Agenda

• Analog and digital data

• Analog and digital signals
• Analog and digital transmissions
Analog and digital data
• Data: Entities that convey meaning or information -> bits
• Signal: electric or electromagnetic representation of data
• Signaling: transmission of a signal along a physical medium

Data Signal Signaling

Agenda
• Analog and digital data
• Analog and digital signals
• Analog and digital transmissions
Analog and digital data
• Analog data: Continuous value

• Speech: 100Hz-7kHz
• Voice over phone: 300Hz-3400Hz
• Video: 4MHz

• Digital data: Discrete value, e.g., text (characters), integers

 Analog data: Audio
• Audio:
• Mechanical sound waves
(data) easily converted into
electromagnetic signal for
processing and transmission

• Speech: 100Hz -7kHz

• Music: 20 Hz-20kHz

• More energy in lower

frequencies
• Below 600-700 Hz adds very
little intelligibility for human
ear
Analog data: video
• An electron beam scans across the
screen from left to right and top to
bottom

• For black-and-white television: the

amount of illumination at any point
is proportional to the intensity of the
beam

• At any instant in time the beam takes

on an analog value indicating the
brightness at that point on the
screen
Analog data: video
✓progressive
• 30 frame scans per second
• 483 scans per frame
• Produces flicker

✓Interlacing
• Odd field
• Even field
• 241.5 lines in each frame
• 60 frame scans per second
Digital data
• Text (character strings)
• Each character coded by a sequence of bits

• IRA (International Reference Alphabet)

• Unique 7-bit pattern for each character
• 8-bit IRA: One parity check
Agenda
• Analog and digital data
• Analog and digital signals
• Analog and digital transmissions
 Analog and digital signal
• Analog signal: a continuously varying electromagnetic wave propagated over
a transmission media
• Guided media -> twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber
• Unguided media -> wireless transmission

• Digital signal: a sequence of voltage pulses transmitted over wired medium

• Example: Constant positive voltage for bit zero
Constant negative signal for bit one
• Why guided medium? Transmission in unguided media requires large
𝜈
antennas (we will see antenna size is proportional to 𝜆 = )
𝑓
 Analog signal example: Audio
• All the sound frequencies, whose amplitude is measured in terms of
loudness, are converted into electromagnetic frequencies, whose
amplitude is measured in volts. The telephone handset contains a
simple mechanism for making such a conversion.

• Bandwidth:
✓Speech: 100Hz-7kHz
✓Telephone: 300-3400Hz
 Analog signal example: Bandwidth of video
• USA Specification: 525 lines per frame scanned at the rate of 30 frames per
second

✓ Time needed to scan a line and go back to the start of the screen
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 63.5 𝜇𝑠, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
30∗525 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

• 63.5 𝜇𝑠 for each line scan including trace and retrace

• -11 𝜇𝑠 for retrace → 63.5 − 11 = 52.5 𝜇𝑠 for each line
𝑋(𝑓)

• To derive the bandwidth:

• What is the maximum frequency that can be produced?
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
Analog signal example: Bandwidth of video
• We know that in practice:
✓In each trace 450 elements are scanned -> the illumination of 450 spots are
scanned

• Assuming black to white and vice versa

• Max frequency is when black and white dots alternate

• Maximum frequency : 225 cycles/ 52.5 𝜇𝑠 = 4.2 MHz ~ 4MHz

 Digital signal example
• Binary data:
• User input at a PC is converted into a stream of binary digits (1s and
0s). In this graph of a typical digital signal, binary one is represented by
5 volts and binary zero is represented by -5 volts.
• sequence of 0’s and 1’s converted to voltage pulses
 Bandwidth of Binary signal
• Binary data:
• sequence of 0’s and 1’s
converted to voltage
pulses → BW?
• It depends, in any specific
case, on the exact shape
of the waveform and the
sequence of 1s and 0s.
Data and Signal combinations
• We have seen above: (data and signal of same type)
• Analog signals carrying analog data: Telephony, Video
• Digital signals carrying digital data: Keyboard to PC

• But we may also have: (data and signal of different types)

• Analog signal representing digital data: Data over telephone wires (using a modem)
• Digital signal representing analog data: CD Audio, PCM (pulse code modulation)
(using a codec)

So, all the four data-signal combinations are possible!

 Analog signal Digital signal

• Occupying the same spectrum Codec: encodes analog data to

• Encoded to occupy a different a digital bit stream
Analog data portion of spectrum

• Modem: uses digital data to • Using two voltage levels

produce analog signal • Encoded to a digital signal
Digital data with desired properties
Agenda
• Analog and digital data
• Analog and digital signals
• Analog and digital transmissions
Analog transmission
• Analog transmission: transmitting analog signals regardless of the content

• The signals may represent analog data or digital data

• Analog data: voice
• Digital data: binary data that pass through a modem.

• Amplifier:
• Same treatment for analog and digital data
• Boost the signal (increases the signal strength)
• Boost the noise (noise is added to the signal)
Amplifier
Digital transmission
• Digital transmission: considering the binary content of the signal

• Repeater: for overcoming the attenuation

• Receive the signal
• Extract the data bit stream from it (recovers the pattern of 1’s and
0’s.
• Retransmit a fresh, strong signal representing the extracted bit
stream
• Noise and distortion are not cumulative
 Nothing is done with
the content →
Amplifiers are used

Analog signal Analog Analog signal

transmitter

Digital signal Digital Digital signal

Analog signal transmitter Analog signal
Retrieves the streams
of 0 and 1→ Amplifiers
are used
 Analog Transmission Digital Transmission

• Amplifiers • Assumes digital data

• Same treatment for analog • Repeaters
Analog signal and digital data • Recovers data from inbound
signal
• Produces new analog
outbound signal
Digital signal • Not used • Repeaters
• Recovers 0’s and 1’s from
inbound signal
• Produces new digital
outbound signal