Development of an Ultrasonic Measurement System

for Scientific Applications using Off-the-Shelf

Components
Felix Miguel Arranguez[1] , Mark Huey Balili[1] , Hannah Florenz Dublin[1] ,
Dr. Philip Virgil B. Astillo[2] , Dr. Luis Gerardo S. Cañete Jr.[2]
[1]
Undergraduate Student, Department of Computer Engineering, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines
[2]
Faculty Member, Department of Computer Engineering, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines
18100033@usc.edu.ph, 19101793@usc.edu.ph, 20100229@usc.edu.ph,
lscanete@usc.edu.ph, pvbastillo@usc.edu.ph

Abstract—This research focuses on developing an Ultrasonic be focused on specific areas, making them ideal for non-
Measurement System for scientific applications using readily invasive imaging applications in medicine, and non-destructive
available off-the-shelf components. The aim of this study is to testing in engineering and manufacturing. The advancement
provide future researchers with a cost-effective and accessible
solution for conducting ultrasonic measurements. The system will of ultrasonic sensing technology has had a substantial impact
consist of these fundamental components: ultrasonic transducers, on a number of industries by enabling accurate data collec-
amplifiers, and an audio capture device. The system will be tion and processing. Additionally, ultrasonic measurements
assessed through straightforward verification, such as distance are frequently employed in scientific studies of the physical
measurement, material characterization, and phased array tech- characteristics of materials, such as elasticity, viscosity, and
nique.
Index Terms—Ultrasonic Measurement System, Off-the-Shelf density [5]. The use of ultrasonic has gained popularity as
Components, Ultrasonic Sensors, Affordability and Accessibility, an environmentally friendly and adaptable option for energy-
Phased Array Technique efficient procedures.
Research studies conducted both locally and at the Univer-
I. I NTRODUCTION sity of San Carlos have proven significant outputs with the
The science of sound, also called acoustics, pertains to use of ultrasonics. Parilla et al.’s [6] low-cost garbage level
the study of mechanical vibrations and their transmission monitoring system using ultrasonic sensors and Patiluna’s [7]
through various mediums, including solids, liquids, and gasses. obstacle detection system using ultrasonic proximity sensors
According to Rossing et al. [1], acoustics deals with the are examples of local studies that have developed a cost-
production, propagation, detection, and perception of sound. effective and easy-to-maintain system. However, these stud-
When these periodic mechanical movements are categorized ies primarily focused on pulse-echo techniques, and limited
based on the number of cycles per second, a range can be attention has been given to exploring the signal’s waveform
established within which the human ear can detect them. For characteristics.
sound to be audible, it must reach the ear either through air or Adding an audio capture device to ultrasonic systems in-
by direct contact with the body. However, there are limits to the troduces a novel approach to capturing waveforms, enabling
frequencies that can be detected. Sounds below approximately comprehensive signal analysis to complement the conven-
10 Hertz and above 20 Kilohertz are considered inaudible to tional pulse-echo technique. This advancement empowers re-
the human ear [2]. The lower limit is called subsonic [3], searchers to gain valuable insights by examining the shape and
and is specifically applicable to sinusoidal oscillations. Other characteristics of the received signal, opening up new possi-
forms of vibration are perceived by the ear as a series of bilities for advanced analysis techniques and driving further
harmonics, thus rendering them audible as sequences of noise advances in ultrasonic research and its diverse applications.
pulses. Similar to light waves, where frequencies beyond the
range of human vision are labeled as ultraviolet, sound waves A. Review of Related Literature
above 20 Kilohertz is referred to as ultrasound or ultrasonic. 1) Applications of Ultrasonic Systems:
Ultrasonic waves have several physical properties that make Healthcare: Ultrasonics finds extensive applications in the
them useful in various applications. Penetrating power is high field of healthcare. The ability of ultrasound waves to penetrate
for ultrasonic waves due to the fact that they have smaller various tissues and produce detailed images has revolutionized
wavelengths [4]. They can travel through a variety of materials diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment procedures. Ultrasound
and are reflected or absorbed by different types of objects. imaging, also known as sonography, is widely used to visu-
Ultrasonic waves are also directional, which allows them to alize internal organs, tissues, and blood flow [8]. Obstetric

1
ultrasound, for example, allows physicians to monitor fetal is essential for optimal wave generation, improving intensity
development during pregnancy. Ultrasound is also used for and efficiency [16].
imaging the heart (echocardiography), abdomen, pelvis, breast, Yan et al. [17] utilized ultrasonic guided waves for struc-
and other body parts. It provides a safe and non-invasive means tural health monitoring, specifically focusing on guided wave
of visualizing structures without exposing patients to ionizing tomography and phased array techniques. The study aimed to
radiation. assess the effectiveness of these techniques in early fault de-
Beyond imaging, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) tection in plate-like structures, including determining the size,
is a non-invasive treatment modality that uses ultrasound location, and severity of damage. The results demonstrated
waves to precisely heat and destroy targeted tissue, such as excellent capability in achieving these objectives.
tumors [9]. Ultrasound-guided interventions, such as biopsies Harput et al. [18] found that the application of phased arrays
and injections, allow clinicians to accurately target specific for acoustic imaging in the air is not widely utilized. Their
regions within the body. study employed phase beamforming as shown in Figure 1,
with an array of transducers (Refer to Figure 2) to generate a
Food Processing: Ultrasound technology is recognized as comprehensive sector scan. This technology manipulates the
a key enabler in process intensification and finds widespread direction and focus of acoustic waves.
application in food chemistry and processing. Extraction meth-
ods and technologies have a significant impact on optimizing
the quality and taste perception of various foods and beverages
[10]. In particular, ultrasound has proven to be highly valuable
in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), where it enhances the
recovery of herbal and food components such as oils, proteins,
polysaccharides, and bioactive natural products [11].
Ultrasound technology has also found its way to process
monitoring. The continuous determination of material
properties in liquid mixtures poses a significant challenge
in industries such as chemicals and food [12]. Traditional
chemical sensors often lack the necessary speed, robustness,
and reliability required for industrial processes. Ultrasonic
systems offer a more suitable solution that meets practical Fig. 1. Transmitter and Receiver Array Directivity Patterns
requirements effectively and is extensively utilized to measure [18]
the concentration of specific substances. These systems also
enable the ongoing monitoring of critical processes like
polymerization, crystallization, and fermentation [12]. Their
non-invasive nature and ability to provide real-time data make
ultrasound-based monitoring a valuable asset in industrial
settings.

Non-destructive Testing: Another application of ultrasonic

systems is Non-destructive testing (NDT). It refers to the
use of ultrasonic waves to inspect and evaluate the integrity
of materials or structures without causing any damage or Fig. 2. Phased Array Device with Transmitter and Receiver
alteration to them [13]. Ultrasonic testing is commonly used Arrays [18]
in industries, such as manufacturing, fabrication, construction,
and aerospace [13]. Its main purpose is to assess the quality, By dynamically adjusting the phase and timing of the
detect defects, and ensure the safety and reliability of compo- signals emitted by each transducer, the resulting wavefronts
nents or structures. can be controlled and directed to specific areas of interest. This
NDTs may have their advantages and versatility such that beamforming technique allows for the formation of focused
they can be used in different industries. A review by Cawley beams, electronic scanning, improved spatial resolution, and
et al., [14], stated that NDTs are not cost-effective to do the detection and localization of nearby objects.
inspection. This is partly due to the cost of the equipment. Aliew et al. [19], a setup was assembled using a low-cost
sensor module, implementing a time-of-flight (TOF) threshold-
2) Ultrasonic Ranging: detection approach. TOF is taken by ultrasonic waves to hit an
Wave Imaging Techniques: Signal generators produce the obstacle and return. The TOF concept is also used in Stiawan
electrical excitation signals that make the transducers generate et al.’s study [20] that focuses on the use of an ultrasonic
specific waveforms, frequencies, and amplitudes [15]. The sensor system to determine the number, type, and speed
integration of amplifiers in ultrasonic measurement systems of vehicles within a given distance. The ultrasonic sensors

2
demonstrate their suitability for measuring distances ranging Agarwal et al.’s [22] Driver-Assistance System (DAS) can
from 20 millimeters to 10 meters. By utilizing ultrasonic detect advanced possible collisions in a congested traffic
sensors, the algorithm accurately classified automobiles based environment. The system aims to provide real-time informa-
on predefined criteria. This research showcases the application tion and assistance to drivers in congested traffic conditions,
of ultrasonic sensor systems for vehicle identification and char- improving road safety and traffic flow. The article emphasizes
acterization through precise TOF measurements and advanced the use of ultrasonic sensors as a cost-effective alternative
programming techniques. to more expensive sensor technologies. It discusses the in-
tegration of ultrasonic sensors (Refer to Figure 5) with signal
processing algorithms to detect and track nearby vehicles,
measure distances, and provide collision warnings or assis-
tance to drivers. The cost-effectiveness of the system makes it
suitable for wider deployment, potentially contributing to the
overall reduction of traffic congestion and improving driving
experiences in congested areas.

Fig. 3. Measuring TOF through Threshold Method [19]

Navigation and Distance Measuring using Ultrasonic

Waves: In a research by Jo et al. [21], the application of
ultrasonic sensors and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based
Fig. 5. Future Implementation of the Ultrasonic Driver-
systems demonstrates the potential for mitigating traffic condi-
Assistance System [22]
tions (Refer to Figure 4). Given the nature of this WSN-based
system, several crucial factors need to be carefully considered,
including the transmission delay involved in transmitting data A further study by Petsiuk et al. [23] presented a low-
to the main server. cost, open-source navigational support system in the form
of a wearable bracelet that used ultrasound technology. This
revolutionary device was designed to help those with vision
impairments navigate their surroundings and avoid hazards
while moving. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the overall look and
functionality of the developed navigational support bracelet.

Fig. 6. Graphical Abstract of the Navigational Support System

Fig. 4. WSN-based ITS [21] [23]

3
 two-dimensional images, and at each angle within a 60-degree
sweep, MATLAB collected 20 datasets from the Murgen
board using GageScope [26]. The researchers were able to
successfully obtain 2D images and also a 5.42 signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR). This calculated SNR value exceeds the threshold
set by Rose’s criterion [27], which requires an SNR greater
than 5 for optimal clarity. Their device can image graphite
phantoms with 100 percent clarity but needs further testing to
determine its feasibility in imaging tissue.

Fig. 7. Principal Distances of the Navigational Support System

[23]

The device’s efficiency was demonstrated in a series of

trials with blindfolded people with normal vision. These
participants successfully showed the device’s capabilities by
executing activities such as interior and outdoor navigation
and pedestrian collision prevention. The device was created
using easily accessible components and 3-D printed parts. This
shows that the study was overall cost-efficient and dependable. Fig. 8. Schematic of Ultrasound Device [26]

3) Audio Signal Capturing: Data acquisition systems are Fisher and Sui [28] focused on developing an ultrasonic
responsible for capturing and converting ultrasonic waves monitoring system for the automatic measurement of liquid
into electrical signals, which are then processed by the sys- levels. Their system utilized an ultrasonic sensor together
tem’s software capabilities. These systems typically consist of with a temperature sensor. Their study used a microcontroller-
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital signal processors based data logger for acquiring data, that was programmed to
(DSPs), or microcontrollers, which enable real-time signal capture measurements and store the data on the memory card.
analysis, data storage, and subsequent processing. The de- The main components of the data logger include a Diavolino
velopment of these systems is critical for achieving the full microcontroller board, voltage regulator, microSD/prototyping
potential of a multi-functional ultrasonic measurement system board, and real-time clock/calendar. Field testing of the system
[24]. demonstrated a high level of accuracy, with water levels
Transducers, which capture ultrasonic waves [25], are cru- measured by the system closely corresponding to manual
cial components in audio capture devices as they convert elec- measurements.
trical energy into mechanical vibrations and vice versa. These
vibrations are then processed and amplified by amplifiers to
ensure an optimal signal-to-noise ratio. Additionally, ADCs
(Analog-to-Digital Converters) are essential in converting ana-
log electrical signals into digital data for further interpretation
and manipulation by software algorithms. Throughout the de-
velopment of the audio capture device, ensuring compatibility
with the overall hardware and software architecture of the
system is important.
Taylor et al. [26] developed an ultrasound device that
yielded promising results in terms of image acquisition. The
device consisted of a 5MHz single-element transducer with
three open-source microprocessing boards: SeeedStudio Bea-
gleBone Green, Murgen Board, and Arduino Uno as shown
in Figure 9. The BeagleBone board initiated sequential pulse
width modulation (PWM) waves, which were transmitted Fig. 9. Diagram of ultrasonic water-level measurement system
to trigger the Murgen board with a time interval of 250 [28]
microseconds. The Murgen board subsequently pulsed the
transducer and captured the corresponding pulse-echoes. The 4) Cost of Ready-Made Portable Ultrasonic Systems: Tra-
Arduino controlled the rotation of the transducer to generate ditional ultrasonic systems often consist of bulky components,

4
 Petsiuk et al Low-Cost Pulse-Echo 40 Kilohertz
limiting their mobility and ease of use [23]. The development Open Source
of integrated and compact ultrasonic systems has made it Ultrasound-
possible for point-of-care diagnostics and remote monitoring. Sensing Based
Navigational
Portable ultrasound has been the focus of various recent Support for
research studies, including a study conducted by Sippel et al. the Visually
[29]. One such study examined the effectiveness of a portable Impaired
Taylor et al Development Pulse-Echo 5 Megahertz
ultrasound device called HHFAST for performing Focused of a Portable and Signal
Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) ultrasound and Amplitude
exams [30]. The study utilized a Sonosite 180, which exhibited Inexpensive Analysis
Ultrasound
a remarkable accuracy rate of 97 percent in predicting clinical Imaging
outcomes. This goes to show that there is a potential of using Device for
a small and portable ultrasound device to obtain diagnostically Use in the
Developing
valuable data for medical purposes. The problem here is that World
Sonosite 180 costs about 3000 dollars (168,732 PHP), which Fisher and Sui An Pulse-Echo 20 - 40
is relatively expensive. et al inexpensive Kilohertz
open-source
Table 1 below offers a comprehensive summary of the signal ultrasonic
capture approaches and the frequency ranges that have been sensing system
derived from the studies conducted by each respective author. for monitoring
liquid levels

Authors Title Signal Frequency TABLE 1. Summary of Wave Imaging Techniques and
Capture Range Frequency Ranges by Cited Authors
Approach
Yan et al Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo 350 - 450
Guided Wave and Signal Kilohertz
Imaging Amplitude This summary has shown that the majority of the cited
Techniques in Analysis
Structural studies utilize a frequency of 40 Kilohertz, and that most of
Health these studies concentrate on receiving the signal rather than
Monitoring analyzing its amplitude.
Harput et al Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo 40.8 Kilohertz
phased array
device for
real-time
B. Statement of the Problem
acoustic
imaging in air
The field of ultrasonics plays a crucial role in various indus-
Aliew et al An Approach Pulse-Echo 40 Kilohertz tries, including medical imaging, non-destructive testing, and
for Precise industrial inspections. Ultrasonic systems are widely used for
Distance
Measuring
their ability to penetrate materials, generate detailed images,
Using and detect defects or abnormalities. However, these systems
Ultrasonic typically involve complex and specialized components, leading
Sensors
Stiawan et al An Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo 40 Kilohertz
to high costs and limited accessibility. The expense associ-
Sensor System ated with proprietary components, custom-built hardware, and
for Vehicle specialized software often poses a barrier to entry for many
Detection
Application
organizations and individuals seeking to utilize ultrasonics in
Jo et al Traffic Pulse-Echo 40 Kilohertz their applications. Consequently, there is a need to develop an
Information alternative approach that leverages off-the-shelf components
Acquisition to reduce costs and increase the accessibility of ultrasonic
System with
Ultrasonic systems.
Sensors in
Wireless
Sensor C. Significance of the Study
Networks
Agarwal et al A Pulse-Echo 40 - 45 The significance of this study lies in the development of
Cost-Effective Kilohertz an off-the-shelf ultrasonic measurement device that offers
Ultrasonic
Sensor-Based
affordability and accessibility. The study aims to address the
Driver- limitations of existing ultrasonic systems, which often come
Assistance with high costs and complex setups.
System for
Congested This study also seeks to simplify the implementation process
Traffic by designing user-friendly and intuitive interfaces that will
Conditions allow individuals with limited technical expertise to set up
and operate the ultrasonic device with relative ease.

5
D. Scope and Limitations
The scope of this study is to develop an Ultrasonic
Measurement System within the University of San Carlos,
utilizing off-the-shelf components, with a particular emphasis
on the transmission and capture of frequencies higher than 20
Kilohertz. By focusing on higher frequencies, the study aims
to explore the system’s capabilities in detecting and analyzing
ultrasonic signals with increased precision and resolution.

The limitations of this study are as follows:

1) Verification of the system will be limited to a specific
frequency of 40 Kilohertz.
2) Audio capture devices, such as sound cards, cannot
accurately capture frequencies higher than 80 Kilohertz.
3) External factors such as temperature fluctuations, hu-
midity levels, and background noise could potentially
introduce errors in the readings, which limits the accuracy
of the data collected.
These limitations necessitate careful consideration and ad-
justments in the system design and experimental procedures.

E. Goals and Objectives

The primary goal of this research is to develop an ultrasonic
measurement system that addresses the limitations of existing
systems. By leveraging advances in technology and innovative
design approaches, the proposed system will provide a lower
cost alternative while prioritizing ease of use and accessibility
for a wider range of users, including educational institutions
and research laboratories with limited resources.
To achieve this goal, the following key objectives are set:
1) Design and develop an affordable and off-the-shelf hard-
ware system for ultrasonic measurements. The system
will include a signal generator, transducers, and an audio Fig. 10. Conceptual Framework of Ultrasonic Measurement
capture device. The system must be capable of accurately System
transmitting and capturing ultrasonic waves.
2) Develop an Application Programming Interface (API)
for easy access and control of the system hardware B. System Analysis and Design
components. The API will simplify the process of cross-
1) Hardware Implementation: The device will consist of
platform integration, enabling seamless communication
these off-the-shelf components:
and compatibility across various operating systems.
3) Validate the performance of the developed system through • Signal/wave generator that is capable of transmitting
conducting straightforward verification processes such as high-frequency pulses through the ultrasonic transmitter
distance measurements and simulating various types of module.
materials. The study will also perform a comprehensive • Custom-made amplifier circuit that will adjust the signal
evaluation using phased array techniques. parameters to achieve multiple high frequencies and cater
to different experimental requirements.
II. M ETHODOLOGY • Audio Capture device, specifically Scarlett FocusRite.
This device has a high sampling rate and resolution to
A. Conceptual Framework accurately capture the ultrasonic signals with minimal
Figure 10 illustrates the comprehensive visual representation loss of information. These signals are then converted into
of the ultrasonic measurement system, including its primary digital data for further analysis.
components and the developmental steps involved. The study These components will be integrated with each other to
will leverage off-the-shelf components and readily available make up the hardware for the ultrasonic measurement system,
materials. which could offer affordability.

6
 issue, we can use low-cost off-the-shelf components for the
2) Software Implementation: waveform generator and the sound card. The latter can be used
as an ultrasonic audio capture device. Furthermore, data and
controls can be transmitted using a cross-platform application
for ease of use and accessibility. With this device, a more
affordable alternative can be available to other researchers and
innovators for further research and applications in the future.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS USING OFF-THE-SHELF COMPONENTS
Project Timeline and Deliverables

Development of an Ultrasonic Measurement System for

PROJECT TITLE DATE 6/8/23
Scientific Applications using Off-the-Shelf Components

PROJECT MANAGER Mark Huey C. Balili GROUP A

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

WBS NUMBER TASK TITLE DELIVERABLES W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 W21 W22 W23 W24 W25
T WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR FMT WR F

1 Project Definition and Planning

1.1 Project Planning Project plan
1.2 Definition of Project objectives and scope objectives and scope
1.3 Research project outline
1.4 Creation of design document design document
1.5 Project Initiation

2 Hardware Development
2.1 Development of structure and architecture Circuit simulation
2.2 Acquisition of components Complete materials
2.3 Components assembly Audio Capture Device
2.4 Testing Test reports
3 Firmware Development
3.1 Transducer Interfacing interfaced transducers
3.2 RX/TX Device interfacing Interfaced RX/TX Device
3.3 Testing and debugging test reports

4 Software Development
5.1 Admin application development Admin application
5.2 User Application development User Application
5.3 API integration application with API
5.4 Testing, debugging, and verification test report
5 System Integration
6.1 Hardware and Firmware integration Working Audio Capture Device
6.2 Testing, debugging, and verification, test report
6.3 System Revision Finalized Audio Capture System

6 Documentation
8.1 Final revision of Manuscipt Final Manuscript

7 Project Management
8.1 Team meeting and updates Minutes of the meeting