Symmetrical Fault Analysis

The fault in one line or phase is similar to all the remaining lines or phases is said to be a
Symmetrical Fault. Three phase fault or three phase to ground fault are the examples of
symmetrical fault.

Symmetrical faults are dangerous and occur rarely in power system. If the protection
scheme is developed to withstand symmetrical fault, then that power system network will
be able to withstand all the remaining type of faults.

Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies

Consider an ‘n’ bus power system network operating under steady load conditions as
shown below

Step 1 : Obtain the prefault voltages and currents at all the buses through load flow analysis

Step 2 : Let us assume that the rth bus is faulted through a fault impedance Zf The postfault
bus voltage vector will be given by

where

ΔV = Change in bus voltages caused by the fault.

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module – 5 Class Notes Page 13

Step 3 : The passive thevenin network of the system is drawn with generators replaced by
transient/sub transient reactance’s with their emf’s shorted as shown below. Now excite
the passive thevenin network with – V°r in series with Zf . The vector ΔV comprises the bus
voltages of this network.

Step 4 : Voltage at the bus ‘r’ under fault is given by

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 14

If bus number i = r, then

Post-fault currents in the lines are given by the relation

I f

V
i
f
 Vjf 
ij
zi j

Where zi j = series impedance of the line between buses ‘ i ’ and ‘ j ’

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 15

Calculation of post-fault generator currents:

Assumptions made in above analysis are as follows:

i. Pre-fault bus voltages ‘Vi0 ’ are obtained from a load flow study.
ii. ZBUS matrix of the short-circuit study network obtained by the inversion of its
YBUS matrix
iii. Shunt elements are neglected
iv. Static loads are neglected only motor loads are considered.

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 16

 Runge Kutta Method for the solution of Swing Equation of
Multi-Machine Stability Analysis
Step 1: Obtain a Load Flow solution for the pre-transient condition

Step 2: Calculate the generator transient voltages behind the transient reactance’s using
the equations (1) and (2)

 0 Q 0j X |d j  Pj0 X |d j
E j  j   Vj   j          (1)
 V 0  Vj0
 j 
 0j   j   j          (2)
where  j  Pr e  Transient Voltage Angle
  0 Under Pr e  Transient Conditions

Step 3: Assume the occurrence of fault and calculate the reduced bus admittance matrix for
this condition and initialize the time count k = 0. And also initialize J = 0 to check
whether the fault has occurred or not

Step 4: Determine the 8 constants using the following equations:

K lk  f1 ( k ,  k ) t
 kl  f 2 ( k ,  k ) t
1 k 1
K 2k  f1 ( k  K1 ,  k   1k ) t
2 2
1 1
 k2  f 2 ( k  K1k ,  k   1k ) t
2 2
1 1
K 3k  f1 ( k  K 2k ,  k   k2 ) t
2 2
1 1
 k3  f 2 ( k  K 2k ,  k   k2 ) t
2 2
K 4  f1 (  K 3 ,    3 ) t
k k k k k

 k4  f 2 ( k  K 3k ,  k   k3 ) t

Step 5: Compute the change in state vector variables

1 k
 k  ( K1  2 K 2k  2 K 3k  K 4k )
6
1
 k  ( 1k  2  k2  2  k3   k4 )
6

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 17

Step 6: Update the new state vector and then print the new state vector variables

 k 1   k   k
 k 1   k   k

Step 7 : Evaluate the internal voltage behind transient reactance using the relation

EPk 1  EPk Cos  pk 1  j EPk Sin  pk 1 and print the result

Step 8: Check whether t < t c ( Time corresponding to Critical Clearing Angle), If yes advance
the time count by t = t + Δ t and then goto Step 4.

Step 9: Whether J = 1 ? ( it means no fault is occurred), Go to Next Step.

If J = 0 (it means a fault is occurred). Modify the YBUS according to the post fault
condition. Then set J = 1

Step 10: Set k = k+1; t=t+Δt

Step 11: If t < t max then go to Step 4, otherwise goto next step

Step 12: Terminate the process of computation ( it means STOP the iteration process).

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 18

 Flow Chart of Runge Kutta Method for Multimachine
Transient Stability Analysis
Start

Obtain a Load flow solution for the pre-transient condition

Calculate the generator internal voltages behind transient reactance using

the following equation

Assume the occurrence of fault and calculate the reduced bus admittance
matrix for this condition and initialize the time count k = 0. And also
initialize J = 0 to check whether the fault has occurred or not

Determine the eight constants using the following equations:

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 19

 Second estimate of the variables can be obtained if derivatives at t = t + Δ t are
obtained. For this we must have new values of E’s at t = t + Δ t. so that the
generator powers can be calculated

Compute and update them using the following equations:

Compute the final internal voltages of the generator at the end of time interval
(t + Δ t) using the following equation and print the result

YES
A t=t+Δt whether t < t c ?

NO
NO
Modify
whether J = 1 ? the YBUS

YES

Set k = k+1; t=t+Δt

YES
A
Whether t < t max
?
NO

STOP

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 20

References :

1. Modern Power System Analysis, D.P. Kothari, McGraw Hill, 4th Edition 2011.

2. Power System Analysis, Haadi Sadat, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition 2002.

18EE71 Power System Analysis – 2, Module - 5 Class Notes. AY : 2022 - 23 Page 21