MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“ E-bike Speed Controller ”

SUBMITTED BY-
1. Deshmukh Saurabh Suryakant
2. Varghese Libin Mohan
3. Chaudhari Gaurav Vishal
4. Talele Bhupesh Kishor

GUIDED BY- Prof. D.S. Suryawanshi

Senior Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Sandip Foundation’s
Sandip Polytechnic,
Nashik 2023-24

I
 Sandip Foundation’s
Sandip Polytechnic
Mahiravani, Trimbak Road, Tal & Dist. Nashik-
422213

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Saurabh Deshmukh, Libin Varghese, Gaurav

Chaudhari, Bhupesh Talele from Electrical Engineering has successfully
completed his project work on “E-bike Speed Controller” at Sandip
Foundation’s Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik, In partial fulfilment for the award of
Diploma in Electrical Engineering.

Prof. D.S. Suryawanshi

Project Guide Examiner

(Prof. V.S.Patil) (Prof. P.M.Dharmadhikari)

Head of Department Principal

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us immense pleasure in bringing out the project
entitled “E-bike Speed Controller”

We express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere regards to our

project guide Prof. D.S. Suryawanshi for his valuable supervision,
cooperation and devotion of time that he/she has given to our project.

We are also grateful to head of department Prof. V.S.Patil for his

facilities extended during project work and for his personal interest and
inspiration.

We wish to express our profound thanks to Prof. P. M.

Dharmadhikari Principal, Sandip Polytechnic, Nasik, for providing
necessary facilities to make this project success.

Finally, we would like to thank all those who directly or indirectly

helped us during the work. We also owe our sincere thanks to all faculty
members of Electrical Department who have always extended a helping
hand

1. Deshmukh Saurabh Suryakant

2. Varghese Libin Mohan
3. Chaudhari Gaurav Vishal
4. Talele Bhupesh Kishor

Final Year Diploma

Department of Electrical Engg.

III
 ABSTRACT

In this system, user can control the speed of motor using twisting throttle.
Throttle module will send signal to arduino board. Arduino board will measure the
amount of twist and generate PWM signal proportionally. This generated PWM signal
will be given to the motor driver section. Motor driver section contains MOSFET
which will control the current flowing through motor. With this changing current
through motor, motor speed will vary.

An IR sensor is used to measure the rotation of wheel attached to motor. IR

sensors provides output pulses to arduino. Arduino counts the pulses and calculate the
RPM of motor. This value will be shown on display. Complete system will be
powered through DC power source of 12V.

KEYWORDS: Electric vehicle, Arduino, Transportation, Speed Control

IV
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER
NAME OF TOPIC PAGE NO.
NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1-2

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 3-4

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 5

3.

4. METHODOLOGY 6-16

DETAILS OF DESIGNS, WORKING AND

17-22
5. PROCESSES.

RESULTS AND APPLICATION 24-25

6.

7. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE 23

8. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 24-25

V
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sr. No. Abbreviation Illustrations

1 EV Electric Vehicles

2 DC Direct Current

3 AC Alternating current

4 PWM Pulse Width Modification

5 PCB Printed Circuit Board

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr. No. Figure Illustrations Page

1 4.1 System Block Diagram 6
2 4.2.1 Pin diagram of Arduino Nano 7
3 4.2.2 IR Sensor 8
4 4.2.3 Throttle module 9
5 4.2.4 Motor 10
6 4.2.5 MOSFET 10
7 4.2.6 16x2 LCD 11
8 4.2.7 LEDs 12
9 4.3.1 Arduino ide software window 13
10 4.3.2 Arduino nano development board 15
11 4.3.3 Protius software window 16
12 5.1 Voltage Divider Circuit 17
13 5.2 Connection Diagram of System 18

VII
 LIST OF TABLES

Sr. Figure Illustrations Page

1 5.4 Material Costing 20

VIII
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Sr. No. Symbol Meaning

1 V Voltage
2 I Current
3 R Resistance
4 L Inductance
5 C Capacitance
6 Ω Ohm

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 E-Bike Speed Controller

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Electric motors are the driving force behind electric vehicles (EVs), and their
significance is multifaceted. These motors are not just a means of propulsion; they are
at the core of what makes EVs cleaner and more efficient than their internal
combustion engine counterparts. First and foremost, electric motors deliver a level of
efficiency that is unparalleled, converting a substantial portion of electrical energy
into forward motion while minimizing energy wastage. This efficiency translates into
a reduced environmental footprint, with EVs producing zero tailpipe emissions,
leading to cleaner air and a healthier environment. Moreover, the regenerative braking
capabilities of these motors enable the conversion of kinetic energy into electricity
during deceleration, thereby extending the vehicle's range and maximizing energy
use.
In addition to their environmental benefits, electric motors offer numerous
practical advantages. They provide instantaneous torque, resulting in rapid
acceleration and responsive driving experiences. The simplicity of their design, with
fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines, leads to lower maintenance
costs and increased longevity. Furthermore, their quiet operation enhances urban
tranquility and their flexibility allows for innovative vehicle designs. Overall, electric
motors are pivotal in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, cutting operating costs,
and advancing the cause of global sustainability by ushering in a new era of cleaner
and more efficient transportation. To drive the motors efficiently and in more control
manner, motor speed controller is important.

1.2 NEED OF PROJECT

For electric vehicles, a motor speed controller is essential to optimize energy
usage, improve performance, enhance safety, and prolong the life of critical
components like the battery. Its role in managing power delivery and fine-tuning
speed control is integral to the overall efficiency and functionality of electric vehicles.

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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

To drive the motors efficiently and in more control manner, motor speed
controller is important. In this project, an cost effective motor speed controller will be
designed for 12V, 60 watt DC motor. Major design objectives of project are as follow:
 Change the speed of motor as per the throttle position.
 Measure the RPM of wheel and calculate the speed.
 Show the actual speed on LCD display

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT REPORT

 Chapter 1 Introduction gives overall idea about concept to be implemented,
need of project and objectives behind the project.
 Chapter 2 Literature survey consists of study on various papers published in
international/national/journals and conferences related to the project.
 Chapter 3 System Details shows project specifications & block diagram
followed by description of system blocks. It also contains availability and
selection of development tools.
 Chapter 4 System Design consist circuit diagram of system, software
development and other design calculation.
 Chapter 5 Testing and Results shows the test result of the system.
 Chapter 6 Conclusion covers overall conclusion from project and advantages
and application shows how and where the project is going to be useful and
applicable.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

 Mehrdad Asadi, Mahmood Fathy ,Hamidreza Mahini , Amir Masoud

Rahmani, “A systematic literature evaluate of car velocity assistance in
sensible transportation system”, extent 15,Issue 8.
In this study , the authors have targeted on presenting a review of ordinary
speed harmonization methods based totally on variable speed limit (VSL) and
ramp metering (RM) techniques. The authors examined the literature
considering speed harmonization
algorithms , mechanism and the consequences of emerging technologies. They
pointed out the shortage of velocity harmonization for dynamics visitors go
with the flow and lack of applying emerging technological know-how in their
study.[1]

 Sheu, K. B., Hsu, T. H., & Hsu, Y. Y.A novel parallel hybrid motorcycle
transmission.In Materials science forum.Trans Tech Publications.
In 1999, AVL Company introduced a hybrid system featuring a 50 cc
carbeuretted lean-burn two-stroke engine combined with a 0.75 kW electric
motor, strategically positioned on the engine crankshaft primarily to enhance
torque during acceleration.[2]

 Hsu, SuHau., Hsu, D. W., Fu, L. C., & Hsu, Y. P. (2004, June). Novel
integrated management system design of electric motorcycles. In American
Control Conference, 2004.Proceedings of the 2004.IEEE.
Su-Hau et al (2004) directed their attention towards optimizing the utilization
of battery energy and put forth a comprehensive management system for the
electric motor with a strong emphasis on energy efficiency.[3]

 Huang, K. David.,&Tzeng, Sheng Chung. (2004). A new parallel-type hybrid

electric-vehicle. Applied Energy, 79(1), 51-64. A novel parallel-type hybrid-
electric power system, comprising an engine's energy distribution and a
torque- integrated mechanism, was introduced by David and Sheng.

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 Wang, A., & Lee, M. (2017). Efficiency Optimization of E-Bike Speed

Controllers Using Genetic Algorithms. European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications (EPE). This research focuses on the optimization
of e-bike speed controller parameters using genetic algorithms. By
systematically tuning controller parameters, the efficiency of the e-bike
propulsion system is maximized, leading to improved energy utilization and
extended range. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of the
optimization approach.

 Anderson, T., & White, L. (2021). Safety Assessment of E-Bike Speed

Controllers: A Case Study. International Conference on Sustainable Mobility
Applications, Renewables, and Technology (SMART). This paper presents the
development of a sensorless speed control system for electric bicycles. By
utilizing advanced signal processing techniques, the proposed system
eliminates the need for speed sensors, reducing cost and complexity.
Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the sensorless
control approach.

 Zhang, W., & Chen, L. (2019). Development of a Sensorless Speed Control

System for Electric Bicycles. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition (ECCE). This paper presents the development of a sensorless speed
control system for electric bicycles. By utilizing advanced signal processing
techniques, the proposed system eliminates the need for speed sensors,
reducing cost and complexity. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy
and reliability of the sensorless control approach.

 Brown, D., & Miller, S. (2020). Performance Evaluation of Regenerative

Braking in E-Bike Speed Controllers. International Journal of Electrical Power
& Energy Systems. This study investigates the performance of regenerative
braking systems integrated into e-bike speed controllers. Experimental tests
conducted on a prototype e-bike demonstrate the ability of regenerative
braking to recover kinetic energy during deceleration, thereby improving
overall energy efficiency and extending battery life.

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CHAPTER 3
SCOPE OF PROJECT

Though the project sounds effective there is still scope to make it more effective
and user friendly. The throttle used here is the conventional speed regulator. With
this, voice commands or gestures can be added to provide user more comfortable
experience.

The project aims to design and develop an advanced e-bike speed controller that
enhances the overall performance and user experience of electric bicycles.
Through extensive research and analysis of existing technologies, the project will
identify key components and functionalities required for efficient speed regulation
in various riding conditions. Leveraging this knowledge, the design phase will
focus on creating a compact and lightweight controller capable of seamlessly
integrating with different types of e-bikes. Special attention will be given to
optimizing control algorithms to ensure smooth acceleration, responsive speed
adjustment, and minimal energy consumption. Prototyping and testing will
validate the performance of the controller under real-world conditions, with
iterative improvements based on test results.

The project will culminate in the documentation of the design process and the
dissemination of findings, aiming to contribute to the advancement of e-bike
technology and promote sustainable transportation solutions.

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CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1: System block diagram

Working:
In this system, user can control the speed of motor using twisting throttle.
Throttle module will send signal to arduino board. Arduino board will measure the
amount of twist and generate PWM signal proportionally. This generated PWM signal
will be given to the motor driver section. Motor driver section contains MOSFET
which will control the current flowing through motor. With this changing current
through motor, motor speed will vary.
An IR sensor is used to measure the rotation of wheel attached to motor. IR
sensors provides output pulses to arduino. Arduino counts the pulses and calculate the
RPM of motor. This value will be shown on display. Complete system will be
powered through DC power source of 12V.

4.2 DESCRIPTION OF BLOCKS

4.2.1 Arduino Nano:
Arduino Nano is the open source smallest Embedded Development board
launched by Arduino based on Atmega328 SMD Package Microcontroller. It is a
Surface mount Breadboard Friendly board integrated with Mini USB Port. DC

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Power Jack is not

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available on this Board, so power can be given through Mini USB Cable. It
automatically sense and switch to the higher potential source of power, there is no
need for the power select jumper.
Features:
• 28 pin IC with 20 GPIO pins
• Inbuilt ADC
• Works on 5V
• Multiple software tool support
• Microcontroller: Atmel ATmega328 SMD Package
• Operating Voltage (logic level) : 5 V
• Input Voltage (recommended) : 5-12 V
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• Programing tool required: Arduino IDE
• Programming Language support: C & C++\

Figure 4.2.1: Arduino Nano Pinout

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4.2.2 IR sensor Module

The 5 VDC supply input is given to the VCC pin and the supply negative is
connected to the GND terminal of the module. When no object is detected within the
range of the IR receiver, the output LED remains off. When a object is detected
within the range of the IR sensor the LED glows.
Specifications:
• Sensing range: adjustable 3 – 10cm.
• Input voltage: 5-12VDC.
• Digital output
• Current Consumption: 100mA.

Figure 4.2.2: IR sensor module

4.2.3 Throttle Module

Features:
 Type: Twist type
 Operating voltage: 5V or 12V
 Provides analog output
 3 wire connector: Red Supply, Black GND, Green Signal
 Aluminum alloy PVC ABS Material

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Figure 4.2.3: Throttle module

4.2.4 Motor
For EVs DC motor are the most suitable considering the supply requirement and
speed variation. DC motors are simple to construct and eassy to operate. Wide variety
of DC motors are available in market depending on need.
Features:
• Type: DC Gear Motor
• Motor RPM: 2200
• Motor Supply Voltage Required: 12V, 1Amp
• No load current: 1Amp
• Load current: 5Amp
• Power: 60 Watts

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Figure 3.2.4: DC Motor

4.2.5 MOSFET

Figure 4.2.5:IRFZ44N Pinout

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Features:
• Model: IRFZ44N MOSFET
• Drain-Source Breakdown Voltage (Vds):55V
• Continuous Drain Current (Id):49A
• Gate-Source Voltage (Vgs):20V
• Gate Charge (Qg):63 nC
• Operating Temperature Range:-55 - 175°C
• Power Dissipation (Pd) : 94W

4.2.6 Display
This is a high quality 16 character by 2 line intelligent display module, with
back lighting, Works with almost any microcontroller. This is a popular 16x2 LCD
display. It is based on the hd44870 display controller hence it is easy to interface with
most micro controllers. It works of 5v and has a green back light.

Figure 4.2.6: 16x2 LCD

Specifications:
 Operating voltage: 5V DC
 Operating current: 50mAmp
 Display capacity: 2 lines of 16 character each.
 Communication type: Parallel
 Memory storage: EEPROM inbuilt
 Maximum operating temperature: 45 Degree Celsius.

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4.2.7 LEDs

Figure 4.2.7: LEDs

Features:
 Light Emitting Diode
 Voltage needed: 3-5V
 Current needed: 10mAmp
 Diameter: 5mm
 Colour Available: Red, Green, yellow, Blue

4.3 SELECTION OF DEVELOPEMENT TOOL

Once microcontroller is selected, selecting a perfect development tools is most
important. For develop every microcontroller based system, a set of software and
hardware tools are required. Software tools for editing and debugging and
troubleshooting the microcontroller program. While hardware tools for burning
computer code into microcontroller and testing microcontroller hardware. A good
development tools must have following properties:
 Simple to use
 Not many steps execution
 Inexpensive
 Must include basic functions like editor, debugger, compiler
 Must include power supply and basic hardware required and I/O pins
connector facility
 Cross-platform development
 Must support different programming language and computer operating system

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4.3.1 Arduino IDE Software

Fig.4.3.1: Arduino IDE Software Window

Arduino programs may be written in any programming language with a

compiler that produces binary machine code. Atmel provides a development
environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.
The Arduino project provides the “Arduino Integrated Development Environment”

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(IDE),

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which is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It

originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace
matching, and automatic indentation, and provides simple one-click mechanism to
compile and load programs to an Arduino board. A program written with the IDE for
Arduino is called a "sketch".
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules to
organize code. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library called Wiring from the
Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. A typical
Arduino C/C++ sketch consist of two functions that are compiled and linked with a
program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program:
setup(): a function that runs once at the start of a program and that can initialize
settings.
loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.
After compiling and linking with the GNU tool chain, also included with the
IDE distribution, the Arduino IDE employs the program avr dude to convert the
executable code in to a text file in hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the Arduino
board by a loader program in the board's firmware.
Features of Arduino IDE:
 Simple and easy program format.
 Writing and editing of Sketches.
 Already written sample programs which are generally use.
 Easy to compile the program, with single click.
 Easy Uploading, with single click.
 Pre-defined Libraries in wide variety of application.
 Can be used with third party hardware.
 Contents of serial communication can be seen on ‘Serial Monitor’.
 Supports multiple languages.

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4.3.2 Arduino Nano Board

The Arduino Nano, as the name suggests is a compact, complete and bread-
board friendly microcontroller board. The Nano board weighs around 7 grams with
dimensions of 4.5 cms to 1.8 cms (L to B). This article discusses about the technical
specs most importantly the pinout and functions of each and every pin in the Arduino
Nano board. Arduino Nano has similar functionalities as Arduino Duemil an ove but
with a different package. The Nano is inbuilt with the ATmega328P microcontroller,
same as the Arduino UNO. The main difference between them is that the UNO board
is presented in PDIP (Plastic Dual-In-line Package) form with 30 pins and Nano is
available in TQFP (plastic quad flat pack) with 32 pins. The extra 2 pins of Arduino
Nano serve for the ADC functionalities, while UNO has 6 ADC ports but Nano has 8
ADC ports. The Nano board doesn’t have a DC power jack as other Arduino boards,
but instead has a mini-USB port. This port is used for both programming and serial
monitoring. The fascinating feature in Nano is that it will choose the strongest power
source with its potential difference, and the power source selecting jumper is invalid.
Technical Specifications of Arduino Nano

Figure 4.3.2: Arduino Nano Development Board

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4.3.3 Proteus-8.0:
Proteus professional is a software combination of ISIS schematic capture
program and ARES PCB layout program. This is a powerful and integrated
development environment. Tools in this suit are very easy to use and these tools are
very useful in education and professional PCB designing. As professional PCB
designing software with integrated space based auto router.
Step1: Run the ISIS professional program by clicking the icon on the desktop. Work
space with interface buttons for designing circuit will appear. Note that there is a blue
rectangular line in the workspace; make sure that whole circuit is designed inside the
rectangular space.
Step 2 : Select the components from library and connect according to circuit.
Step 3: After completion of designing, save with some name and debug it.

Figure 4.3.3: Proteus Software Window

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CHAPTER 5

DETAILS OF DESIGNS, WORKING AND

PROCESSES

5.1 SUPPLY VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

With the help of Arduino & LCD (16*2), we can display the supply voltage and
detect the short circuit. Analog voltages can be measure with inbuilt ADC of
microcontroller. Since microcontroller is works on 5V, anything more than 5V will
kill it. So need to reduce the battery voltage to be measured up to 5v maximum. With
the help of a voltage divider circuit the battery output value (0-12V) is mapped down
to (0- 4V) using resistor R1 and R2 as bellow.

“ V0ut= (Vin* R2) /(R1+R2)”

Here insert the maximum values for V0ut & Vin & chose any value for R2 to calculate
value for R1 . So for, V1=12 & V2=4, let R2= 33Kohm

R1= 99 KOhm.

So near to 99KOhm, we can select the 100Kohm resistor.

Figure 5.1: Voltage Divider Circuit

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5.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM

Figure 5.2: Connection Diagram

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5.3 SIMULATION RESULTS

Figure 5.3: Simulation Screenshot

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5.4 LIST OF MATERIAL

Sr.No. COMPONENT NOBs

1 Arduino nano board 1

2 DC Motor 12v 1

3 IR sensor 1

4 IRFZ44N MOSFET 1

5 16*2 LCD Module 1

6 12v Adapter 1

7 Throttle module 1

8 LEDs 2

9 Buzer 1

10 Wires 40

11 Other 1

Table 5.4: Material Costing

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CHAPTER 6
TESTING &
RESULTS

6.1 TEST RESULTS

Figure: 6.1 Complete Project Setup

Analog output of throttle is in the range of 2.7V to 4.9V. This output voltage is
mapped into speed of 0 to 1000 RPM. To generate these RPM, PWM output of
Arduino ranges from 0 to 255. Obtained results of the system are as bellow:
6 Since the starting torque of DC motor is considerable, it does not start to rotate on
low PWM (low speed) and takes time and power to generate sufficient torque.
7 Here if the set speed crosses 100RPM and motor does not start to rotate, an
overload indication and alert will be provided. Whereas when motor gain
sufficient torque and start to match the set speed, the indication will be
automatically off as shown in figure 5.2.

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Figure: 6.2 Overload Detected

8 When motor unable to rotate due to any reason like overweight or slope on the
road and faces overload, on overload indication will be provided. as shown in
figure 5.3

9 If due to short circuit or overload or fault in wiring, if voltage across supply drops
bellow 12V, alert for fault detection is generated and Arduino automatically stop
the motor supply till the fault removed.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
\
7.1 CONCLUSION
.In this project, we studied about different EVs and its speed control methods,
required components. By combining all the study we did, we have chosen components
for designing of cost effective speed controller for E bikes. Speed of E bikes can be
easily adjusted using throttle and speed controller designed. Similarly it will help to
detect faults and help to increase the life bike motor and battery by providing alert.

7.2 ADVANTAGES
 Variable Speed Control: Riders can adjust speed as needed.
 Extended Range: Efficient power management increases distance per charge.
 Enhanced Safety: Speed limits improve rider safety.
 Battery Efficiency: Prevents excessive power draw, preserving the battery.
 Customizable Experience: Tailor the ride to personal preferences.

7.3 LIMITATIONS
 System is unable to measure battery voltage and protect battery from over
discharge.

7.4 APPLICATIONS
 For bikes
 For cars
 For electric bicycles.

7.5 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 .Though the project sounds effective there is still scope to make it more
effective and user friendly. The throttle used here is the conventional speed
regulator. With this, voice commands or gestures can be added to provide
user more comfortable experience.

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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES
1. Mehrdad Asadi, Mahmood Fathy ,Hamidreza Mahini , Amir Masoud
Rahmani, “A systematic literature evaluate of car velocity assistance in
sensible transportation system”, extent 15,Issue 8

2. Sheu, K. B., Hsu, T. H., & Hsu, Y. Y.A novel parallel hybrid motorcycle
transmission.In Materials science forum.Trans Tech Publications.

3. Hsu, SuHau., Hsu, D. W., Fu, L. C., & Hsu, Y. P. (2004, June). Novel
integrated management system design of electric motorcycles. In American
Control Conference, 2004.Proceedings of the 2004.IEEE.

4. Huang, K. David.,&Tzeng, Sheng Chung. (2004). A new parallel-type hybrid

electric-vehicle. Applied Energy, 79(1), 51-64.

5. Yan, Wenguang.,Utkin, V., &Rizzoni, G. (2005, June). Power flow control for
a series hybrid electric vehicle.In Proceedings of the IEEE International
Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2005.ISIE 2005.IEEE

6. Quinn, C., Daniel Zimmerle, D., & Bradley, T. H. (2012). An evaluation of

state-of-charge limitations and actuation signal energy content on plug-in
hybrid electric vehicle, vehicle-to-grid reliability, and economics. IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), 483-491.

7. Wang, A., & Lee, M. (2017). Efficiency Optimization of E-Bike Speed

Controllers Using Genetic Algorithms. European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications (EPE). This research focuses on the optimization
of e-bike speed controller parameters using genetic algorithms. By
systematically tuning controller parameters, the efficiency of the e-bike

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propulsion system is maximized, leading to improved energy utilization and

extended range. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of the
optimization approach.

8. Anderson, T., & White, L. (2021). Safety Assessment of E-Bike Speed

Controllers: A Case Study. International Conference on Sustainable Mobility
Applications, Renewables, and Technology (SMART). This paper presents the
development of a sensorless speed control system for electric bicycles. By
utilizing advanced signal processing techniques, the proposed system
eliminates the need for speed sensors, reducing cost and complexity.
Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the sensorless
control approach.

9. Zhang, W., & Chen, L. (2019). Development of a Sensorless Speed Control

System for Electric Bicycles. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition (ECCE). This paper presents the development of a sensorless speed
control system for electric bicycles. By utilizing advanced signal processing
techniques, the proposed system eliminates the need for speed sensors,
reducing cost and complexity. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy
and reliability of the sensorless control approach.

10. Brown, D., & Miller, S. (2020). Performance Evaluation of Regenerative

Braking in E-Bike Speed Controllers. International Journal of Electrical Power
& Energy Systems. This study investigates the performance of regenerative
braking systems integrated into e-bike speed controllers. Experimental tests
conducted on a prototype e-bike demonstrate the ability of regenerative
braking to recover kinetic energy during deceleration, thereby improving
overall energy efficiency and extending battery life.

Websites:
1. http://www.ijrucc.org
2. http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com
3. https://www.arduino.cc
4. https://github.com

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PHOTO GALLERY

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Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
 E-Bike Speed Controller

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Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
 E-Bike Speed Controller

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Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
 E-Bike Speed Controller

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Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
 E-Bike Speed Controller

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Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
 E-Bike Speed Controller

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Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
 E-Bike Speed Controller

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Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik