. A projectile, following the usual parabolic trajectory, explodes
into fragments midway in air. The forces leading to the
explosion are internal forces. They contribute nothing to the
motion of the centre of mass. The total external force, namely,
the force of gravity acting on the body, is the same before and
after the explosion.
Thus, after explosion, fragments will move in such a way that,
their centre of mass moves along the path as it would have
moved before the explosion.
Thus, internal forces do not change the direction of motion of a
body or its centre of mass.
9. Discuss the movement of Centre of Mass of a Radioactive atom.
Sol. Let us consider the radioactive decay of a moving unstable
particle, like the nucleus of radium. A radium nucleus
disintegrates into a nucleus of radon and an alpha particle. The
forces leading to the decay are internal to the system and the
external forces on the system are negligible. So the total linear
momentum of the system is the same before and after decay.
The two particles produced in the decay, the radon nucleus and
the alpha particle, move in different direction in such a way
that their centre of mass move along the same path along
which the original decaying radium nucleus was moving. This
shows that centre of mass of a body does not change and
moves along the direction of motion.
10. Find the components along the x, y, z axes of the angular momentum l⃗ of a particle, whose position vector is r
with components x, y, z and momentum is pwith components px, py and pz. Show that if the particle moves only
in the x-y plane the angular momentum has only a z-component. [2 marks]
Sol. We can write,
l⃗ = lxi^ + ly ^j + lzk^
⃗p = pxi^ + py ^j + pzk^
r⃗ = xi^ + y ^j + zk^

| i^ k^

|
^j
r⃗ × ⃗p= x y z =( y p z−z p z ) i^ −( x p z −z p x ) ^j + ( x p y − y p x ) k^
px p y pz
Now, in the given question, particle is constrained to move only in x-y plane, then z=0 and p z = 0.
⃗ r × ⃗p = ( x py − y px)k^
So from above expression, lx¿ 0, ly¿ 0 and l=⃗
Which have z-component only.
11. Two particles, each of mass m and speed v, travel in opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a
distance d. Show that the vector angular momentum of the two particle system is the same whatever be the

107
 point about which the angular momentum is taken. [2 marks]
Sol. Let at a certain instant two particles be at points P and Q, as shown in the
following figure.
Consider a point R, which is at a distance y from point Q, i.e.,
QR = y
∴ PR = d – y
Angular momentum of the system about point R:
LR = mv × (d−¿ y) + mv × y = mvd−¿ mvy + mvy = mvd
which is constant and independent of location of point R.
12. Show that the angular momentum about any point of a single particle moving with constant velocity remains
constant throughout the motion.
Sol. Let the particle with velocity v be at point P at some instant t.
We want to calculate the angular momentum of the particle about an
arbitrary point O.
The angular momentum is l = r × mv.
Its magnitude is mvr sinθ, where θ is the angle between r and v as
shown in Fig.
Although the particle changes position with time, the line of
direction of v remains the same and hence OM = r sin θ is a constant.
Further, the direction of l is perpendicular to the plane of r and v. It
is into the page of the figure.
This direction does not change with time. Thus, l remains the same
in magnitude and direction and is therefore conserved.
13. Show that the moment of a couple does not depend on the point about which you take the moments.[2 marks]
Sol. Consider a couple as shown in Fig. 5 acting on a rigid body.
The forces F and −¿Fact respectively at points B and A.
These points have position vectors r1 and r2 with respect to origin
O.
Let us take the moments of the forces about the origin.
The moment of the couple = sum of the moments of the two
forces making the couple
= r1 × (−¿F) + r2 × F
= r2 × F – r1 × F
= (r2 – r1) × F
But, r1 + AB = r2 and hence, AB = r2 – r1
Thus, the moment of couple, therefore, is ⃗ AB × ⃗ F.
As can be seen, this is independent of the origin.
14. A metal bar 70 cm long and 4.00 kg in mass supported on two knife-edges placed 10 cm from each end. A 6.00
kg weight is suspended at 30 cm from one end. Find the reactions at the knife-edges. (Assume the bar to be of
uniform cross section and homogeneous.)
Sol. Figure 19 shows the rod AB, the positions of the
knife edges K1 and K2, the centre of gravity of the
rod at G and the suspended weight at P.
Note the weight of the rod W acts at its centre of
gravity G. The rod is uniform in cross section and
homogeneous; hence G is at the centre of the rod;
AB = 70 cm. AG = 35 cm, AP = 30 cm, PG = 5
cm, AK1= BK2 = 10 cm and K1G = K2G = 25 cm.
Also, W= weight of the rod = 4(9.8) and W1= suspended weight = 6 (9.8); R1 and R2 are the normal reactions
of the support at the knife edges.
For translational equilibrium of the rod,

108
 R1+R2–W1–W = 0 →(i)
Note W1 and Wact vertically down and R1 and R2 act vertically up.
For considering rotational equilibrium, we take moments of the forces.
A convenient point to take moments about is G. The moments of R2 and W1 are anticlockwise (+ve), whereas
the moment of R1 is clockwise (-ve).
For rotational equilibrium,
–R1 (K1G) + W1 (PG) + R2 (K2G) = 0 → (ii)
It is given that W = 4gN and W1 = 6g N, where g = acceleration due to gravity.
We take g = 9.8 m/s2.
With numerical values inserted, from (i)
R1 + R2 – 4g – 6g= 0
R1 + R2 = 10g N = 98 N → (iii)
From (ii), – 0.25 R1 + 0.05 W1 + 0.25 R2 = 0 ⟹R2 – R1 = 1.2g N = 11.76 N →(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), R1 = 54.88 N, R2 = 43.12 N.
Ans. Thus the reactions of the support are about 55 N at K1 and 43 N at K2.
15. 3m long ladder weighing 20 kg leans on a frictionless wall. Its feet rest on the floor 1 m from the wall as
shown in Fig 20. Find the reaction forces of the wall and the floor.
Sol. The ladder AB is 3 m long, its foot A is at distance AC = 1 m from the wall.
From Pythagoras theorem, BC = 2√ 2m.
The forces on the ladder are its weight W acting at its centre of gravity D, reaction
forces F1 and F2 of the wall and the floor respectively.
Force F1 is perpendicular to the wall, since the wall is frictionless.
Force F2 is resolved into two components, the normal reaction N and the force of
friction F.
Note that F prevents the ladder from sliding away from the wall and is therefore
directed toward the wall.
For translational equilibrium, taking the forces in the vertical direction,
N – W = 0⟶(i)
Taking the forces in the horizontal direction, F – F1 = 0 →(ii)
For rotational equilibrium, taking the moments of the forces about A,
2√ 2F− (1/2) W= 0 →(iii)
Now, W = 20×9.8 = 196N
From (i), N = 196N
From (iii), F1 = W/4√ 2 = 196/4√ 2 = 34.6N
From (ii), F = F1 = 34.6N
F2 = √ F2 + N 2 = 199N
N
The force F2 makes an angle α with the horizontal, tanα = = 4√ 2
F
Hence, α = tan-14√ 2 = 800
16. A non-uniform bar of weight W is suspended at rest by two strings of negligible weight as shown in Fig 21.
The angles made by the strings with the vertical are 36.9° and 53.1° respectively. The bar is 2 m long.
Calculate the distance d of the centre of gravity of the bar from its left end.

109
Sol. Let T1 and T2 be the tensions in the two strings, as shown in fig. 21.
For translational equilibrium, on balancing the vertical components
of forces, we get,
T1cos θ + T2cosφ = W → (i)
On balancing the horizontal components of forces, we get,
T1sinθ = T2sinφ → (ii)
For rotational equilibrium, we balance the torques about the CG of
the bar.
Thus, Clockwise torque = Anticlockwise torque
T1cosθ × d = T2cosφ × (2-d) →(iii)
Dividing (iii) by (ii), we get,
⟹dcotθ = (2-d)cotφ
⟹ d cot. 36.90 = (2-d)cot 53.10
4 3
⟹d× = (2-d) ×
3 4
⟹ 16d = 18 – 9d
⟹ d = 18/25 = 0.72m = 72cm
17. A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of gravity is 1.05m
behind the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel and each back
wheel.
Sol. Let NB and NF be the reaction forces exerted by the level ground on the front
and back wheels respectively. The situation is shown in fig. 22.
For translational equilibrium of the car,
NF + NB = W = 1800×9.8N
⟹NF + NB = 17640N →(i)
For rotational equilibrium of the car,
1.05NF = 0.75NB
⟹ 1.05NF = 0.75(17640 - NB) [From (i)]
⟹ 1.8NF = 13230
⟹ NF = 13230/1.8 = 7350N
NB = 17640 – 7350 = 10290N
Ans. Force on each front wheel = 7350/2 = 3675N. Force on each back wheel = 10290/2 = 5145N
18. A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5g are put one on top of
the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the mass of the metre stick?
Sol. As the metre stick balances at 50cm mark, its centre of gravity (CG) must lie at this mark.
The 45 cm mark is the CG of the metre stick + 2coins system.
Let m be the mass of the metre stick.
Distance between 50cm mark and new CG= 50-45=5cm
Distance between 12 cm mark and new CG = 45-12-33cm
From the principle of moments (for equilibrium),
⟹mg × 5 = (2×5)g×33
⟹ m = 66g
Ans. Mass of metre stick is 66 grams.
19. From a uniform disk of radius R, a circular hole of radius R/2 is cut out. The centre of the hole is at R/2 from
the centre of the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.

110
Sol. The situation is shown in fig. Let O be the CM of the original circular portion,
O1 of that of the circular portion cut out and O 2 that of the remaining shaded
portion.
Let m be the mass per unit area of the disc.
Mass of the original disc, M = πR2m
2
R R
Mass of the circular hole cut, m1 = π( )2m = π m
2 4
2 2
R 3R
Mass of the remaining portion, m2 = πR2m - π m = π m
4 4
Masses m1 and m2 can be assumed to be concentrated at O 1 and O2 respectively
and O is their CM.
Thus, moment of m1 about O = moment of m2 about O
⟹ m1×O1O = m2 × O2O
2 2
R R 3R
⟹π m× =π m × O2O
4 2 4
R
⟹ O2O =
6
R
Ans. Thus, the CM of the resulting portion lies at from the centre of the original disc in a direction opposite
6
to the centre of the cut out portion.
20. What is the moment of inertia of a disc about one of its diameters?[The moment of inertia of the disc about an
axis perpendicular to it and through its centre to be known; it is MR2/2]
Sol. The disc can be considered to be a planar body. Hence the theorem of
perpendicular axes is applicable to it. As shown in Fig.,
take three concurrent axes through the centre of the disc, O as the x,y,z
axes; x and y-axes lie in the plane of the disc and z is perpendicular to
it. By the theorem of perpendicular axes,
I z =I x + I y Now, x and y axes are along two diameters of the disc, and
by symmetry the moment of inertia of the disc is the same about any
diameter.
Hence,
I x =I y so I z =2 I x
Iz
I x=
2
2 2
MR MR
But I z = I x=
2 4
Thus the moment of inertia of a disc about any of its diameter is MR 2/4 .
21. What is the moment of inertia of a ring about a tangent to the circle of the ring?
Sol. The tangent to the ring in the plane of the ring is parallel to one of
the diameters of the ring. The distance between these two parallel
axes is R, the radius of the ring. Using the parallel axes theorem,
2
2 MR 2
I tangent=I dia + M R = +M R
2
3 2
I tangent= M R
2
22. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 seconds. (i) What is its
angular acceleration, assuming the acceleration to be uniform? (ii) How many revolutions does the engine
make during this time?

111
Sol. 1200 rad 3120
(i)given that ω 0=2 π ❑0=2 π rad / sec=40 π and ω=2 π =2 π rad /sec=104 rad /sec
60 sec 60
ω = ω0 + αt
ω−ω 0 104 π −40 π 2
angular accelerationα = = =4 πrad /sec
t 16
1 2
(ii) angular displacement θ=ω0 t+ α t
2
1
θ=40 π 16 + 4 π 16 16=1152 πrad
2
angular displacement 1152 π
Number of revolution = = =576
2π 2π
23. Derive expression for moment of inertia for a circular ring: (i) about an axis perpendicular to its plane through
its centre, (ii) about its diameter, (iii) about tangent perpendicular to the plane. [3 marks]
Sol. (a) Consider a thin uniform circular ring of radius R and mass M. As shown in fig 29, we wish to calculate to
determine the moment of inertia I about an axis YY’ passing through its centre O and perpendicular to it. The
ring can be imagined to be made of a large number of small elements. Consider one such element of length dx.
Length of the ring = circumference = 2πR
M
Mass per unit length of the ring =
2 πR
M
Mass of the small element = dx
2 πR
Moment of inertia of the small element about the axis YY’, dI =

( 2MπR dx)R = MR
2π
dx2

The small elements lie along the entire circumference of the ring, i.e., from x=0 to
x = 2πR.
Hence the moment of inertia of the whole ring about the axis YY’ will be,
2 πR
MR
I= ∫ 2π
dx
0
2 πR
MR
=
2π 0
∫ dx
MR 2 πR
= [ x] 0
2π
I = MR2
(b) According to the theorem of perpendicular axis, the moment of inertia about
an axis YY’ through O and perpendicular to the ring is equal to the sum of
moments of inertia about two perpendicular diameters AB and CD, as shown in
fig 29(b).
IAB + ICD = IYY’+
2
MR
⟹ID + ID = MR2 ⟹ ID =
2
(c) Let IT’ be the moment of inertia of the ring PAQ tangent to the plane of the
ring.
Applying the theorem of parallel axis, we get,
IPQ = IYY’ + MR2 = MR2 + MR2
IT’ = 2MR

24. (a) Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere, given the moment of inertia of the

112
 sphere about any of its diameters to be 2MR2/5, where M is the mass of the sphere and R is the radius of the
sphere.(b) Given the moment of inertia of a disc of mass M and radius R about any of its diameters to be
MR2/4, find its moment of inertia about an axis normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
[2 marks]
Sol. 2
(a) Here, ICD = MR2.
5
The tangent EF is parallel to the diameter CD.
By the theorem of parallel axes, we get,
IEF = ICD + MR2
2
IT = MR2 + MR2
5
7
IT = MR2
5
(b) By the theorem of parallel axes, M.I. about an axis passing through an edge point and normal to disc = M.I.
about central normal axis + MR2
3
I’ = ½ MR2 + MR2 = MR2
2
25. Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the same mass and
radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate about
an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a greater angular speed after a given time?
[2 marks]
Sol. Let M and R be mass and radius of the hollow cylinder and solid sphere.
Then, M.I. of the hollow cylinder about its axis of symmetry, I1 = MR2
2
M.I. of the solid sphere about an axis through its centre, I2 = MR2
5
Let α1 and α2 be angular accelerations produced in the rotational motion of the cylinder and sphere in applying
a torque τ in each case.
τ τ
Hence, α1 = =
I 1 M R2
τ
τ τ
α1 = = 2 = 2.5 2 = 2.5α1
I 2 ( ) M R2 MR
5
As α2>α1 and ω = ω0 + αt, so the solid sphere will acquire a greater angular speed after a given time.
26. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad s -1. The radius of the cylinder is
0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of
angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis? [2 marks]
Sol. Here, M=20kg, ω = 100rads-1, R=0.25m
M.I. of the cylinder about its own axis, I = ½ MR2 = ½ (20)(0.25)2 = 0.625kgm-2
Rotational K.E. = ½ Iω2 = ½ (0.625)(100)2 = 3125J
Angular momentum, L = Iω = (0.625)(100) = 62.5kgm2s-1.
27. (a) A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his two arms outstretched. The turntable is set rotating with
an angular speed of 40 rev/min. How much is the angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and
thereby reduces his moment of inertia to 2/5 times the initial value? Assume that the turntable rotates without
friction. (b) Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the initial kinetic energy of
rotation. How do we account for this increase in kinetic energy? [3 marks]
Sol. 2
(i) Here, ω1 = 40rpm, I2 = I1
5
By the principle of conservation of angular momentum,
I1ω1 = I2ω2
2
⟹ I1(40) = I1(ω2)
5
⟹ ω2 = 100rpm

113
 (ii) Initial Kinetic energy of rotation = ½ I1ω12 = ½ I1(40)2 = 800I1
2
New Kinetic energy of rotation = ½ I2 ω22 = ½ ( )I1(100)2 = 2000I1
5
New K . E . 2000 I 1
Thus, = = 2.5
Initial K . E . 800 I 1
Thus, the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is 2.5 times its initial kinetic energy of rotation. This increase
in kinetic energy is due to the internal energy of the child which he uses in folding his hands back from the out
stretched position.
28. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the
angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with aforce of 30 N? What is the linear acceleration of
the rope? Assume that there is no slipping. [2 marks]
Sol. Here, M=3kg, R = 40cm = 0.4m, F = 30N
Torque, τ = R×F = 30(0.4) = 12Nm
M.I. of the hollow cylinder about its own axis, I = MR2 = (3)(0.4)2 = 0.48kgm2
τ 12
Angular acceleration, α = = = 25rads-2
I 0.48
Linear acceleration, a = αR = 25(0.4) = 10ms-2
29. What is the moment of inertia of a disc about one of its diameters? [2 marks]

Fig. Moment of inertia of a disc about a diameter, given its moment of inertia about the perpendicular axis
through its centre.
Sol. We assume the moment of inertia of the disc about an axis perpendicular to it and through its centre to be
known; it is MR2/2, where M is the mass of the disc and R is its radius.
The disc can be considered to be a planar body. Hence, the theorem of perpendicular axes is applicable
to it. As shown in Fig. We take three concurrent axes through the centre of the disc, O, as the x–, y– and z–
axes; x– and y–axes lie in the plane of the disc and z–axis is perpendicular to it. By the theorem of
perpendicular axes.
Iz = Ix + Iy
Now, x and y axes are along two diameters of the disc, and by symmetry the moment of inertia of the
disc is the same about any diameter. Hence
Ix = Iy
and Iz = 2Ix
But Iz = MR2/2
So finally, Ix = Iz/2 = MR2/4
Thus the moment of inertia of a disc about any of its diameter is MR 2/4.
30. What is the moment of inertia of a rod of mass M, length l about an axis perpendicular to it through one end?
[2 marks]
2 2
Sol. For the rod of mass M and length l, I = Ml /12. Using the parallel axes theorem, I’ = I + Ma with a = l/2 we
get,

114
 We can check this independently since I is half the moment of inertia of a rod of mass 2M and length 2 l about

its midpoint,
31. What is the moment of inertia of a ring about a tangent to the circle of the ring? [2 marks]
Sol. The tangent to the ring in the plane of the ring is parallel to one of the diameters of the ring. The distance
between these two parallel axes is R, the radius of the ring. Using the parallel axes theorem,

32. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 seconds. (i) What is its
angular acceleration, assuming the acceleration to be uniform? (ii) How many revolutions does the engine
make during this time? [3 marks]
Sol.
We shall use
initial angular speed in rad/s
angular speed in rev/s

Similarly final angular speed in rad/s

rad/s
rad/s
rad/s

Angular acceleration
The angular acceleration of the engine rad/s2
(ii) The angular displacement in time t is given by

rad
rad
rad

Number of revolutions
33. A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim of a fly wheel of mass 20 kg and radius 20 cm. A steady pull
of 25 N is applied on the cord as shown in Fig. The flywheel is mounted on a horizontal axle with frictionless
bearings. [3 marks]
(a) Compute the angular acceleration of the wheel.
(b) Find the work done by the pull, when 2 m of the cord is unwound.

115
 (c) Find also the kinetic energy of the wheel at this point. Assume that the wheel starts from rest.
(d) Compare answers to parts (b) and (c).
Sol.

(a) We use the torque

= 25 × 0.20 Nm (as R = 0.20 m)
= 5.0 Nm

I = Moment of inertia of flywheel about its axis

 = angular acceleration

(b) Work done by the pull unwinding 2m of the cord

= 25 N × 2m = 50 J

(c) Let be the final angular velocity. The kinetic energy gained
since the wheel starts from rest. Now,
The angular displacement length of unwound string / radius of wheel
= 2m/0.2 m = 10 rad
(rad/s)2

K.E. gained
(d) The answers are the same, i.e. the kinetic energy gained by the wheel = work done by force.
There is no loss of energy due to friction.
34. A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of inclination.
(a) Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each case? (b) Will it take same time to roll down through
both inclined planes? If not, then in which case will it take longer time and why? [2 marks]
Sol. Let us assume that angle of planes are θ1 and θ2 for the two inclined planes as shown in fig. 34.
Now, using trigonometry, we get, s1 = h/sin θ1 and s2 = h/sin θ2.
2
k
(a) Initial velocity for both the cases is 0 and acceleration for both the inclined planes is gsinθ 1/(1+ 2 ) and
R
2
k
gsinθ2/(1+ 2 )respectively.
R

116
 Now, using v2 = u2 + 2as, we get, final velocities for
both cases as,
2
k
⟹v = 2(gsinθ1/(1+ 2 ))(h/sinθ1)
1
2

√
2
k
⟹v1 = 2 gh /(1+ 2 ) which is independent of
R
angle.

So v1=v2
Hence, velocity for both of them is same.
(b) Using s = ut + ½ at2, and u=0, we get,
t=
√ 2s
a

√ √
2
2 h/sin θ1 k
2 h (1+ 2 )
Now, t1 = k
2 =
R 1
gsin θ1 /(1+ 2 )
R g sin θ1

√
2
k
2 h (1+ )
Similarly, t2 = R
2
1
g sin θ2
Thus, so time to roll down is not same for both. Larger the angle smaller the time.

35. Three bodies, a ring, a solid cylinder and a solid sphere roll down the same inclined plane without slipping.
They start from rest. The radius of the bodies are identical. Which of the bodies reaches the ground with
maximum velocity? [KV] [3 marks]
Sol. We assume conservation of energy of the rolling body, i.e. there is no loss of energy due to friction etc. The
potential energy lost by the body in rolling down the inclined plane (= mgh) must, therefore, be equal to kinetic
energy gained.
Since the bodies start from rest the kinetic energy gained is equal to the final kinetic energy of the bodies.
2
k 2
We know that, kinetic energy of a rolling body is given by, K = ½ mv (1+ 2 )
R
This kinetic energy is equal to potential energy of a body (mgh).
2
k 2
Thus, mgh = ½ mv (1+ 2 )
R

√
2 gh 2 gh
2
⟹v = 2
k ⟹v= k2
(1+ 2 ) (1+ 2 )
R R
2 2
For a ring, k = R .

Thus, vring =
√ 2 gh =
1+1
√ gh
For a solid cylinder, k2 = R2/2.

√
2 gh
Thus, vcylinder = 1 =
1+( )
2
4
3
gh
√
For a solid sphere, k2 = 2R2/5.

√
2 gh
Thus, vsphere = 2 =
1+( )
5
10
7 √
gh

117
 As can be shown in the above results, solid sphere will roll down with maximum velocity and ring with the
minimum velocity.
36. A hoop of radius 2 m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor so that its centre of mass has a speed of
20 cm/s. How much work has to be done to stop it? [2
marks]
Sol. Here, R=2m, M=100kg and vcm = 20cms-1 = 0.2ms-1
Work required to stop the hoop,
W = Total K.E. of the hoop
W = Rotational K.E. + Translational K.E.
W = ½ Iω2 + ½ mvcm2

( )
2
v cm
W = ½ × MR2 × + ½ mvcm2
R
W = Mvcm2
W = 100×(0.2)2
Ans. W = 4J
37. A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination 30°. At the bottom of the inclined plane the
centre of mass of the cylinder has a speed of 5 m/s. (a) How far will the cylinder go up the plane? (b) How
long will it take to return to the bottom? [2 marks]
Sol. (a) Total initial kinetic energy of the cylinder,
Ki = ½ Mvcm2 + ½ ICMω2
2
v CM
Ki = ½ Mvcm2 + ½ × ½ MR2 ×
R
3
Ki = Mvcm2
4
Initial Potential Energy, Ui = 0
Final Kinetic Energy, KF = 0
Final Potential Energy, Uf = Mgh = Mgs sin300 = ½ mgs, where s is the distance travelled up in the incline
and h is the vertical height covered above the bottom.
Gain in P.E. = Loss in K.E.
3
⟹ ½ Mgs = Mvcm2
4
2
3v
⟹ s = Cm = 3.8m
2g
(b) Using v=u+at, and v=0 at maximum height reached, we get,
0 = vCM + at
v CM
⟹a=-
t
Also, v2 = u2 + 2as, we get,
0 = vCM2 + 2as
2
−v CM
⟹a=
2s
2
−v CM v
Hence, = - CM
2s t
2 s 2(3.8)
⟹t= = = 1.5s
v CM 5
Total time taken in returning to the bottom = 2(1.5) = 3s

118
38. A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim of a fly wheel of mass 20kg
and radius 20cm. A steady tangential pull of 25N is applied on the cord. The
flywheel is mounted on a horizontal axle with frictionless bearings. (a) Compute
the angular acceleration of the wheel. (b) Find the work done by the pull, when
2m of the cord is unwound, (c) Find the kinetic energy of the wheel at this point.
Assume that it starts from rest.
[3 marks]
Sol. 2 2
MR 20(0.2)
(a) Moment of inertia of flywheel = = = 0.4kgm2
2 2
We know, torque, τ = Iα and τ = rF
rF ( 0.2 ) (25)
Hence, α = = = 12.5rads-2
I 0.4
(b) Work done by the pull unwinding 2 m of cord, W = 25(2) = 50J
(c) According to Kinetic energy theorem, W = ΔK
Hence, KF – Ki = W
Now, Ki = 0
Hence, KF = 50J.
39. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200rpm to 3120rpm in 16 seconds. (i) What is the
angular acceleration, assuming the acceleration to be uniform? (ii) How many revolutions does the engine
make during this time? [2 marks]
Sol. (a) Using 1st equation of motion, ω = ω0 + αt, we get,
3120 = 1200 + α(16)
1920 2 π
⟹α = × = 4π rad/s2
16 60
(b) Now, ω0 = 1200rpm = 40π rad/s
Using 2nd equation of motion, θ = ω0t + ½ αt2, we get,
Θ = (40π) + ½ (4π)(16)2
⟹ θ = 1152π rad
Hence, number of revolutions = 1152π/2π = 576 revolutions.
40. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad s –1. The radius of the cylinder
is 0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of
angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
Sol. Mass of the cylinder, m = 20 kg
Angular speed, = 100 rad s–1
Radius of the cylinder, r = 0.25 m
The moment of inertia of the solid cylinder.

Kinetic energy

Angular momentum, L = I
= 6.25 × 100
= 62.5 Js
41. A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of inclination.
(a) Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each case? (b) Will it take longer to roll down one plane

119
 than the other? (c) If so, which one an why?
Sol. (a) Mass of the sphere = m
Height of the plane = h
Velocity of the sphere at the bottom of the plane = v
At the top of the plane, the total energy of the sphere = Potential energy = mgh
At the bottom of the plane, the sphere has both translational and rotational kinetic energies.

Hence, total energy

Using the law of conservation of energy, we can write:

... (i)

For the solid sphere, the moment of inertia about its centre, mr2
Hence, equation (i) becomes:

But we have the relation,

Hence, the velocity of the sphere at the bottom depends only on height (h) and acceleration due to gravity (g).
Both these values are constants. Therefore, the velocity at the bottom remains the same from whichever
inclined plane the sphere is rolled.
(b), (c) Consider two inclined planes with inclination and related as:

The acceleration produced in the sphere when it rolls down the plane inclined at is:

The various forces acting on the sphere are shown in the following figure.

R1 is the normal reaction to the sphere.

Similarly, the acceleration produced in the sphere when it rolls down the plane inclined at is:
The various forces acting on the sphere are shown in the following figure.

120
 R2 is the normal reaction to the sphere.
...(i)
a2 > a1 ... (ii)
Initial velocity, u = 0
Final velocity, v = Constant
Using the first equation of motion, we can obtain the time of roll as:
v = u + at

...(iii)
From equations (ii) and (iii), we get
t2 < t 1
Hence, the sphere will take a longer time to reach the bottom of the inclined plane having the smaller
inclination.
42. The oxygen molecule has a mass of 5.30 × 10 –26 kg and moment of inertia of 1.94 × 10 –46 kg m2 about an axis
through its centre perpendicular to the lines joining the two atoms. Suppose the mean speed of such a molecule
in a gas is 500 m/s and that its kinetic energy of rotation is two thirds of its kinetic energy of translation. Find
the average angular velocity of the molecule.
Sol. Mass of an oxygen molecule, m = 5.30 × 10–26 kg
Moment of inertia, I = 1.94 × 10–46 kg m2
Velocity of the oxygen molecule, v = 500 m/s
The separation between the two atoms of the oxygen molecule = 2r

Mass of each oxygen atom

Hence, moment of inertia I, is calculated as :

=
It is given that:

121
rad/s

122
 PPC 6.1

1. Find the centre of mass of three particles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The masses of the particles
are 100g, 150g, and 200g respectively. Each side of the equilateral triangle is 0.5m long.[DPS]
Ans. 5/18m, 1/3√ 3m [2 marks]
2. In the HCl molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is about 1.27Å (1 Å = 10 –10 m). Find
the approximate location of the CM of the molecule, given that a chlorine atom is about 35.5 times as massive
as a hydrogen atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. [DPS]
Ans. 1.235 Å [2 marks]
3. A circular plate of uniform thickness has a diameter of 56cm. A circular portion of 42cm is removed from one
edge of the plate. Find CM of the remaining portion.
Ans. 9cm [2 marks]

4.

123
 Home Work Sheet 6.1

M.C.Q
1. The centre of mass of system of particles does not depend on –
(a) Masses of particles (b) Internal forces acting on particles
(c) Position of particles (d) Relative distance between particles
2. Five masses are placed in a plane as shown in figure. The co-ordinates of the centre of mass are nearest to

(a) 1.2, 1.4 (b) 1.3, 1.1 (c) 1.1, 1.3 (d) 1.0, 1.0
3. Find the centre of mass of given system –

(a) (b) (c) (d)

4. Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 3 kg have position vector and respectively. The centre
of mass of this system has a position vector
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5. A system consists of two particles having mass 12g and 36g located at coordinate (2cm, 0) and (10 cm, 0).
Coordinates of centre of mass will be –
(a) (6 cm, 0) (b) (8 cm, 0) (c) (7.5 cm, 0) (d) (3 cm, 0)
Theory
6. Define the term centre of mass. [Udgam] [1 mark]
7. Write the expression of the centre of mass of three particle system in the Cartesian coordinate system.
[DPS, MAV] [1 mark]
8. What is a rigid body?[DPS] [1 mark]
9. On what factors does the position of centre of mass of a rigid body depend? [1 mark]
Ans. Position of centre of mass of a body depends upon its shape and the mass distribution of the body.
10. What is precession? [1 mark]
11. Show that for homogenous bodies, centre of mass lies at its geometric centre. [2 marks]

124
Application Based
12. Is it necessary that the centre of mass of a body should always lie inside the body? Explain with an example.
[DPS, MAV] [1 mark]
13. A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley moving uniformly with a speed V on a smooth horizontal
floor. If the child gets up and runs about on the trolley in any manner, what is the speed of the CM of the
(trolley + child) system? [1 mark]
Ans. The velocity of CM of system is V as configuration of the system remains same.
14. Give the location of the centre of mass of a (i) sphere, (ii) cylinder, (iii) ring, and (iv) cube, each of uniform
mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body? [2 marks]
Ans. (i) At the centre of sphere, (ii) At height h/2 and diameter d/2, (iii) Centre of the ring, (iv) At the
intersection of 3 diagonals of cube. No, it is not necessary as is in the case of ring.
15. Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 2kg are located at (1,2) and ( −¿1,3) respectively. Calculate the co-ordinates of
the centre of mass. [DPS]
Ans. (−¿1/3, 8/3) [2 marks]
16. Find the centre of mass of a uniform L-shaped lamina (a thin flat plate) with dimensions as shown. The mass
of the lamina is 3 kg.

Ans. 5/6m,5/6m [2 marks]

17. The distance between the centre of carbon and oxygen atoms in the carbon monoxide gas molecule is 1.13 Å .
Locate the centre of mass of the gas molecule relative to the carbon atom. [2 marks]
Ans. 0.6457Å from C –atom

125
 PPC 6.2

A =3i^ +4 ^j and ⃗
1. Calculate the area of parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are formed by the vectors, ⃗ B=
−¿3i^ +7 ^j .
Ans. 33 sq. units [2 marks]
2. Two particles of mass 100g and 300g at a time have positions 2 i+5 ^
^ ^j+ 13 k and −6 i+4^ ^j−2 k^ m
^
respectively and velocities 10 i−7 ^j−3 k^ and 7 i−9
^ ^j+ 6 k^ m/s respectively. Determine the instantaneous
position and velocity of C.M.
17 ^ 7 ^ −31 ^ 17 ^ 15 ^
Ans. position:−4 i^ + j + k ,Velocity: i− j− k [2 marks]
4 4 4 2 4
3. Show that a⃗ .(b⃗ × c⃗ ) is equal in magnitude to the volume of the parallelepiped formed on the three vectors , a⃗ ,
b⃗ and c⃗ . [2 marks]

4.

126
 Home Work Sheet 6.2

M.C.Q
1. If , then the angle between A and B is-
(a)  (b) /3 (c) /2 (d) /4
2. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are and respectively. The area of
the triangle OAB will be -

(a) sq. unit (b) sq. unit (c) sq. unit (d) sq. unit
3. If , and , then find the angle between the vectors

and in degrees.
0
(a) 90 (b) 450 (c) 00 (d) 1800
4. A vector is along the positive x-axis. If its vector product with another vector is zero then may be -

(a) (b) (c) (d)

5. Find out the unit vector perpendicular to both vectors and

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Theory
6. Define vector product of two vectors. Write its mathematical expression. [DPS] [1 mark]
7. Mention four properties of vector product. [DPS] [2 marks]
8. Give an example proving that centre of mass does not change on moving along a certain direction.[1 mark]
9. If two bodies m1 and m2 move with velocities v1and v2 towards each other on a smooth horizontal table, what
is velocity of centre of mass? [1 mark]
10. Draw the path of a radioactive decay as a system in the ground frame and the centre 0f mass frame of
reference. [1 mark]
Application Based
11. A body projected into space explodes into fragments midway into the air. What will be the nature of the path
of its core?
Ans. Since external forces (gravitational forces) acting on the body is same before and after explosion, hence, the
core will continue to move along the path same as it would have done before explosion. This is because of the
property of conservation of momentum. Thus, the fragments will break and move such that their centre of mass
travels along the same path as before. [1 mark]
12. A nucleus at rest in laboratory frame disintegrates into two smaller parts. Show that the products must move
in opposite direction.[KV] [2
marks]
13. Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors a⃗ and b⃗ is one half of the magnitude of a⃗ × b⃗ .
[DPS] [2 marks]
Numerical
14. Find the scalar and vector products of two vectors. a = (3i^ – 4 ^j + 5k^ )and b = (– 2i^ + ^j – 3k^ ).
Ans.−¿ 25, 7i^ - ^j -5k^ [2 marks]
15. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the vectors ⃗ ^ ^j+3k^ and ⃗
A =4i− B=−¿2i^ + ^j−¿2k^ ?

127
 1
Ans. (−i^ +2 ^j +2k^ ) [2 marks]
3
16. Determine the sine of the angle between the vectors 3i^ + ^j + 2k^ and 2i−¿
^ 2 ^j +4k^ .
2
Ans. [2
√7
marks]
17. Find a vector whose length is 18 and which is perpendicular to each of the vectors: ⃗ ^ ^j+3k^ and ⃗
A = 4i− B=−¿2
i^ + ^j−¿2k^ .
Ans.−¿ 6i^ +12 ^j +12k^ [2 marks]

128
 PPC 6.3

1. Two particles, each of mass m and speed v, travel in opposite directions along parallel lines separated by a
distance d. Show that the vector angular momentum of the two-particle system is the same whatever be the
point about which the angular momentum is taken. [2 marks]
2. Show that the angular momentum about any point of a single particle moving with constant velocity remains
constant throughout the motion. [2 marks]

3.

129
 Home Work Sheet 6.3

M.C.Q

1. A force is acting at a point m. Find torque about the origin.

(a) î − 7ĵ − 5k̂ (b) 11î − ĵ − 5k̂ (c) 11î − 7ĵ − 5k̂ (d) 4î − 8ĵ − 5k

2. The position of a particle is given by : and its linear momentum is given by :

Then its angular momentum, about the origin is perpendicular to -
(a) yz-plane (b) z-axis (c) y-axis (d) x-axis
3. For an object in rotational motion angular momentum increases from 7 kg m 2 s–1 to 19 kg m2 s–1 in 30s time.
Magnitude of average torque on the object is equal to –
(a) 0.4 Nm (b) 0.6 Nm (c) 3.6 Nm (d) 6 Nm
4. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
5. a
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 3
Theory
6. Define torque. Give its units and dimensions. [Udgam, KV] [1 mark]
7. Define angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration. [3 marks]
8. Write the vector product of radius vectorr⃗ and linear momentum⃗p. What does it represent? [1 mark]
9. Give relations between angular and linear displacement, velocity and acceleration. [1 mark]
10. Define the term angular momentum and give its SI unit and dimensions. [DPS,MAV] [1 mark]
11. Under what conditions, is torque zero? [1 mark]
12. State the law of conservation of angular momentum. [DPS] [1 mark]
13. Show that the angular momentum about any point of a single particle moving with constant velocity remains
constant throughout the motion. [1 mark]
Derivations
14. Prove that the rate of change of angular momentum about a reference point is equal to the torque acting on the
body.[DPS, MAV, KV] [3 marks]
15. Obtain the expression for torque in Cartesian coordinates. [MAV] [2 marks]
Application Based
16. Why a force is applied at right angles to a heavy door at the outer edge while closing it? [Prakash]
Ans. A force is applied at right angles to a heavy door while closing it so that torque acting is maximum. In
this case, θ=900 [1 mark]
17. Find the components along the x, y, z axes of the angular momentum l of a particle, whose position vector is r
with components x, y, z and momentum is pwith components px, py and pz. Show that if the particle moves
only in the x-y plane the angular momentum has only a z-component. [2 marks]
Numerical

130
 ^ 3 ^j−¿5k^ about the origin. The force vector acts on a particle whose position
18. Find the torque of a force 7i+¿
^ ^j+ k^ .[DPS]
vector is i−
^ 12 ^j+¿ 10k^
Ans. 2i+¿ [2 marks]
19. Determine the angular momentum of a car of mass 1500kg in a circular track of radius 50m with a speed of
40ms-1.
Ans. 3×106kgm2s-1 [2 marks]

131
 PPC 6.4

1. From a uniform disk of radius R, a circular hole of radius R/2 is cut out. The centre of the hole is at R/2 from
the centre of the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.
Ans. R/6 [2 marks]
2. 3m long ladder weighing 20 kg leans on a frictionless wall. Its feet rest on the
floor 1 m from the wall as shown in Fig 15. Find the reaction forces of the wall
and the floor.
Ans. 34.6N, 199N [3 marks]

3. A non-uniform bar of weight W is suspended at rest by two strings of negligible weight as shown in Fig 24.
The angles made by the strings with the vertical are 36.9° and 53.1° respectively. The bar is 2m long.
Calculate the distance d of the centre of gravity of the bar from its left end.

Ans. 72cm [3 marks]

4.

132
 Home Work Sheet 6.4

M.C.Q
1. For a system to be in equilibrium, the torques acting on it must balance. This is true only if the torques are
taken about :-
(a) the centre of the system
(b) the centre of mass of the system
(c) any point on the system
(d) any point on the system or outside it
2. Two men P and Q are carrying a uniform rod of length L on their shoulders. The rod is held horizontally such
that P gets one-third load. If P is at one end of the rod, the distance of Q from that end is :-
(a) L/3 (b) 2L/3 (c) 3L/4 (d) L
3. For equilibrium of the system, value of mass m should be :

(a) 9 kg (b) 15 kg (c) 21 kg (d) 1 kg

4. A rigid mass less rod of length L is hinged at its one end and a weight W is hung at a distance l (<L) from this
end.

What a force P should be applied upwards at the other end so that the rod remains in equilibrium
horizontally ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

5. A weightless rod is acted upon by two upward parallel forces of 2N and 4N at ends A and B respectively. The
total length of the rod AB = 3m. To keep the rod in equilibrium a force of 6N should act in the following
manner.
(a) Downwards at any point between A and B
(b) Downwards at the mid point of AB
(c) Downwards at a point C such that AC = 1 m
(d) Downwards at a point D such that BD = 1m
Theory
6. Define moment of inertia. Write the dimensions of moment of inertia. Is it a vector quantity?[Udgam, DPS]
[2 marks]
7. State two factors on which moment of inertia depends? [DPS] [1 mark]
8. State and explain principle of moments for rotational equilibrium. [MAV] [3 marks]
Derivations
9. Derive an expression for moment of inertia for a system of particles. [DPS, Udgam] [2 marks]
Application Based
133
 10. What is the effect on moment of inertia of a body if the axis of rotation is changed? [DPS]
Ans. The moment of inertia of the body changes with change in axis of rotation. [1 mark]
11. Show that the moment of a couple does not depend on the point about which you take the moments.[Udgam]
[2 marks]
12. Which of the two spheres of equal masses, one solid and the other hollow has greater moment of inertia. Give
reason.
Ans. A hollow sphere has greater moment of inertia as its mass distribution is away from the axis of rotation.
Thus, in this case, radius of gyration is more as compared to that in a solid sphere as mass distribution is
uniform. [KV] [1 mark]
Numerical
13. A metal bar 70 cm long and 4.00 kg in mass supported on two knife-edges placed 10 cm from each end. A
6.00 kg weight is suspended at 30 cm from one end. Find the reactions at the knife-edges. (Assume the bar to
be of uniform cross section and homogeneous)
Ans. 55N, 43N [3 marks]
14. A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of gravity is 1.05 m
behind the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel and each back
wheel.
Ans. 3675N, 5145N [2 marks]
15. A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5g are put one on top of
the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the mass of the metre
stick?
Ans. 66g [2 marks]
16. Find [i] the radius of gyration and [ii] the moment of inertia of a rod of mass 100g and length 100 cm about an
axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its length.
Ans. [i] 0.289 m [ii] 0.0083 kg m2 [2 marks]
17. Calculate the moment of inertia of a cylindrical of length 1.5 m, radius 0.05 m and density 8 103 kgm-3 about
the axis of the cylinder.
Ans. 0.1175 kg m2 [2 marks]

134
 PPC 6.5

1. (a) Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere, given the moment of inertia of the
sphere about any of its diameters to be 2MR 2/5, where M is the mass of the sphere and R is the radius of the
sphere.(b) Given the moment of inertia of a disc of mass M and radius R about any of its diameters to be
MR2/4, find its moment of inertia about an axis normal to the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
Ans. 7MR2/5, 3MR2/2 [2 marks]
2. Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the same mass
and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate
about an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a greater angular speed after a given
time? [2 marks]
3. (a) A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his two arms outstretched. The turntable is set rotating with
an angular speed of 40 rev/min. How much is the angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and
thereby reduces his moment of inertia to 2/5 times the initial value? Assume that the turntable rotates without
friction. (b) Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the initial kinetic energy of
rotation. How do we account for this increase in kinetic energy?
Ans. 100rpm [3 marks]

4.

135
 Home Work Sheet 6.5

M.C.Q
1. A rotating rod starts from rest and acquires a rotational speed n = 600 revolutions/minute in 2 seconds with
constant angular acceleration. The angular acceleration of the rod is :
(a) 10π rad/s2 (b) 5π rad/s2 (c) 5π rad/s2 (d) None
2. The angular position of a particle on the rim of a rotating wheel is given by  = 4t – 3t2 + t3, where  is in
radian and t is in seconds
(i) What is the angular velocity at t = 2s
(ii) What is average angular acceleration for the time interval that begins at t=2s and ends at t=4s
(a) 4 rad/s, 12 rad/s2 (b) 6 rad/s, 14 rad/s2 (c) 8 rad/s, 6 rad/s2 (d) 10 rad/s, 12 rad/s2
3. A ring of mass 15 kg and diameter 0.2 meter is rotating about its geometrical axis at 1800 rotations per
minute. Its moment of inertia and angular momentum will be respectively:-
(a) 1.5 kg-m2 and 28.26 J-s (b) 1.5 kg-m2 and 0.4 J-s
2
(c) 0.15 kg-m and 28.26 J-s (d) 0.15 kg-m2 and zero
4. The angular velocity of a body is and a torque acts on it. The rotational power
will be
(a) 20 W (b) 15 W (c) W (d) W
5. A child is standing with his two arms outstretched at the centre of a turntable that is rotating about its central
axis with an angular speed 0. Now, the child folds his hands back so that moment of inertia becomes 3 times
the initial value. The new angular speed is
(a) 0 (b) 0/4 (c) 60 (d) 0
Theory
6. State the theorem of parallel axis and perpendicular axis. [DPS, Udgam, Prakash] [2 marks]
Derivations
7. Derive equations of rotational motion. [3 marks]
8. Derive the expression for power of a rigid body in terms of angular speed and torque.[DPS] [2 marks]
9. Derive an expression for work done by torque. [MAV] [3 marks]
10. Derive an expression for angular momentum in terms of moment of inertia. [MAV] [3 marks]
Application Based
11. The moment of inertia of two rotating bodies A and B are I A and IB (IA>IB) and their angular momenta are
equal. Which one has a greater kinetic energy? [1 mark]
Ans. Kinetic energy of rotating body is given by, K = ½ Iω 2, where I is the moment of inertia. Also, L = Iω.
Thus, K = ½ I(L/I)2 = ½ L2/I. Since, K ∝ 1/I and IA>IB, thus, Kinetic energy will be greater for body B.] [DPS]
12. Can a centripetal force do any work on a rotating body? Give reason.
Ans. No, centripetal force does not do any work on rotating body because displacement in one rotation is zero
and hence work done is zero. [Udgam] [1 mark]

13. What is the advantage of flywheel? [1 mark]

Ans. In case of a flywheel, the whole mass is practically near the rim which is situated far away from the axis
of the rotation. This is done to increase the moment of inertia of the wheel, thereby making the motion smooth
and less jerky.
14. Why spokes are provided in a bicycle wheel? [1 mark]

136
 Ans. By connecting to the rim of wheel to the axle through the spokes, the mass of the wheel gets
concentrated at its rim. This increases its moment of inertia. This ensures its uniform speed.
15. Why is it more difficult to revolve a stone tied to a large string than a stone tied to smaller string? [1 mark]
Ans. The length of the string increases the distance of rotating mass from the axis of rotation and hence
moment of inertia of the system is increased. Now, τ = Iα, thus, a system with large moment of inertia requires
large torque for its rotation.
16. Derive expression for moment of inertia for a circular ring:(i) about an axis perpendicular to its plane through
its centre, (ii) about its diameter, (iii) about tangent perpendicular to the plane. [3 marks]
17. How does an acrobat take advantage of the principal of conservation of angular momentum? [KV][1 mark]
Ans. An acrobat while taking a spin or turn brings his hands and legs close to its body, thus decreasing its
moment of inertia. Due to conservation of angular momentum, his angular velocity increases and hence he is
able to increase the number of spins.
Numerical
18. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad s -1. The radius of the cylinder
is 0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of
angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
Ans.62.5 kgm2s-1 [2 marks]
19. A rope of negligible mass is wound round a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the
angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force of 30 N? What is the linear acceleration
of the rope? Assume that there is no slipping.
Ans. 25rads-2, 10ms-2 [2 marks]

137
Assignment Sheet
1. Why do we use a wrench of long arm to unscrew a nut tightly fitted to a boat? [Nirman]
2. State perpendicular axis and parallel axis theorem of moment of inertia. [Nirman]
3. Using the formula of torque τ =X F y- YF X Derive the polar formula of torque.
4. If angular momentum is conserved in a system whose moment of inertia is decreased, will its rotational kinetic
energy be conserved?
5. Show that moment of couple does not depend on the point about which you take the moments.
6. Show that only the angular component of the force is responsible for producing torque. [Nirman]
7. A stone tied at the end of a string is whirled in a circle. If the string breaks the stone flies away tangentially.
Why? [MAV]
8. Why do we prefer to use a wrench of longer arm? Justify your answer. [Prakash, KV]
9. About what axis the moment of inertia of body minimum? [Prakash]
10. Three particles each of mass m are placed at three corners of an equilateral triangle of length l . find the
position of centre of mass in terms of coordinates.

Ans.( 2l , 2√l 3 ) [2 marks]

11. Find the centre of mass of anequilateral triangular lamina.

Ans. Centroid [2 marks]
12. Describe types of rotational motion. [2 marks]
13. Find a vector whose length is 7 and which is perpendicular to each of the vectors :
⃗ ^ 3 ^j +6k^ and ⃗
A = 2i−¿ B= i^ + ^j−k^ .
1
Ans. (−¿3i^ +8 ^j +5k^ ) [2 marks]
√2
14. Derive the relation between rotational Kinetic energy of a rigid body and its moment of inertia.
15. What is the physical significance of moment of inertia? [DPS] [1 mark]
25
16. Calculate the moment of inertia of the earth about its diameter, taking it to be a sphere of 10 kg and diameter
12800 Km.
Ans. 1.641038 kg m2
17. Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the same mass and
radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry, and the sphere is free to rotate about
an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a greater angular speed after a given time?
[2 marks]
18. Three particles each of 10g are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 5cm. Determine the
moment of inertia of this system about an axis passing through one corner of triangle and perpendicular to the
plane of the triangle.
Ans. 510−5 kgm 2
19. A ballet dancer stretches her hand out for slowing down. Name the conservation obeyed. [DPS]
Ans. Law of conservation of angular momentum is obeyed here. [1 mark]
20. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200rpm to 3120rpm in 16 seconds. (i) What is the
angular acceleration, assuming the acceleration to be uniform? (ii) How many revolutions does the engine
make during this time?
Ans. 4πrad/s2, 576 [2 marks]
21. Write three illustrations of the law of conservation of angular momentum. [DPS] [3 marks]
22. When a sphere of radius r goes without slipping with its centre of mass having a linear velocity v, what is the
velocity of (a) lowermost point in contact with the surface, (b)topmost part. [DPS]
Ans. (a) Its velocity is zero, (ii) Its velocity is 2vcm [1 mark]

138
 07 Gravitation

Solved Examples

1. You can shield from electrical forces by putting it inside a hollow conductor. Can you shield a body from the
gravitational influence of nearby matter by putting it inside a hollow sphere or by some other means? Justify
your answer. [KV] [1 mark]
Sol. Gravitational shielding is not possible, i.e., making a region free from gravitational forces. Though the
gravitational force on a particle inside a spherical shell is zero, yet the shell does not shield other bodies
outside it from exerting gravitational forces on the particle lying inside it.
2. Three equal masses of m kg each are fixed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC. (a) What is the force
acting on a mass 2m placed at the centroid G of the triangle? (b) What is the force if the mass at the vertex A is
doubled? Take AG = BG = CG = 1m. [3 marks]
Sol. Let G be the centroid of the triangle.
(a) Let force on 2m at centroid due to m at A be FAG, due to m at B
be FBG and due to m at C be FCG.
As shown in fig. 5, angle between CG and +ve x-axis is 300 and
angle between BG and –ve x-axis is also 300.
Hence, individual forces in vector notation are
⃗ Gm(2 m) ^
F AG = j
12
Gm ( 2m ) ^
⃗
F BG = 2
(−i cos 30− ^j sin 30 )
1
Gm ( 2m ) ^
⃗
FCG = 2
( + i cos 30− ^j sin 30 )
1
From the principle of superposition and the law of vector
addition, the resultant gravitational force ⃗
F R is,
⃗
FR = ⃗
F AG + ⃗ F BG + ⃗
FCG
⟹⃗ F R = 2Gm ^j + 2Gm2(−i^ cos 30−¿ ^j sin 30)+¿ 2Gm2(i^ cos
2

30 −¿ ^j sin 30)
Ans.⟹ ⃗
FR = 0

(b) When body of mass at A doubles, then, individual forces will become,
⃗ G(2 m)(2 m) ^
F AG = j
12
Gm ( 2m ) ^
⃗
F BG = 2
(−i cos 30− ^j sin 30 )
1
Gm ( 2m ) ^
⃗
FCG = 2
( + i cos 30− ^j sin 30 )
1
(c) From the principle of superposition and the law of vector addition, the resultant gravitational force ⃗
F R is,
⃗
FR = ⃗
F AG + ⃗
F BG + ⃗
FCG

139
 ⟹⃗ F R = 4Gm2 ^j + 2Gm2(−i^ cos 30 −¿ ^j sin 30)+¿ 2Gm2(i^ cos 30−¿ ^j sin 30)
Ans.⟹ ⃗
F R = 2Gm2 ^j

3. How far from earth must a body be along a line towards the sun so that the sun’s gravitational pull on it
balances that of the earth. Distance between sun and earth’s centre is 1.5×10 10km. Mass of sun is 3.24×105
times mass of earth. [2 marks]
Sol. Let a body of mass m be placed at a distance x km from earth.
Hence, it is at distance at (1.5×1010-x)km from sun.
Let ME be the mass of earth and MS be the mass of Sun.
Hence, MS = 3.24×105ME
Using Newton’s law of Gravitation, we get,
G(m)(M E )
Force of earth on mass m, FE = 2
x
Force of Sun on mass m, FS =
G(m)(M s)
¿¿
Since, net force acting on mass m is 0, hence,
FS = FE
G(m)(M E )
⟹ G(m)(M s) = 2
¿¿ x
M ME
⟹ s= 2
¿¿ x

( )
2
MS 10
1.5 ×10 −x
⟹ =
ME x

( )
10 2
1.5 ×10 −x
⟹ 3.24×10 = 5

x
10
1.5× 10 −x
⟹ = 569.21
x
⟹ 1.5×1010 – x = 569.21x
⟹ 570.21x = 1.5×1010
⟹ x = 2.63 × 107km
Ans. Body should be placed at a distance 2.63 × 107km from Earth.
4. If the Earth were to suddenly shrink to ½ of its current radius without change in its mass, what is the effect on
the duration of the day? Show the necessary calculations. [2 marks]
Sol. Given,

By the conservation of angular momentum,

Where, angular velocity of the earth

mr2 moment of inertia of earth.

From equation (1),

140
5. According to Kepler’s second law, the radius vector to a planet from a Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals of time. This law is consequence of which conservation law? [1 mark]
Sol. Law of conservation of angular momentum.
6. According to Newton’s law of gravitation, every particle of matter attracts every other particle. But bodies on
the surface of earth never move towards each other on account of this force of attraction. Why? [1 mark]
Sol. The force of attraction of earth on bodies on earth is much larger than the force of attraction between two
bodies on earth. Hence, they do not move towards each other.
7. Find the potential energy of a system of four particles placed at the vertices of a square of side l. Also obtain
the potential at the centre of the square. [3 marks]
Sol. Consider four particles each of mass m at the corners of a square of side l as
seen in fig. 10(b).
−G m1 m2
We know that, U =
r
−G ( m) (m)
Now, for particle at position 1, U 1 = U12 + U13 + U14 = + (
l
−G ( m) (m) −G ( m) (m) −2G m2 −G m2
)+( )=
√2 l l l √ 2l
−G ( m) (m) −G ( m) (m)
For particle at position 2, U2 = U23 + U24 = +( )
l √2 l
2 2
−G m −G m
=
l √ 2l
−G ( m) (m) −G m2
For particle at position 2, U3 = U34 = =
l l
−4 G m2 2 G m2
Hence, total potential energy, U = U1 + U2 + U3 = −
l √2 l
2 2
−G m Gm
U= (4 + √ 2) =−¿5.41
l l
For potential at the centre of the square, V = 4(Potential due to each mass)
Distance of any vertex of square from centre = ½ (length of diagonal) = ½ (√ 2l) = l/√ 2
−Gm −√ 2Gm
Thus, potential due to each mass, Vm = =
l / √2 l
−√ 2Gm −4 √ 2 Gm
Hence, potential at the centre of square, V = 4( )=
l l
Gm
2
−4 √ 2 Gm
Ans. Potential energy of the system = −¿ 5.41 , Potential at centre of square =
l l

8. The moon has no atmosphere. Why? [1 mark]

141
Sol. Applying the expression of escape velocity for moon, we get v e = 2.3kms-1, five times less than that of earth.
This is the reason that moon has no atmosphere. Gas molecules if formed on the surface of the moon having
velocities larger than this will escape the gravitational pull of the moon.
9. If, one of the satellites of Jupiter, has an orbital period of 1.769 days and the radius of the orbit is 4.22×10 8 m.
Show that the mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth that of the sun. [2 marks]
Sol. Orbital period of Jupiter’s satellite, T = 1.769days = 1.769×24×60×60s
Orbital radius of Jupiter’s satellite, R = 4.22×108m

We know that, Time period of revolution of a satellite, T = 2π

4π R
2 3
√ R3
GM
Hence, T2 =
GM
2 3
4π R
⟹M = 2
GT
2 8 3
4 π ( 4.22× 10 )
Thus, mass of Jupiter is, MJ =
G(1.769 ×24 × 60× 60)2
Orbital period of earth around the sun, T = 365days = 365×24×60×60s
Orbital radius of the earth, R = 1.496×1011m
2 11 3
4 π (1.496 × 10 )
Thus, mass of sun, MS =
G(365 ×24 × 60 ×60)2
MJ 1 1
Thus, = ≈
M S 1046 1000
Hence, the mass of Jupiter is about one thousandth of the mass of Sun.
10. The planet Mars has two moons, phobos and delmos. (i) phobos has a period 7 hours, 39 minutes and an orbital
radius of 9.4 × 103 km. Calculate the mass of mars. (ii) Assume that earth and mars move in circular orbits
around the sun, with the martian orbit being 1.52 times the orbital radius of the earth. What is the length of the
martian year in days? [3 marks]
Sol. 2 3
4π R
(i) We know that time period of revolution of a satellite around a planet is given by, T 2 =
GM
2 3
4π R
Thus, M = 2
GT
Here, T = 7hrs 39min = 7×60+39 = 459min = 459×60s
2 6 3
4 ×(3.14 ) ×(9.4 × 10 )
Hence, mass of mars, M = = 6.48×1023kg
( 6.67 ×10 ) ( 459× 60)
−11 2

(ii) Let Tm and TE be the time taken by Mars and Earth to complete one revolution around Sun.
Let RES and RMS be the earth-sun and mars-sun distance.
Hence, by Kepler’s third law,
2 3
TM R MS
2 = 3
TE RES
As is given, RMS = 1.52RES
Thus, TM2 = TE2(1.52)3
⟹ TM2 = (365)2(1.52)3 [TE = 365 days]
⟹ TM = 684 days

142
143
 PPC 7.1

5. Suppose there existed a planet that went around the sun twice as fast as the earth. What would be its orbital
rd 2 3
size as compared to that of the earth? [Hint: By Kepler’s 3 law, T = kR . Thus, ( ) ( )
T 1 2 R1 3
T2
=
R2
.

Now, T1 & R1 are for new planet and T 2 & R2 are for earth. Thus, T2 = 2T1 & R2=1AU. Hence, R1=(1/4)1/3
AU=(0.25)1/3 AU = 0.63 AU]
Ans. 0.63 AU [2 marks]
6. The centres of two identical spheres are 1m apart. If the gravitational force between the spheres be 1N, what is
the mass of each sphere?

[Hint : Here, m1 = m2 = m. By Newton’s law of Gravitation, Here, F = 1N, G = 6.67×10 −11 and
2 10 5
r=1m. On solving, we get, m = 1.5×10 . Thus, m = 1.225×10 kg.
Ans. 1.225×105kg [2 marks]
7. If the Earth were to suddenly shrink to ½ of its current radius without change in its mass, what is the effect on
the duration of the day? Show the necessary calculations.[MAV] [2 marks]
8. How far from earth must a body be along a line towards the sun so that the sun’s gravitational pull on it
balances that of the earth. Distance between sun and earth’s centre is 1.5×10 10km. Mass of sun is 3.24×105
times mass of earth.
Ans. 2.63 × 107km [2 marks]

9.

144
 Home Work Sheet 7.1

M.C.Q
1. The force of gravitation is
(a) repulsive (b) electrostatic (c) conservative (d) non-conservative
2. Newton’s law of gravitation is universal because
(a) it acts on all bodies in the universe
(b) it acts on all the masses at all distances and not affected by the medium
(c) it is a attractive force
(d) it acts only when bodies are in contact
3. Two sphere of masses m and M are situated in air and the gravitational force between them is F . The space
around the masses is now filled with a liquid of specific gravity. The gravitational force will now be
(a) F (b) F/3 (c) F/9 (d) 3F
4. If the distance between the sun and the earth is increased by three times, then attraction between two will
(a) remain constant (b) decrease by 63% (c) increase by 63% (d) decrease by 89%
5. If G is universal gravitational constant and g is acceleration due to gravity, then the unit of the quantity G/g is
(a) kg m2 (b) kg m–1 (c) kg m–2 (d) m2 kg–1

Theory
6. State and explain Newton’s law of gravitation in vector form. [3 marks]
7. Define universal gravitational constant. Give its value and dimensions. [1 mark]
8. State and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.[DPS] [3 marks]
9. Deduce Newton’s laws of gravitation from planetary laws of motion. [2 marks]
10. State Kepler’s second law and show that it follow from the law of conservation of angular momentum.
[DPS] [2 marks]
Application Based
11. Which physical quantity is conserved when a planet revolves round the Sun?
Ans: Angular momentum [DPS] [1 mark]
12. When two identical spheres each of mass ‘m’ and radius ‘r’ are kept in contact, what is the gravitational
attraction between them? [MAV]
2 2
Gm Gm
[Ans: F = 2 = 2 ] [1
(2 r ) 4r
mark]
13. The mass of two bodies is doubled and the distance is halved. How will the gravitational force change? [DPS,
Udgam, KV]
[Ans: 16F] [1 mark]
14. What is the ratio of the force of attraction between two bodies kept in air and the same distance apart in water?
[Ans: Since force of attraction is independent of the intervening medium, hence, force of attraction is same for
both the cases. Thus, ratio of force of attraction = 1] [1 mark]
15. A particle is inside a uniform spherical shell. What is the gravitational force acting on the particle due to the
shell? [KV]
[Ans: Zero, by Newton’s Shell theorem.] [1 mark]
16. You can shield from electrical forces by putting it inside a hollow conductor. Can you shield a body from the
gravitational influence of nearby matter by putting it inside a hollow sphere or by some other means? Justify
your answer. [KV] [1 mark]

145
 17. According to Newton’s law of gravitation, every particle of matter attracts every other particle. But bodies on
the surface of earth never move towards each other on account of this force of attraction. Why?
Ans: The force of attraction of earth on bodies on earth is much larger than the force of attraction between
two bodies on earth. Hence, they do not move towards each other. [1 mark]
18. According to Kepler’s second law, the radius vector to a planet from a Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals of time. This law is consequence of which conservation law? [KV]
Ans: Law of conservation of angular momentum. [1 mark]
Numerical
19. Three equal masses of m kg each are fixed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC. (a) What is the force
acting on a mass 2m placed at the centroid G of the triangle? (b) What is the force if the mass at the vertex A
is doubled? Take AG = BG = CG = 1m. Ans.0, 2Gm2 ^j [DPS, MAV] [3 marks]
20. A Saturn year is 29.5 times the earth year. How far is the Saturn from the sun if the earth is 1.50 × 10 8km

( ) ( )
2 3
T1 R1
away from the sun? [Hint: By Kepler’s 3rd law, T2 = kR3. Thus, = . [KV]
T2 R2
Ans : 14.32×108 km. [2 marks]

146
 PPC 7.2

1. Explain, how many times one can jump higher on the surface of the moon than on the earth? [KV]
Ans: Since gravitational pull on moon is 1/6 th than on earth, thus one can jump 6 times higher on surface of
moon. [1 mark]
2. Find the potential energy of a system of four particles placed at the vertices of a square of side l. Also obtain
the potential at the centre of the square.
Ans. −¿5.41Gm2/l,−¿4√ 2Gm2/l [3
marks]
3. Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much would a body weigh half way down to
the centre of the earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface?
Ans. 125N [2 marks]
4. A body weighs 63 N on the surface of the earth. What is the gravitational force on it due to the earth at a
height equal to half the radius of the earth?
Ans. 28N [2 marks]

5.

147
 Home Work Sheet 7.2

M.C.Q
1. The height at which the weight of a body becomes 1/16th of its weight, on the surface of the earth (radius R),
is
(a) 5R (b) 15 R (c) 3 R (d) 4 R
2. The radius of earth is R. Height of a point vertically above the earth’s surface at which acceleration due to
gravity becomes 1% of its value at the surface is
(a) 8 R (b) 9 R (c) 10 R (d) 20 R
3. Starting from the centre of the earth having radius R, the variation of g (acceleration due to gravity) is shown
by which of the following option ?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

4. Gravitational potential energy of a system of particles as shown in the figure is

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
5. The gravitational potential energy of a system consisting two particles separated by a distance r is
(a) directly proportional to product of the masses of particles
(b) inversely proportional to the separation between them
(c) independent of distance r
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Theory & Derivations
6. Define gravitational potential and state its SI unit and dimensional formula. [1 mark]
7. Show that the value of acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ decreases both with altitude and the depth from the
surface of Earth. In which case is the fall steeper? [DPS, MAV] [3 marks]
8. Define gravitational potential at a point and gravitational energy of a body in a gravitational field. State the
relation between them. [MAV] [2 marks]
9. Draw a graph showing the variation of g as one moves outwards from the centre of earth. [1 mark]
10. Derive an expression for potential energy of a body of mass m located at a distance r from the centre of the
earth. [KV] [3 marks]
Application Based
11. Why is gravitational potential energy negative?
Ans: The negative sign of potential energy indicates that potential energy is due to gravitational attraction
between the earth and the body. [1 mark]
12. Why the value of g is more at pole than at equator? [DPS]
148
 Ans: Equatorial radius of earth is greater than polar radius. Hence, value of g is more at poles than that at
equator. [1 mark]
13. What is the value of gravitational potential energy at infinity? [MAV]
Ans: At infinity, gravitational potential energy is zero.] [1 mark]
14. Where will a body weigh more – 1 km above the surface of Earth or 1km below the surface of earth? Give
reason. [KV]
Ans: g decreases faster at depths than at heights. Thus, for 1 km above the surface of Earth, g is more and
hence weight of body is more.] [1 mark]
15. Why does a tennis ball bounce higher on a hill than on plains?
Ans: On hill, due to increase in altitude, g decreases. Hence, gravitational force of attraction of earth
decreases. Thus, tennis ball will bounce more on a hill. [1 mark]
16. Moon- travellers tie heavy weight at their back before landing on the moon. Why?
Ans : Due to the small value of g on the moon, the traveller would weigh less. To compensate for this loss in
weight, the travellers load their backs with heavy weight. [1 mark]

149
 PPC 7.3

1. A 400 kg satellite is in a circular orbit of radius 2R E about the Earth. How much energy is required to transfer
it to a circular orbit of radius 4RE? What are the changes in the kinetic and potential energies?
Ans.−¿ 3.13×109J,−¿6.25×109J. [2
marks]
2. The planet Mars has two moons, phobos and delmos. (i) phobos has a period 7 hours, 39 minutes and an
orbital radius of 9.4 × 103 km. Calculate the mass of mars. (ii) Assume that earth and mars move in circular
orbits around the sun, with the martian orbit being 1.52 times the orbital radius of the earth. What is the length
of the martian year in days?
Ans : 6.48×1023kg, 684 days [3 marks]
11
3. Let us assume that our galaxy consists of 2.5×10 stars each of one solar mass. How long will a star at a
distance of 50,000 ly from the galactic centre take to complete one revolution? Take the diameter of the Milky
Way to be 105 ly.
Ans. 3.54×108years [2 marks]
4. Two uniform solid spheres of equal radii R, but mass M and 4 M have a centre-to-centre separation 6 R, as
shown in Fig 12. The two spheres are held fixed. A projectile of mass m is projected from the surface of the
sphere of mass M directly towards the centre of the second sphere. Obtain an expression for the minimum
speed v of the projectile so that it reaches the surface of the second sphere.

Ans : √ 3 GM /5 R [3 marks]
-1
5. A rocket is fired vertically with a speed of 5 km s from the earth’s surface. How far from the earth does the
rocket go before returning to the earth? Mass of the earth = 6.0 × 10 24 kg; mean radius of the earth = 6.4 × 106 m;
G = 6.67 × 10-11 N m2 kg-2.
Ans. 8×106m. [3 marks]
-1
6. The escape speed of a projectile on the earth’s surface is 11.2 km s . A body is projected out with thrice this
speed. What is the speed of the body far away from the earth? Ignore the presence of the sun and other
planets.
Ans. 31.68kms-1 [2 marks]
7. A satellite orbits the earth at a height of 400 km above the surface. How much energy must be expended to
rocket the satellite out of the earth’s gravitational influence? Mass of the satellite = 200 kg; mass of the earth
= 6.0× 1024kg; radius of the earth = 6.4 × 106 m; G = 6.67×10-11 N m2 kg-2. [DPS, Udgam]
Ans. 5.89×109J [2 marks]
30
8. Two stars each of one solar mass (= 2×10 kg) are approaching each other for a head on collision. When they
are a distance 109 km, their speeds are negligible. What is the speed with which they collide? The radius of
each star is 104 km. Assume the stars to remain undistorted until they collide. (Use the known value of G).
Ans. 2.6×106m/s [2 marks]

9.

150
 Home Work Sheet 7.3

M.C.Q
1. Escape velocity of a body on the surface of earth is independent of
(a) mass (b) radius of earth
(c) direction of projection of body (d) Both (a) and (c)
2. A body is projected vertically upwards from the surface of a planet of radius R with a velocity equal to 1/3rd
of the escape velocity for the planet. The maximum height attained by the body is
(a) R/2 (b) R/3 (c) R/5 (d) R/9
3. Two planets A and B have the same material density. If the radius of A is twice that of B, then the ratio of
escape velocity vA/vB is

(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 2

4. An artificial satellite moving in a circular orbit around the earth has a total (kinetic + potential) energy E 0. Its
potential energy and kinetic energy respectively are
(a) 2E0 and –2E0 (b) –2E0 and E0 (c) 2E0 and – E0 (d) –2E0 and – E0
–1
5. Escape velocity on earth is 11.2 kms , what would be the escape velocity on a planet whose mass is 1000
times and radius is 10 times that of earth?
(a) 112 kms –1 (b) 11.2 kms –1 (c) 1.12 kms –1 (d) 3.7 kms –1
Theory
6. Define orbital velocity. [KV] [1 mark]
7. What is the binding energy of a satellite?[MAV] [1 mark]
8. What is escape velocity? Derive an expression for it. [DPS] [3 marks]
9. Using Newton’s laws of gravitation, derive an expression for the time period of a satellite revolving around a
planet in circular orbit. Hence, show that it obeys Kepler’s third law of planetary motion. [DPS] [3 marks]
10. Derive an expression for orbital velocity of a satellite orbiting the earth at a height h. Find the relation
between escape velocity and orbital velocity for h<<RE? [DPS, KV] [3 marks]
11. Derive the expression for the total energy of an orbiting satellite. [2 marks]
12. What is the significance of negative total energy? [1 mark]
Ans: Negative total energy signifies that the object is attracted to other body’s gravitational field around
which it revolves and hence an additional amount of energy is to be provided to remove it from its orbit.
Application Based
13. Which has greater value of escape velocity- Mercury or Jupiter?
Ans: ve = √ 2 gR . For Jupiter, g and R both are greater than that of mercury. Hence, escape velocity of Jupiter
is greater. [1 mark]
14. A satellite does not need any fuel to circle round the earth. Why?
Ans: The energy needed by a satellite to revolve round the Earth is provided by the gravitational attraction of
earth on satellite and hence no fuel is required to circle round the Sun. [1 mark]
15. Explain why tidal waves are formed on seas.
Ans: When the moon comes near to earth, then due gravitational pull of moon, water in seas on earth is raised
and hence tidal waves are formed. [1 mark]
16. The moon has no atmosphere. Why? [1 mark]
Numerical
17. If, one of the satellites of Jupiter, has an orbital period of 1.769 days and the radius of the orbit is 4.22 × 10 8m.
Show that the mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth that of the sun. [2 marks]

151
18. A rocket is launched vertically from the surface of the earth with an initial velocity of 10kms –1. How far from
above the surface of the earth would it go? RE=6400km, g=9.8ms–1.
Ans: 2.5×104km [3 marks]
19. Two heavy spheres each of mass 100 kg and radius 0.10 m are placed 1.0 m apart on a horizontal table. What
is the gravitational force and potential at the midpoint of the line joining the centre’s of the spheres? Is an
object placed at that point in equilibrium? If so, is the equilibrium stable or unstable? [KV]
Ans.0N, −¿2.688×10-7Jkg -1, an object placed at the midpoint is in an unstable equilibrium. [2 marks]
20. A particle is projected upward from the surface of earth with a K.E. equal to half the minimum value needed
for it to escape. To what height does it rise above the surface of the earth?
Ans. RE. [2 marks]

152