Tauhid , the belief in the Oneness of Allah:

● Belief in oneness of Allah is the fundamental teaching of Islam. Allah is the

only deity worthy of worship by His creation.
● The essence of Islam is bearing witness to the phrase, La ilaha ill –Allah,
‘There is no god but Allah.’ The testimony to this belief is called Tauhid, is
the axis around which Islam revolves.
● Belief in Islam consists of four aspects:
(i) Belief in Allah’s oneness and existence: Allah’s existence is reflected
in His creation. Simply by observing the universe, humanity has
existence evidence of its Creator, for such an organized and well-
coordinated world could not have come into existence on its own.
There is a harmonious and systematic arrangement in the universe;
in solar system.
Allah’s presence can be perceived by His answer to our prayers, the
miracles He gave some of His prophets, and teachings in the revealed
books. Human being is born with the instinctive belief in Allah and it
is the passage of time and outside influences that affect this natural
belief and confuse people about the existence of their Creator. The
Prophet(saw) said,’’ Every child is born in a state of fitrah ( a natural
belief in Allah) then his parents make him a Jew, Christian or a Magi
an.’’ (Sahih Bukhari)
(ii) Allah is the Supreme Lord and Master:Belief in the supremacy of
Allah means that both heaven and earth, and all that lies beyond
them belongs to Allah. He created them and they are dependent
upon Him and He alone has the power to bring them all to an end or
bring them to life again. His power is what sustains this universe and
all known and unknown life within it.
Belief in Allah as the supreme Lord also means to acknowledge
Him as the supreme lawgiver, the absolute judge. Allah alone has
the authority to make laws, determine acts of worship, decide
morals and set standards of human interaction and behavior.
 Allah says, ‘’And your Allah is one Allah, there is no god but He,
the most Gracious, Most Merciful.’’ (Al-Baqarah 2:163)
(iii) Allah alone is entitled to be worshipped: Allah has the exclusive
right to be worshipped. No one can be worshipped other than Him
and no one can be worshipped along with Him. He has no partners
and no associates in worship. ‘’ And your God is the one and only
Allah; there is no god but He, most gracious, most merciful.’ (al-
Baqarah 2: 163) Again,’’ Say, He is Allah the One and Only, Allah the
Eternal Absolute. He begets not nor is He begotten.’’( Ikhlas112:3)
We must only pray ,invoke and ask Him for help from the unseen. We
offer sacrifice, givecharity, fast and perform pilgrimage for Allah.
Allah says,’’ You do we worship and Your aid we seek.’’ (al-Fatiha
1:5)
(iv) Allah is known by His most beautiful names and attributes: The
names of Allah indicate His majesty, power and perfection. His
attributes are unique and all-encompassing; He stands in need of
none as He is perfect. Amongst His 99 names, two most frequently
invoked names are Ar-Rahman and Ar-Raheem. Muslims start their
day and tasks with the name of Allah and remind themselves of His
compassion and mercy. Forgiveness too is an important dimension of
human relationship with Allah. Human beings are prone to sin, but
Allah in His mercy is willing to forgive those who repent. He is the
Forgiver, Al-Ghafur and Oft-forgiving, Al Ghaffar.
Allah is perfect and attributing any of Allah’s qualities to another
deity or human is shirk. Shirk is also divided into three main
categories:
i. Shirk in existence of Allah: To associate partner in oneness of
Allah, to think that there is more than one creator or declare
that he is father or son to anyone, Allah says,’’ Neither He
begets nor He is begotten.’’ ( al-Ikhlas 112:3)
ii. Shirk in attributes: To give any of the unique qualities and
attributes to any other being. To claim or believe that any other
 being possess the same knowledge, divine power or he can
create or make someone die or give or benefit or harm them.
iii. Shirk in worship: To associate partners in worship with Allah.
Praying or asking for help from unseen, offering sacrifice,
givingcharity in the name other than Allah is shirk. Allah says,’’
Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him.’’ (al-
Isra 17:23)

b) Importance of Tauhid:

● The belief in Tauhid makes man virtuous, upright and obedient to Allah; he
knows he can achieve success in this world and the hereafter through
righteousness and piety.
● The belief produces self-respect and confidence. He knows that he is not
dependent on anyone but Allah, so he prays to Allah only.
● This belief encourages the idea of equality of mankind. He realizes that all
mankind is the creation of Allah and he becomes loving and sympathetic to
all.
● It creates attitude of peace and contentment in man, frees him of jealousy,
envy and greed.

Belief in the Angels:

● Angels are part of the unseen world, Muslims believe in their existence with
certainty, as belief in them is a part of their faith.
● The Muslims belief is that angels are made of light, created before the
creation of Hazrat Adam (AS) with the specific purpose of obeying Allah and
following His orders.
● They do not have a will of their own and obey Allah’s commands as
received and without hesitation. Angels are truthful and innocent of any
sin.
● Unlike humans, angels need neither food nor rest, their sustenance is the
glorification of their Creator and His service. ‘’ They celebrate His praises
night and day…’’ (al-Anbiya 21:22) . Angels are not objects of worship.
● The story of Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) in the Qur’an also indicates that the angels
have no need of sustenance. It says when angels visited, in form of men
visited Hazrat Ibrahim to give him the good tidings of the birth of a son, he
offered them a calf, cooked in their honor. They refused; it was then they
revealed themselves as angels.
● The exact number of angels is unknown except to Allah; what is known is
their ability to take on human form, by Allah’s will. They appeared before
bot Hazrat Ibrahim and Hazrat Lut as men. Angel Gibrael appeared as a man
before Hazrat Maryam and he also appeared before Prophet(saw) .
● Angels carry out various duties and responsibilities assigned to them by
Allah. The four most important angels are Hazrat Gibrael, Hazrat Mikaeel,
Hazrat Izraeel and Hazrat Israfeel.
● Hazrat Gibrael is the angel responsible for bringing the divine revelations to
Allah’s prophets. Hazrat Mikaeel is the angel responsible for rain, wind and
sustenance for all living things.Hazrat Izraeel is the angel of death; he is
assigned the task of taking souls of the dying.
● We also know the names of several other important angels: Ridhwan , the
gatekeeper of Paradise; Malik, the gatekeeper of Hell; the Kiraaman
Katibeen (respected recorders) are the pairs of angels assigned to each
individual to note their words and acts, good and bad which are presented
on the Day of Judgement.Allah says, ‘But verily over you (are appointed
 angels) to protect you , kind and honorable writing down (your deeds).’’
(al- Intifar 82: 10).
● Munkar and Nakeer are the angels responsible for questioning people in
their graves about good and bad deeds, in life.
● There are angels responsible for guarding people throughout their lives.
‘’….and He sends guardians over you…’’.(al-Anam 6:61)
● Apart from these, other angels also continually visit human beings; they
gather to witness the prayers and listen to the recitation of the Qur’an.
They do not descend without His permission, ‘’ Therein come down the
angels and the Spirit by Allah’s permission on every errand.’’(97:4)
● They strengthen heart of the righteous believers. In the battle of Badr
angels strengthened the heart of believers, helped them and fought by
their side.
b) Discuss the importance of Jibrail in comparison to other Angels. (4)

● Jibrail (AS) is Arch Angel. With different important duties.

● He brought the revelation to Prophet(saw)

● He accompanied the Prophet(saw) during Miraj.

● He also delivered good news to Hazrat Marium and Hazrat Zakaria and also
raced at highest speed to save Hazrat Ibrahim from fire .
● He descends to earth along with other angels on the night of Layl tul Qadr.

b) How does belief in Angels affect daily lives of Muslims. (4)

● Belief in Angels helps the believers to be on the righteous path as they

know that the angels Kiraman and Katibeen record each and every deed.
 ● The believers know that they will be questioned in the grave by Munkar
and Nakeer, this keeps them away from going on the wrong path.
● This belief also reinforces the believers to seek forgiveness as the angels
also seek forgiveness for the believers.
● It also strengthens Muslim’s belief in Allah and His control over the
universe.

Belief in the divinely revealed books, their content and purpose:

● Muslims firmly believe that Allah has revealed books to different prophets
as a source of guidance to humanity.
● The main reasons for sending the revealed books was for people to learn
about the religion sent to them and to know their obligations towards Allah
and fellow human beings.
● Belief in the divine books revealed to earlier prophets before the revelation
of the Qur’an to the Prophet(saw) is an essential aspect of Muslims faith.
Allah says, ’But righteous is he who believes in Allah and the Last Day and
the angels and the Scripture.’’ ( Al-Baqarah 2:117)
● In order of revelation, the books are: TheScrolls (Suhuf) of Hazrat Ibrahim,
Torah revealed to Musa (AS) for the guidance of Bani Israel. It contained
Allah’s command , admonition , mercy and a clear explanation of things.
The original book was changed ; its followers distorted it and changed its
meaning , Allah says, ‘They change the words from their (right) places and
forget o good part of the Message that was sent.’’( Al- Maidah 5:13),
Zaboor revealed to Hazrat Dawood (AS) Injeel revealed to Hazrat Isa(AS)and
The Qur’an revealed to Prophet(saw) the final messenger of Allah.
● In the Qur’an , Allah describes true believers as those who…believe in the
revelation sent to you (Muhammad) and what has been sent before your
time..’ (al-Baqarah2:4)
● The most important and central message of all the revealed books was the
worship of Allah, without associating partners to Him, ‘there is no Allah but
I, so worship Me.’ (al- Anbiya 21:25)
● One of the significant points about the older revelations compared to the
Qur’an is that earlier guidance came as required by the community of the
prophet to whom it was revealed—it applied to a particular time and space.
● All Divine books invited people to worship Allah, and they also contained a
code of morality and justice. None of the revealed books except the Qur’an
exists in its original form today.
● The Qur’an is the message of Allah, is for all times, and all people from its
first revelation to the Day of Judgement.
● The Qur’an exists in its original form as revealed to the Prophet(saw)over
1400 years ago. Allah has promised to protect it from all kinds of corruption
at all times. ‘We have, without, doubt revealed the reminder and we will
guard it (from corruption).’’(Al-Hijr 15:9)
● That the Qur’an is Allah’s message to mankind, and is not from any human,
is proven by the authority and power of its words and the nature of its
contents, which tell us about facts not even discovered or known to
mankind at the time of its revelation.
● The Qur’an is a universal book addressed to all people of all ages.’’ We
have explained in this Qur’an for the benefit of mankind.’’ (Az-Z’umar
39:2)
● The Qur’an is the last and perfect book of Allah. It deals with every aspect
of human life; legal, social, economic, moral etc.Allah says,’’ This day I have
perfected your religion for you completed my favor upon you and chosen
Islam as your religion.’’( Al- Maidah 5:3)
● We need to believe in the old scriptures, but regarding Qur’an we need to
believe in it, recite it regularly and properly, understand its message,
implement its teachings in daily life and convey its message to mankind.
b) All revealed books were sent by God. What in your opinion makes the Qur’an
unique. (4)

● The Qur’an exists in its original form as revealed to the Prophet(saw) over
1400 years ago. God has promised to protect it from all kinds of corruption
at all times, ’We
● have, without doubt revealed the reminder and we will guard it (from
corruption).’’ (Al-Hijr 15: 9)
● The Qur’an is a universal book addressed to all people of all ages.’’ We
have explained in the Qur’an for the benefit of mankind.’’ (Al-Maidah 5:3)
● It is the last and perfect Book of Allah. It is a comprehensive Book.

● There is proof about the authenticity of Qur’an, and even of the places and
occasions when they were revealed, but there is no historical evidence to
the authenticity of the early books.

b) Briefly explain why Allah revealed different books from time to time
(4)
● Muslims firmly believe that Allah has revealed books to different prophets
as a source of guidance to humanity.
● The main reasons for sending the revealed books was for people to learn
about the religion sent to them and to know their obligations towards Allah
and fellow human beings.
● All Divine books invited people to worship Allah, they contained belief in
prophet hood, the Day of Judgement and the concept of reward and
punishment, and they also contained a code of morality and justice.
● None of the revealed books except the Qur’an exists in its original form
today.
● The Suhuf of Ibrahim (AS) was lost. Some of the books were changed and
modified such as Torah and Injil . Allah’s words have been blended with
 those of man, thus it is difficult to establish the authenticity of various parts
of these Books.Hence distortion in books that resulted in need of new
books.

Prophets:

● Belief in the prophets chosen by Allah to convey His message to humanity is

a required article of Muslim faith. This is the principle of Islam, which
strengthens the faith.
● Prophets received guidance from Allah and were sent to guide people. The
chain of prophets started with Adam(AS) and finished with Prophet (saw).
There will no prophet after him.
● Allah created man to worship and obey Him and to lead a righteous life
based on His teachings. To do that, mankind needed guidance, and for this
purpose, Allah has sent at least one prophet to every nation and every
people. Allah says,’’ And for every nation there is a messenger.’’ (Yunus
10:47)
● Prophethood is a gift from Allah. He bestows this honor on whom He wills.
However, all the prophets of Allah have possessed some common features
these are:
i. Prophets were both morally and intellectually superior to the rest of
their community.
ii. Allah bestowed some of His prophets with miracles and every miracle
was a reflection of Allah’s power. The miracles granted to the prophets
were usually in the field in which their nations excelled. Hazrat Musa
was given the miracle of magic, Hazrat Isa lived in the age of skilled
physicians, so his miracles were curing incurable and raising the dead
(Surah Al-Imran). Prophet (saw) was given the miracle of Qur’an because
he lived among the Quraish who were well versed in Arabic language
and hence no one could produce the equivalent of the Qur’an. Miracles
 were given to other prophets, besides the Prophet(saw)were for their
time and their nation , whereas the miracle of the Qur’an is immortal
and universal.
iii. Every prophet confirmed that he did not speak of his own accord but
was preaching Allah’s words. He also confirmed what was revealed
before him and what may be revealed after him. This confirmed that the
message preached by all prophets of Allah was the same. Allah says,’’ It
is He who has sent His Apostle with Guidance and the Religion of Truth
that he may proclaim it over all religion.’’(Al-Anam 61:9)
● They gave glad tidings of paradise to those who abide by the commands of
Allah and warned the people of the consequences of their evil deeds and
about hell. ‘’ O Prophet! Lo! We have sent you as a witness and a bringer
of good tidings and a warner.’’ (Al-Azhab 33:45)
● Prophets were necessary to teach humanity about Allah, to give them a
clear idea about the unseen world i.e the angels, paradise, hell, life after
death and accountability before Allah and divine justice.
● Prophets also educated communities on how to run societies in accordance
with Allah’s will, and explained the purpose of life.
● Muslims believe that Allah would never call a people to account unless He
made clear to them what to do and what not to do , and therefore sent a
messenger to every nation. In Surah like Yunus ,10: 47,an Nahl ,16:36 and
Ghafir 40: 78 refer to Allah’s guidance given to different prophets.
● It is believed that there are 124,000prophets sent over time to all mankind.
The list started with Hazrat Adam(AS) and finishes with Prophet(saw) who
is the Seal of the Prophets (Al-Azhab 33:41) Allah revealed this verse, ‘’ This
day I have perfected for you your religion and completed my favor upon
you and chosen Islam as your religion. (Al-Maidah 5:3).
● All prophets sent by Allah were human , They ate ,drank slept ,lived normal
human life and spoke language of their community or Nation. They did not
have the power to make anyone accept their message or to forgive their
 sins. Their knowledge of the future was limited to what Allah revealed to
them.

b) How are these prophets and their messages important for Muslims? (4) [
n/2013]
b) Explain how this belief influences the daily living of a Muslim. (4) [J/ 2009]

● Prophets guide humanity away from the worship of created beings and
idols to the worship of their Creator.
● Show humanity the path that would lead to Paradise and save them from
Hellfire.
● Warn humanity about the Day of Judgement so that no one could claim
ignorance to the purpose of creation, life after death and their
accountability.
● Provide human beings with practical examples of leading righteous lives,
with Allah’s prophets as role models.

Belief in Allah’s predestination and decree:

● Muslims believes in predestination, everything is ordained by Allah. He

determines fate of a person while he is still in the womb of his mother.
Everything that happened, everything that is happening and everything
that will take place has been determined by Allah, Allah says, ’Verily all
things we have created in proportion and measure.’’ (Al-Qamar 54: 49)
● Belief in Allah’s predestination and decree means that everything good or
bad, happiness or sorrow, pleasure or pain, success or failure come from
Allah.
 ● To understand this article of faith it is important to accept Allah’s knowledge
to be flawless beyond all limits, and to acknowledge the fact that having
created this world He is not indifferent to people, but is a wise and loving
Creator, Lord and Master. Allah says,’’ No misfortune can happen on earth
or in your souls but is recorded in a decree before We bring it into
existence: that is truly easy for Allah.’’ (Al-Hadid 57 :22)
● A believer should think, plan and make right choices, but if, sometime

● s things do not turn out the way one wants, then one should not lose hope.
Instead, they should pray to Allah and try again. If in the end what is
desired is still not achieved, then they should know they have tried their
best and are not responsible for the results.
● Nothing happens in the heavens or on earth , indeed in the universe ,
without the will of Allah , confirming that He alone is the Creator of
everything… has created everything, and has ordained for it a measure’
(al-Furqan 25:2)
● Allah has recorded everything that will occur until the Day of Judgement, in
the Preserved Tablet.
● Allah is all powerful. Whatever he plans he finds no hurdle in accomplishing
it. The Holy Quran says,’’ His is the Kingdom of the heavens and the earth.
It is he who gives life and death; and He is able to do all things.
● Though everything is pre-decided by Allah but man is responsible for his
actions. Otherwise there will be no justification of reward and punishment.
Even though a person tries his best , at the same time he relies on Allah for
the final outcome.
● Nothing happens without a purpose. If one is rewarded, it was meant to be
and could never have escaped the receiver. If not, one realizes it was never
meant to be so.

b)To what extent does this belief affect the daily living of Muslims? (4)
 ● Belief in predestination directly influences the manners of Muslims in
several ways. This belief will lead a believer to remain conscious of his acts
and struggle to follow the right path.
● He will pray to Allah and perform good deeds to have better decisions
decided for him in future.
● It strengthens one’s belief in Allah, that He alone controls everything , so
one trusts and relies on Allah for the final outcome.
● It also reassures a believer that nothing happens without a purpose. If one
is rewarded, it was meant to be and if not, one realizes it was never meant
to be.

Belief in resurrection, the Day of Judgement, and its significance:

● Belief in the Hereafter, the Day of Judgement and accountability before

Allah is at the heart of Islam as this stresses the purpose of human creation.
● This belief shows the direct relation between a person’s conduct on earth
and the life beyond i.e. the present life is a preparation for next, which will
be one of rewards and punishment, depending on one’s conduct on earth.
● Rejection of this belief makes all other believes meaningless. It is the fear of
accountability that keeps a person in check; faith in life after death urges
people to do right and stay away from sin.
● Man will be resurrected and will be presented in the court of Allah with
record of his deeds. The Day of Judgement can be divided into three stages:
i) Qayamah: Life will end at an appointed day. Everything in this
universe shall be destroyed with the blowing of the Soor by angel
Israfeel. The day is called Qayamah. People will be running about in
great confusion and bewilderment.Allah says,’’ (It is) a Day whereon
Men will be like moths Scattered about. And the mountains will be
like carded wool.’’( Al-Qari’ah 101:4-5).Mothers will forget their own
 children; everyone will be concerned about his own self. Allah says,’’
When the deafening blast is sounded that man shall flee from his
brother, his mother and his father.’’( Al-Abas 80: 33-35). The sun
will be folded up; stars will lose their luster and scatter away. The
earth will rent asunder. Mountains will set in motion and they will be
blown away. Allah says,’’ Every soul must taste of death.’’ ( Al-
Anbiyaa 21: 35) Souls rest in Burzakh till the day of
resurrection,Allah says, ‘’Before them is a partition (Burzakh) till the
day they are raised up.’’ (Al-Muminun 23: 100).
ii) Resurrection: Following the end of the world will be the Day of
Resurrection. The second trumpet will be blown and there will be
resurrection of all living beings. People will be resurrected into their
original physical bodies from their graves.Allah says,’’ You were
lifeless and He gave you life and He will cause you to die and will
bring you again to life.’’ (2:28)
iii) Final Judgement: All will assemble before Allah waiting for final
judgement. The righteous will be sheltered under the shade of Allah’s
magnificent throne. Allah will judge His creation. They will be
reminded and informed of their good deeds and sins. No injustice will
be done on this day Allah says,’’ And the Book (of Deeds) will be
placed (before you) ; and you will see the sinful in great terror
because of what is (recorded ) therein.’’(18: 49). Furthermore, the
Qur’an tells us that those who have done good deeds will be handed
their records in their right hand, and those who have sinned will
receive their records in their left hand. About the questioning on the
Day of Judgement,Allah says,’’ That day shall We set a seal on their
mouths. But their hands will speak to Us, and their feet bear
witness to all they did.’’ (Surah Ya-Sin 36:65). Paradise and Hell will
be the final dwelling place for the faithful and the damned after the
Last Judgement.
b) What is the importance of this belief? (4)

● Belief in the Hereafter is a fundamental principle of a Muslim’s faith.

● Any person who sincerely believes in this article of faith will strive in this
world for a better life in the next world.
● He will lead his life according to the teachings of Islam.

● He will keep away from vices and will perform his duties not only towards
his Creator but also towards his fellow-beings.

JIHAD
● The word jihad is derived from ‘’ juhd’’ meaning exertion or striving.
Literally jihad means maximum struggle or effort towards a goal. In
religious context it means exertion of one’s power to the utmost of one’s
power to the utmost of one’s capacity in the way of Allah.
● Jihad covers all kinds of effort, whether physical, mental or material
undertaken in the way of Allah. Allah says,’’ Then fight in the cause of
Allah and know that Allah hears and knows all things.’’(Al-Baqarah 2:244)
● The first verses regarding jihad were revealed in Madina, several years after
the revelation of Islam and the Qur’an to the Prophet (saw)allowing
Muslims to take up arms in self-defense:’ And fight in the Way of Allah
those who fight you, but transgress not the limits. Truly, Allah likes not
the transgressors.’(al-Baqarah ,2:190).
● Jihad takes a very important status in the doctrine of Islam; it is one of the
basic duties for every Muslim and has many forms.
● The five basic forms are: Jihad of the heart/ soul (jihad bilqalb/nafs) id
referred to as the greater jihad(al- jihad –al Akbar). It is one’s inner struggle
of good against evil, refraining oneself from the whispers of Satan. This
process involves subduing one’s shortcomings and tendencies and striving
to earn Allah’s pleasure. Prophet(saw) said,’’ The greatest Jihad is to fight
against the evil passions of oneself.’’
● Jihad with tongue: Jihadby the tongue or jihad bil lisan is defending Islam
and spreading the faith through scholarly lectures, speeches and debates. It
often overlaps with dawah (invitation or spreading Islam). Forexample, in
the Last Sermon, Prophet(saw) asked the listeners whether he had passed
on the message to them, and they confirmed that he had. Then, he told all
those present to pass on the same message to those who were not there.
The Prophet (saw) said,’’ The best fighting (jihad) in the path of Allah is (to
speak) a word of justice to an oppressive ruler.’’ (Sahih Muslim)
● Jihad by the pen/knowledge (jihad bil g

● qalam/ilm) is a form of jihad involving scholarly research of Islam in

understanding the message of Islam, for aiding as well as defense of Islam,
and publishing written articles clearing misconceptions and correcting
misconceptions against Islam with the help of pen or use of internet etc.
● Jihad by the hand or jihad bil yad is a jihad of actionrather than words.
Some of its examples include giving charity to the poor and needy,
performing Hajj or Umrah, helping those in need, saving people’s lives etc.
Prophet (saw) said,’’ A person whose feet become dust-ridden because of
(striving) in the way of Allah will never be touched by the flames of Hell.’’
(Sahih Bukhari).
● Jihad by the sword or jihad bil sayf becomes necessary to undertake this
jihad which includes engaging in combat. Qital is an aspect of this jihad, as
it allows a believer to fight in self-defense.Only when someone violates the
sanctity of a peaceful Muslim community with violence and aggression,
Islam allows them to retaliate and fight back. Permission for armed jihad is
given in the following circumstances in Islam: i) for self-defense. ‘Fight in
the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits.’ ( al-
Baqarah ,2 :90)
● ii)Fighting against evil and injustice: it is a sin if a Muslim sees injustice
being done, and is capable of stopping it, yet does not do anything about
it . for example, child labor, drugs etc.
 ● iii) Broken treaties: If treaties made are broken by the enemy, then war
must be waged upon them.
● Jihad must never be undertaken for purposes of territorial expansion or to
secure wealth and resources. Prophet(saw) confirms,’’ Only that person
fights in the way of Allah who sets foot in the battlefield to raise high the
name of Allah’. (Sahih Bukhari)
Rules and limitations when engaging in combat in the name of jihad.

● Civilians are not to be harmed. Animals whose meat can be eaten should
not be killed.
● Fruit-bearing trees are not to be cut down.

● Places of worship of any faith should not be demolished.

● Asylum should be granted to surrendering enemy soldiers.

● The treatment of prisoners of war is also clearly stated in the Qur’an.

Prisoners of war under Muslims are to eat, drink and dress the same way as
Muslim soldiers eat, drink and dress.
● The fallen and dead should not be mutilated or disfigured.

● The treaties should be respected and fulfilled.

● Ambassadors should not be killed or mistreated.

● No unjustified aggression should be inflicted on weaker nations.