Desalination

Mixed convection effect on passive solar desalination system with heat storage
material in different climatic zones of Morocco
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number:

Article Type: Full Length Article

Section/Category: Thermal desalination processes

Keywords: Mixed convection; Nusselt number; climate zone, inclined surface; Desalination
system; Efficiency

Corresponding Author: hajar hafs

MOROCCO

First Author: hajar hafs

Order of Authors: hajar hafs

Abstract: Mixed convection flows occur in many technological and industrial applications. Among
these applications we are interested in solar stills which are exposed to incontrollable
weather conditions in particular wind current. A practical interest of combined free and
forced convection flows has a great important role in productivity enhancement of solar
still devices. In fact, a passive solar desalination system with heat storage material is
investigated in six climate zones of Morocco and presented by six cities namely:
Tangier, Rabat, Ifran, Marrakech, Meknes and Errachidia. This study is a contribution
to the analysis of mixed convection effect on inclined surface of solar desalination
systems. Thus, a transient CFD model is developed and investigated under the
instantaneous climatic data of the different cities aforementioned. Results show that
heat transfer were dominated by forced convection in broad daylight and showed an
increase in Nusselt number as Reynolds number increase. the overall productivity
collected in Tangier city present an increase of 45.02%, 50.48%, 23.48%, 83.31% and
24.89% than output registered in Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and then Errachidia
city respectively.

Suggested Reviewers: Muthu Manokar

a.muthumanokar@gmail.com

Moustapha Malha
malha102@yahoo.fr

Mokhtar GHODBANE
ghodbanemokhtar39@yahoo.com

Opposed Reviewers:

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Cover Letter

Hajar HAFS
Mohammed V University in Rabat
Enset, B.P., 6207 Avenue des Forces Armées
Royales, Rabat
Hajar.hafs@um5s.net.ma

Drs. Tao He & Ho Kyong Shon

Co Editors -in-Chief
Desalination

Mars 08, 2023

Dear Drs. Tao He & Ho Kyong Shon,

I am pleased to submit an original research article for consideration for publication in “Desalination”journal.
Title “Mixed convection effect on passive solar desalination system with heat storage material in different
climatic zones of Morocco” by Hajar Hafs , Omar Ansari and Abdellah Bah.

This study is a contribution to the analysis of mixed convection effect on inclined surface of solar desalination
systems. Thus, a transient CFD model is developed and investigated under the instantaneous climatic data in six climate
zones of Morocco. In fact, the flow regime in the inclined glass cover by calculating the value of Richardson number is
analyzed and investigated. In addition of that, the analysis behavior of Nusselt number in terms of Reynolds number is
illustrated for productivity enhancement.

This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. We hope
that this paper contains enough original matter to be published in Desalination journal.

Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely,

HAFS Hajar
PhD in Energy Engineering- Research Team of Thermal, Energy and Environment
Mohammed V University of Rabat
Manuscript File Click here to view linked References

Mixed convection effect on passive solar desalination system with heat storage material in
1 different climatic zones of Morocco
2
3
4
5 1, * 1 1
6Hajar HAFS , Omar ANSARI , Abdellah BAH
71
8 Energy Research Center, Thermal and Energy Research Team (ERTE) ENSAM- Mohammed V University in
9Rabat, Morocco
10*Corresponding author: hajar.hafs@um5s.net.ma , hafshajar.mser@gmail.com
11
12
13
14
15Abstract
16
17Mixed convection flows occur in many technological and industrial applications. Among these applications we are interested
18
19in solar stills which are exposed to incontrollable weather conditions in particular wind current. A practical interest of
20combined free and forced convection flows has a great important role in productivity enhancement of solar still devices. In
21
22fact, a passive solar desalination system with heat storage material is investigated in six climate zones of Morocco and
23
24presented by six cities namely: Tangier, Rabat, Ifran, Marrakech, Meknes and Errachidia. This study is a contribution to the
25analysis of mixed convection effect on inclined surface of solar desalination systems. Thus, a transient CFD model is
26
27developed and investigated under the instantaneous climatic data of the different cities aforementioned. Results show that
28
29heat transfer were dominated by forced convection in broad daylight and showed an increase in Nusselt number as Reynolds
30number increase. the overall productivity collected in Tangier city present an increase of 45.02%, 50.48%, 23.48%, 83.31%
31
32and 24.89% than output registered in Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and then Errachidia city respectively.
33
34
35
Keywords: Mixed convection; Nusselt number; climate zone, inclined surface; Desalination system; Efficiency.
36
37 1. Introduction
38
39Currently, the water cycle is fully affected by climate change: disruption of rainfall patterns, runoff, sea levels, etc. These
40
41
changes have strong implications for human life. Indubitably, this change will aggravate the scarcity issue of freshwater as it
42can be noticeable in very developing countries [1]. Furthermore, in many region the freshwater availability reached the
43
44capacity limit as well as the higher cost paid for providing drinking water in various countries. For this raison, a significant
45
46
amount of research has been conducted various technics for treating and producing clean and drinking water such as Reverse
47osmosis (RO); Electrodialysis (ED); Vapour Compression (VC)… [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Otherwise, among the issues that limit
48
49the use of these desalination technologies; they are very energy intensive often uses fossil fuels for operation which
50
51subsequently generates the emission of huge amounts of CO2[8].
52
53In fact, due to their promising yield, low cost as well as environment friendly. Solar desalination systems have attracted
54
notable attention from several researches[9][10][11][12]. Different parameters have been studied to evaluate their effect on
55
56the productivity enhancement. For example, including different absorber configurations (rectangular, triangular and spherical
57
58forms) have an important effect on productivity improvement. In particular, the rectangular configuration allows to reach a
59
maximum values of 15.39 and 2.37 kg/m²/day respectively for the active and passive solar stills[13]. Besides, in their other
60
61work, Hafs et al. [14] considered a parametric study of rectangular absorber channels filled with heat storage material for a
62
63basin solar still by examining effects of design parameters (the number and the width of rectangular channels). They
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65
 recommended that the optimum values for best output productivity suggested with 5 numbers and 2 cm width. Furthermore,
integrating fins in solar still basin increase the yield of the desalination system more than the conventional one as reported
by many researchers[15][16][17]. In practical applications, Rabhi et al.[18]have used pin fins absorber in solar desalination
1
2system. Experimental result demonstrated that the water production gain is 14.53% compared to the conventional still.
3Manokar and Winston [19] presented a modified solar still with a new acrylic material as basin to reduce the bottom heat
4
5losses. Their results leads an increase of the daily productivity to reach 660ml/0.25m²/day. In addition of that, researchers
6
7have turned to improve the solar still productivity with nanoparticles [20][21]. Hence, it can be observed that integrating
8
different concentration of nanoparticles with high thermal properties (specific heat, thermal conductivity) enhance the yield.
9
10
11Special attention is given to the use of renewable energy systems (Photovoltaic, Dish, Parabolic Trough Collector…) in solar
12stills, named active solar desalination systems[22][23]. Kumar et al. [24] tested experimentally a parabolic trough collector
13
14integrated with single slope solar still for three different brine depths (5,10 and 15cm). they founded that the daily energy
15
16yield increase by 22% while a water level decrease from 15cm to 5cm. Kabeel and Abdelgaied [25] investigated the
17
performance of a cylindrical parabolic concentrator with focal pipe coupled with a modified solar still with heat storage
18
19material under the climatic conditions of Tanta City (Egypt). It was revealed that the yield of the developed solar still is
20
21140.4% higher than that of conventional solar still. For the same goals of enhancement in the productivity of solar desalination
22
systems, several heat storage materials have been tested experimentally and theoretically in the literature like gravel, sawdust,
23
24and sand as sensible storage materials [26] [27][28] and various types of organic and inorganic phase change materials
25
26(PCMs) like lauric acid, stearic acid and paraffin wax as latent storage materials [29][30][31]. The findings of previous studies
27
show that both sensible and latent heat storage materials have made significant improvement of energy efficiency of solar
28
29stills. Hence, thermal conductivity, latent heat and melting point plays an essential role in augmenting the productivity
30
31whereas density and sensible heat can be given a second-fiddle priority.
32
33Other researchers have studied about the ambient climatic effect on solar stills. Chetpelly et al. [32] investigated the
34
35performances of single and double solar stills (SSS and DSS) for different climatic zones in India for summer and winter
36
37days. It was found that the DSS is found very effective than SSS by 91.3% and 63.37% for both summer and winter days of
38Chennai city respectively. Keshtkar et al. [9] analyzed the ambient climatic conditions as well as design parameters effects.
39
40It was observed that the yield increase by 14.4% when the wind speed increase from 1m/s to 6m/s. Jathar et al. [33]studied
41
42experimentally the effect of diverse climatic conditions on the concave-type stepped solar still. Thus, the highest daily
43
productivity was remarked with highest average intensity. Therefore, a tangible impact of ambient conditions on the
44
45performance of the proposed solar still is observed.
46
47
48In the context of the above literature survey, it can be noticed that none of these works takes into account the effect of mixed
49convection air flow on the performances of solar desalination system. Therefore, the current work deals with theoretical
50
51analysis of passive solar desalination system with heat storage material on different climate zones of Morocco to study the
52
53mixed convection effect. The present paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we give a detailed theory and model for
54the developed system with the formulation we used, followed by Section 3 with a detailed results and thorough discussion.
55
56Finally, a brief conclusion is illustrated for the findings of the results in Section 4.
57
58
59 2. Theoretical Framework
60
61The Mediterranean climate of North Africa is characterized by hot dry summers and seasonally restricted rainfall. The
62
63western region experiences a sub humid Mediterranean climate with mild, moist winters from October through March/April,
64
65
 and hot, dry summers from May through September[34]. In this context, six cities were chosen (Tangier, Rabat, Meknes,
Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia) to represent the six climate zones of Morocco as shown in Figure.1. Hence, the solar
desalination system with heat storage material were studied and evaluated under the different climatic zones. The
1
2methodology of the present study involves different steps as it can be seen in Figure.2. The general flowchart of the proposed
3analysis and the numerical procedure used and developed by the authors under Comsol Multiphysics software in order to
4
5implement energy equations considering all boundary conditions.
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39 Figure.1.Six climate zones of Morocco[35]
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 1
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27 Figure.2. Flowchart of the numerical procedure based on COMSOL Multiphysics
28
29
302.1. Description of the system
31
32Figure.3 shows the pictorial model of our system. The solar still in general constructed from galvanized steel sheet with a
33
34square plane area (1m²) contains a thin layer of braskish water of 0.02m, absorber material with 0.002m thick and 0.02m of
35paraffin wax as heat storage material. Above the basin a sloping transparent cover glass is placed, with high value of
36
37transmittance, see Table 1. All system is insulated with a 5cm of polystyrene to minimize heat losses between the single basin
38
39and its ambient surrounding . During sunshine hours, maximum radiation is transferred through the glass cover and saline
40water to reach the absorber material and afterwards the phase change material (PCM). A part of solar radiation is transferred
41
42by conduction to be stored as sensible or latent heat in paraffin wax when the fusion temperature is reached (between 56 and
43
4458°C, see Table 2). Furthermore, the other fraction of heat is transferred by convection to the brackish water. Hence, the
45evaporation process is observed over time and then the condensation of fresh water is gotten in the internal glass cover surface
46
47area. The condensed water vapor is received after that in set to trough supported under the lower edge of the inclined glass
48
49cover and supplied after that to distillate collector.
50
51 In the present work, the system is tested in six climatic zones of Morocco with different cover angle (αg), which is equal to
52
5335.7°; 33.9°; 33.8°; 31.6°; 31.7° and 31.9° for Tangier, Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia respectively (Table
54
555).
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 1
2
3
4
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7
8
9
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17
18
19
20 Figure.3. Schematic diagram of passive desalination system with storage material PCM: (1) Glass cover (2) Brackish water (3)
21 Absorber material (4) PCM (5) Insulation material (6) Condensed water (7) Distillate collector (8) valve (9) Brackish water
22
tank.
23
24
Table 1. Relevant parameters used in the numerical calculations of solar still[36][13].
25
26 Component parameter Value
27 Glass Thickness 0.002m
28 Angle Latitude of the city (See table 3)
29 Water Thickness 0.02m
30 Length × Width 1 ×1 m²
31 Absorber Thickness 0.002m
32
33
34
PCM Thickness 0.02m
35
36
37Table 2. Thermo-physical properties of different materials at 25°C [36][13] [29].
38 Properties Glass Air Water Copper PCMs/l
39 Density (kg/m3) 2700 P*0.02897/8.314/T 997.0 8960 810/760
40 Specific Heat
41 753 1005 4184 385 2950/2510
(J/kg.K)
42 Thermal
43
44
conductivity 0.78 0.028 0.6405 401 0.24/0.24
45 (W/m.K)
46 Viscosity (kg/m.s) - 1.7894e−5 0.001003 - -
47 Latent heat (kJ/kg) - - Lw (eq.5) - 226
48 Melting
49 temperature (°C) - - - - 56-58
50
51
52Table.3. Optical properties of different components of the studied system[9][37].
53 Properties Glass Water Absorber (copper)
54
Absorption coefficient 0.05 0.15 3770
55
Emissivity 0.94 0.96 0.05
56
Refraction index 1.5 1.33 0.23
57
58
59
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64
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 2.2. Formulation of the problem

In the present section, a 3D simulation model is formulated and adopted to investigate the effect of mixed convection on

1performances of the studied system. This phase is governed by fundamental equations describing the mass conservation,
2momentum and the thermal energy. In fact, the conservation equations resolved using COMSOL Multiphysics software
3
4which is based on the finite element method. All parameters used in the current numerical simulation are presented in Tables
5
61-2 and 3. Thus, the model is undertaken and investigated under the following assumptions:
7
8 - All thermo-physical properties are considered constant except the air density which is determined by the
9 Boussinesq approximation.
10
11 - Brackish water temperature is supposed to be homogeneous at all points.
12 - Perfect contact between the PCM and the absorber material.
13 - Negligible convection within the PCM liquid phase.
14 - All system is adiabatic except the glass cover.
15
162.2.1. Continuity
17
18
𝜕𝜌
19 + ∇. (𝜌𝑢 ⃗)=0 (1)
20 𝜕𝑡
21
22
23 Where 𝜌 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ⃗ are respectively the density and velocity vector.
24
25
262.2.2. Momentum
27
28To model the natural convection in the air/ vapor gap, it can be considered that the density is a function of temperature. Yet,
29
30convection currents in the brackish water where the regime of the flow is laminar are modeled by using Boussinesq
31approximation. According to the equality (2).
32
33
𝜕
34 (𝜌𝑢 ⃗ 2 ) = −∇𝑃⃗ + 𝜌𝑔
⃗ ) + ∇. (𝜌 𝑢 (2)
35 𝜕𝑡
36
37
38
39
402.2.3. Energy
41
42The solar radiation received by the glass cover (Q) is transmitted by conduction from the external to the internal side almost
43
44completely. Therefore, a few portions are lost by radiation and convection in the surrounding area. Thereby, the brackish
45water absorb an important fraction of solar radiation. Furthermore, a convective heat transfer occurred simultaneously
46
47between brackish water and the adjacent components specifically absorber surface and inner surface of the glass cover. The
48
49latter also experienced another phenomenon of radiative heat transfer. Besides, temperature difference between the brackish
50water and the inner glass cover drive a water evaporation process. The absorber material has the capacity to store solar energy
51
52during sunshine hours. Hence, a conductive and convective heat transfer take place with its neighboring components (PCM
53
54and brackish water). The energy equation solved in each layer of the basin solar still is illustrated in the following equation:
55
56 𝜕𝑇
57 𝜌. 𝐶𝑝 ( + 𝑢 ⃗ . ∇𝑇) = ∇(𝐾. 𝛻𝑇) + 𝑄 (3)
58 𝜕𝑡
59
60
61
Where K is the thermal conductivity and Q is the absorbed radiation energy.
62
632.2.4. Productivity and efficiency equation of solar still
64
65
 The hourly freshwater productivity in (kg/m².hr) can be calculated as[13]:

𝑄𝑒𝑣 . 3600
𝑃ℎ = (4)
1 𝐿𝑤
2 Where 𝑄𝑒𝑣 is the evaporation heat transfer in the system (W) and 𝐿𝑤 is latent heat of vaporization (J/kg), which can be
3
4expressed as:
5
6
7 𝐿𝑤 = 2.5 × 106 − (2.386 × 103 × 𝑇𝑤 ) (5)
8The daily distillate is defined as[36]:
9
10
24
11
12 𝑃𝑑 = ∑ 𝑃ℎ (6)
13 𝑖=1
14
15The efficiency of solar desalination system is given by the following equation[38]:
16
17 𝑃𝑑 . 𝐿𝑤 . 𝐴𝑤 . 𝛥𝑡
18 𝜂= (7)
19 𝐴𝑔 . ∑ 𝐺(𝑡). Δ𝑡 + 𝑄𝑃𝐶𝑀
20
Where 𝑄𝑃𝐶𝑀 is heat transferred to the PCM (J), 𝐴𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑔 are brackish water and glass cover area (m²), Δ𝑡 is the
21
22particular period of day.
23
24
252.3. Boundary conditions
26
27 - All Sides and bottom walls of the passive solar still are considered to be adiabatic:
28
29 𝜕𝑇/𝜕𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0
30 {𝜕𝑇/𝜕𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0
31 𝜕𝑇/𝜕𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0
32
33 - All system is assumed to have the uniform initial temperature:
34
35 𝑇(𝑡 = 0, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 292.8 𝐾 ∀ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ [0,1]; [0,1]& [0, 𝐻] (8)
36
37
38
39
40 - The heat loss by convection and radiation between glass cover and the ambient is calculated as follows:
41
42
43 𝜕𝑇𝑔 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) (9)
44 −𝐾𝑔 . = ℎ𝑐𝑣 (𝑇𝑔 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) − 𝑇𝑎 (𝑡)) + 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑔 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 (𝑡)4 )
45 𝜕𝑥
46
47 ∀(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ [0, 𝑙] [0, 𝐿]𝑎𝑛𝑑 [0, 𝐻]
48
49The heat transfer coefficient occurred in the inclined glass cover is defined as estimated in equation 10, which is a mixed
50
51convection (W/m²/k) including effect of free/natural convection (hn) and the additional forced convection (hf):
52 1/3
53 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑥 = [ℎ𝑛 3 + ℎ𝑓 3 ] (10)
54
55Nusselt number is calculated as [40]:
56
57
For free/natural convection
58
59
60 N𝑢𝑛 = 0.14[𝑅𝑎1/3 − 𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑟 1/3 ] + 0.56(𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾)1/4 (11)
3 2
61 𝑔. 𝛽. 𝐿 . 𝜌 𝐶𝑝. (𝑇𝑔 − 𝑇𝑎 (𝑡)) (12)
62 R𝑎 = 𝑃𝑟. 𝐺𝑟 =
63
𝜇. 𝑘
64
65
 5. 109 𝛾 = 15° (13)
2. 109 𝛾 = 30°
Gr𝑐𝑟 =
108 𝛾 = 60°
6
1 { 10 𝛾 = 70°
2
3 Where Ra, Racr, Pr and Gr are Rayleigh, Critical Rayleigh(𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑟 = 𝐺𝑟𝑐𝑟 . 𝑃𝑟), Prandtl and Grashof numbers; g is the
4 gravitational constant (= 9.807 m/s2 at sea level) ;β is the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion (1/K); L is the
5 characteristic length(m);𝛾 is the angle tilt (°); 𝜌 is the flow density(kg/m3); Cp is the heat capacity (J/kg/K); k is the
6
7
thermal conductivity (W/m/K) and μ is the dynamic viscosity (Pa.s).
8
9 For forced convection
10
11
12 𝐵(𝑃𝑟) 1/5 3 1/3 (14)
𝑁𝑢 𝑓 = 𝐴(𝑃𝑟)√𝑅𝑒 [1 + ( 𝐵𝑜 ) ]
13 𝐴(𝑃𝑟)
14
15
1/3
0.0207 2/3 −1/4 (15)
16 𝐴(𝑃𝑟) = 2 × 0.464𝑃𝑟 [1 + ( ) ]
𝑃𝑟
17
18 5 −1/5 (16)
𝐵(𝑃𝑟) = 𝑃𝑟 2/5 [4 + 9√𝑃𝑟 + 10𝑃𝑟]
19 4
20
21 𝐺𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 (17)
𝐵𝑜 = 5/2
22 𝑅𝑒
23
24
Where Re is the Reynolds number and Bo is the Buoyancy number;
25
262.4. Mesh Generation
27
28The simulations are achieved in Comsol Multiphysics 5.5, based on the finite element method to generate the best-suited
29
30mesh. Grid size study is carried out to obtain independent results as shown in Table 4 and in Figure.4a. The comparison
31between different sizes elements show that the daily productivity maintains the same value (7.91kg/m².day) for cases 3,4 and
32
335 with elements numbers of 135 258, 484 500 and 3 882 406 and wherefore the mesh with 135 258 (case 3) is selected in the
34
35current study (Figure.4b).
36
37 Table 4. Mesh properties of passive basin solar still with PCM.
38 Case N. elements CPU Time (s) Pd (kg/m².day)
39
40 1 28 772 782 7.89
41
42 2 56 593 6148 7.90
43
3 135 258 28 431 7.91
44
45 4 484 500 111 720 7.91
46
47 5 3 882 406 288 144 7.91
48
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 (a) 7,91 (b)

1
2
Pd (kg/m².day)

3
7,90
4
5
6
7
8 7,89
9
10 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
11 Number of elements
12
13
14 Figure 4. (a) Element size independence study in SSSS (b) Shematic of generated mesh in the developed solar still(135 258 N.
15 elements).
16
17
183. Results & discussion
19
20After a cumbersome calculation, the mixed convection effect on the performances of passive solar desalination system with
21storage material was evaluated in the different climatic zones of Morocco presented by six cities (Tangier, Rabat, Meknes
22
23Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia). The main results was presented in the current section. In fact, all governing equations
24
25presented in the previous section are solved according to each time step of instantaneous weather data presented in Figures.5
26
& 6.
27
28
29Figure.5 presents both ambient temperature and solar radiation intensity for a typical day of July month according to the six
30
31zones with a maximum values of 998.19, 1007.97, 1019.51, 1023.03, 907.32, and 1001.80 W/m² in Tangier, Rabat, Meknes,
32Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia city respectively. Furthermore, the ambient temperature has also a significant pics of 25.63,
33
3429.81, 39.47, 39.04, 35.35 and 41.13°C in the six cities mentioned above respectively. According to the geographical position
35
36of Morocco with two coastal fronts bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and, to the north, by the Mediterranean Sea.
37Tangier City is one of the coastal cities which is affected by the wind throughout the year given the average speed of 8.21
38
39m/s in the practical data. Contrariwise, the lower average wind velocity is 2.25m/s measured in Rabat city (see Figure.6 and
40
41Table.6). In this purpose, we will analyze the flow regime in the inclined glass cover by calculating the value of Richardson
42number using equation.18, which represents the relation between natural and forced convection [39], it can be observed from
43
44Figure.7 that the free convection appear (Ri>>1) at the first hours of the day in Marrakech, Errachidia and Rabat cities with
45
46maximum values of 8.3, 4,6 and 4.5 respectively which takes around 3hours. In the six climatic zones, the forced convection
47prevails with Ri values less than 1(see Table.5) in broad daylight and increase slightly after 19:00 for the five cities except
48
49Tangier which experienced an almost constant value of Ri (Ri <<1) all over the day. In fact, the mixed convection is obtained
50
51as illustrated in Figure.7 where the Richardson number is close to 1.
52
53 𝐺𝑟 𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑔 − 𝑇𝑎 (𝑡))𝐿 (18)
54 𝑅𝑖 = 2 = 2
55 𝑅𝑒 𝑉
56 Table 5.Heat transfer mode according to the Richardson number.
57
58 Convective heat transfer
59 Richardson number value Heat transfer mode
expression
60
61 Ri >>1 𝜆. 𝑁𝑢𝑛 Natural convection
62 ℎ𝑛 =
𝐿
63
64
65
 Ri ≈1 1/3
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑥 = [ℎ𝑛 3 + ℎ𝑓 3 ] Mixed convection

Ri <<1 𝜆. 𝑁𝑢𝑓 Forced convection

ℎ𝑓 =
𝐿
1
2
3Figure.8 shows the convective heat transfer coefficient (hcv) defined in the inclined surface of the transparent cover according
4
5to the six cities. It is obviously clear that the average values of 12.19, 6.72, 6.97, 7.31, 7.79 and 8.30 W/m².K are calculated
6under the climatic data of Tangier, Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia city respectively. The curvature is quite
7
8significant in broad daylight were the forced convection is prevailed (Figure.7). Furthermore, at higher velocity of air fluid
9
10namely in the turbulent condition, the convective heat transfer is high as shown in Figure.8. In fact, this last results can be
11
strengthen by the analysis behavior of Nusselt number in terms of Reynolds number illustrated in Figure.9. As observed in
12
13different zones, the Nusselt number increases as Reynolds number increases. Indeed, the inclined surface of the glass cover
14
15(31.6° ≤ 𝛼𝑔 ≤ 35.7°) has a significant effect on the Nusselt number as illustrated in the literature [40]. Thus, the buoyancy
16
17force accelerates the air flow in the thermal boundary layer and improved the heat transfer coefficient.
18
19Let's analyze now the effect of mixed convection on the performances of solar still. Figure.10 illustrates streamlines at chosen
20
21times. So, the solar intensity dissipation into the whole desalination system is presented by the streamlines which inform
22
23
about the heat transfer behaviors effect. It can be noted that the temperature drop is greater near the surface of glass cover.
24Contrariwise, an important increase of temperature is observed in the bottom surface of solar still (absorber), this difference
25
26of temperature will lead to more changes in buoyancy force which increase the free convection of the brackish water is
27
28determined by the following equation.19[41](Figure.11):.
29
30 𝑢𝑤 = √𝑔. 𝐿. 𝛽. (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤 ) (19)
31
32From the numerical results illustrated by figures.8-13. It is observed from that Tw reach a maximum at 14:00-15:00 h for the
33
34six climatic zones with 75.67, 68.93, 71.45, 74.30, 66.03, 74.58 °C for Tangier, Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and
35
Errachidia respectively (Figure.12). In fact, different temperature between glass and water (T w-Tg)max arise a maximum of
36
3722.50°C for Tangier city and a minimum value of 13.64°C for Ifran city, the forced convection in the external glass cover
38
39present an important heat transfer coefficient for Tangier compared to others zones (Figure.13). The city has a Mediterranean
40
climate with oceanic influence, it is highly subject to ocean disturbances with a mean wind speed of 18km/h[42].Furthermore,
41
42it can be noted that the higher wind speeds increase the heat transfer beside the inclined glass cover and the surrounding
43
44environment and therefore the glass temperature reduce which has a significant increase on the difference temperature
45
between glass and water, and therefore improving the productivity.
46
47
48Additionally, both figures.14 & 15 illustrated the evolution of temperature profiles of PCM as well as the charging/
49
50discharging of heat storage amount in the six climatic zones. By integrating PCM in the studied system, a part of thermal
51energy is stored in paraffin wax at beginning hours as sensible heat until melting temperature (range between T =56-
m
52
5358°C)[43] where the mixture between the liquid and solid appear. Furthermore, it is important to specify that the phase change
54
55transition is very short during sunshine hours (between 12:00 and 13:00) as it can be concluded from figure.15. However, it
56
is clear that the latent heat storage mode allows storing a very huge amount of heat energy compared to sensible heat storage
57
58mode (approximately 4.0x 106J). Thereby, this amount stored in the PCM 𝑄(𝐽) is determined by the following equation:
59
60
𝑇𝑚 𝑇𝑓 (20)
61
62
𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑝𝑐𝑚 . (∫ 𝐶 𝑝/𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 . 𝑑𝑇 + 𝐿𝑓 + ∫ 𝐶𝑝/𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 . 𝑑𝑇 )
𝑇𝑖 𝑇𝑚
63
64
65
 At the latter half of the day, the PCM becomes an alternative heat source for the system. Thus, the discharge period occurred
as well as solar radiation disappears. Otherwise, the heat is released slowly during the night as sensible and latent mode
1
2(Figure.15).
3
4Based on the aforementioned discussions, it can be said from Figures.16 & 17 that the evaporation rate was enhanced as well
5
6as the production rate. We observe that the accumulative yield in Tangier city register a higher value of 11.5kg/m².day
7
8whereas, a lower value is collected in Ifran city with 6.27 kg/m².day. This important observation leads to the fact that the
9wind speed has a very huge impact on productivity rate as it was revealed by several studies in the literature [33]with a critical
10
11values of 8m/s in summer day (Tangier city Vaverage=8,21m/s see Table.6).This, lowers the cover temperature that should
12
13increase the rate of heat transfer from the basin water to the cover and then the productivity. Subsequently, in a typical
14summer day (15 July 2021), the corresponding increased percentage values of Pd/Tangier are obtained as 45.02%, 50.48%,
15
1623.48%, 83.31% and 24.89% than Pd registered in Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and then Errachidia city respectively. In
17
18addition of that, Figure.18 depicts thermal efficiency in different zones, it is obvious that maximum overall values of 84.62,
1958.78, 53.12, 63.02, 49.04, and 67.84% are respectively recorded for Tangier, Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and
20
21Errachidia city. A significant increase is observed in efficiency for the developed solar still in Tangier city by 44.83%,
22
2358.49%, 33.33%, 71.43% and 25.37% than Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia city respectively.
24
25
26
50 12
27 th
15 July 2021 Tangier th
15 July 2021
28 1000 Rabat
Meknes 45 10
29 Marrakech
30 800 Ifrane
Errachidia 40 8
31
32
G (W/m²)

600 Tangier
V(m/s)
Ta(°C)

35
33 6 Rabat
34 Meknes
400 30 Marrakech
35 4 Ifrane
36 Errachidia
37 200 25
2
38
39 0
20
0
40 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
41 Time (hr) Time (hr)
42
43
44 Figure.5. Ambient temperature and solar intensity variations for Figure.6.Wind speed variations for different climatic zones of
45 different climatic zones of Morocco (Tangier, Rabat, Meknes, Morocco (Tangier, Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifrane and
46 Marrakech, Ifrane and Errachidia) Errachidia)
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 16
15
Tangier
14
Rabat
13
Meknes
1 12 Marrakech
2 11 Ifrane
10 Errachidia
3 9
4 8
7
5

Ri
6
6 5
7 4 Natural convection
3 Ri>1
8 2
9 1 Mixed convection

10 0 Forced convection
-1
11 -2
Ri<1

12 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
13 Time (h)
14
15 Figure.7. Richardson Number evolution versus time.
16
17
14
18
19
20 12
21 Tangier
22 10
Rabat
Meknes
23
hcv(W/m².k)

Marrakech
24 Ifrane
25 8 Errachidia
26
27 6
28
29
4
30
31
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
32
33 Time (h)
34
35 Figure.8.Heat transfer coefficient variation on the inclined glass surface.
36
37
38 550 Tangier City 350 Rabat City
39 Vaverage=8,21m/s Vaverage=2,25m/s
40 540
300
41
530
42
250
43 520
Nu
Nu

44
45 510 200
46
47 500
150
48
49 490
100
50 3,0x104 6,0x104 9,0x104 1,2x105 1,5x105 1,8x105 2,1x105
3,75x105 4,00x105 4,25x105 4,50x105
51 Re
Re
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 Meknes City 450 Marrakech City
350 Vaverage=2,35m/s Vaverage=2,76 m/s
400
1
2 300
350
3
4 250
300

Nu
Nu

5
250
6
7 200
200
8
9 150
150
10
100
11 0,0 5,0x104 1,0x105 1,5x105 2,0x105 2,5x105 3,0x105
3,0x104 6,0x104 9,0x104 1,2x105 1,5x105 1,8x105 2,1x105
12
Re Re
13
14
15
16
17 500 600

18 Ifran City Errachidia City

450 Vaverage=3,13 m/s Vaverage=3,97 m/s
19 500
20
400
21
22 350
400
23
Nu
Nu

24 300
300
25
26 250
27 200
28 200

29
150 100
30 1x105 2x105 3x105 4x105 5x105
5,0x104 1,0x105 1,5x105 2,0x105 2,5x105 3,0x105 3,5x105
31
Re Re
32
33
34
35 Figure.9: Nusselt Number evolution vs Reynolds Number in the six zones.
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 (a) (b)
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 (c) (d)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 Figure.10. Temperature streamlines and isotherms in the vertical section of the SSSS. (a) at 9 am. (b) at 1pm. (c) at 4pm and (d) at
12 9pm.
13
14
15
0,16
16 Tangier
17 Rabat
0,14
Meknes
18 Marrakech
19 0,12 Ifran
20 Errachidia
0,10
21
uw (m/s)

22 0,08
23
24 0,06
25
0,04
26
27 0,02
28
29 0,00
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
30
31 Time (hr)
32
33 Figure.11. Free convection velocity (uw) of brackish water
34
35
36
37
25
38 80 Tangier Tangier
39 Rabat Rabat
Meknes
40 70
Meknes 20
Marrakech
41 Marrakech
Ifrane
42 Ifran
60 Errachidia
Errachidia 15
43
(Tw-Tg) °C
Tw (°C)

44 50
45 10
46 40

47
30 5
48
49 20
50 0
51 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

52 Time (hr) Time (hr)

53
54
55 Figure.12.Variation of brackish water temperature in the six Figure.13. Difference temperature between glass cover and
56 climatic zones brackish water
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
 5,0x106
Tangier Tangier
80 4,5x106
Rabat Charging period Rabat
6
Meknes 4,0x10 Meknes
1 70 Marrakech 6
3,5x10 Marrakech
2 Ifrane
3,0x10 6 Ifrane
60 Errachidia
3 2,5x10 6
Errachidia
Tpcm (°C)

4 50 6
2,0x10

Q(J)
5 6
1,5x10
6 40 6
1,0x10
7 5
5,0x10
8 30
0,0
9
5
10 20 -5,0x10
6
11 -1,0x10
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
12
Time (hr) Time (hr)
13
14
15
16 Figure.14.Variation of PCM for different climatic zones of Figure.15.Heat storage amount in PCM for the six climatic
17 Morocco. zones.
18
19 2,50
20 Tangier 12 Tangier
2,25
Rabat Rabat
21 2,00 Meknes Meknes
22 Marrakech 10 Marrakech
1,75 Ifrane Ifrane
23 Errachidia Errachidia
24 1,50 8
Ph (kg/m².hr)

Pd (kg/m².day)

25 1,25
26 1,00
6
27
0,75
28 4
29 0,50

30 0,25 2
31 0,00
32 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
33 Time (hr)
34 Time (hr)
35
36
37 Figure.16.Hourly variations of fresh water productivity. Figure.17.Cumulative productivity of solar still system.
38
39
1,0
40
41
42 0,8
43
44
45 0,6
Efficiency

46
47
48 0,4
49 Tangier
50 Rabat
Meknes
51 0,2
Marrakech
52 Ifrane
53 Errachidia
54 0,0
55 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
56 Time (hr)
57
58 Figure.18: Overall thermal efficiency at different zones.
59
60
61Table 6. Average weather conditions and the gap temperature between fluid and glass cover.
62
63
64
65
 G average(W/m²) Ta average(°C) Vaverage (m/s) T( w g ) average
Case study Zone Latitude/langitud
(°C)
Rabat Zone 1 33.972/ -6.850 534.66 24.56 2.25 9.07
1 Tangier Zone 2 35.759/ -5.834 536.58 22.66 8.21 10.67
2 Meknes Zone 3 33.889/ -5.577 540.88 29.56 2.35 8.05
3 Ifran Zone 4 31.702/ -6.349 475.72 27.90 3.13 7.92
4 Marrakech Zone 5 31.630/ -8.009 535.24 29.50 2.76 8.73
5 Errachidia Zone 6 31.927/ -4.428 503.35 33.05 3.97 8.19
6
7
8
9
4. Conclusion
10
11The mixed convection heat transfer analysis effect on the performances of passive solar desalination system with integrated
12PCM was developed and studied in the present work. In this context, six cities were chosen (Tangier, Rabat, Meknes,
13
14Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia) to represent the six climate zones of Morocco. All governing equations are solved according
15
16to the time interval of instantaneous meteorological data in a typical day. Some conclusions are as follow:
17
18 - Higher wind speeds increase the heat transfer between the inclined glass cover and the surrounding area and therefore
19
20 the glass temperature reduce.
21
22 - It is observed that in different zones, the Nusselt number increases as Reynolds number increases.
23 - The inclined surface of the glass cover has a significant effect on the Nusselt number.
24
25 - It is seen that heat transfer were dominated by forced convection in broad daylight in the different zones, however
26
27 the naturel convection appear at early and later hours of the day.
28 - The efficiency of the developed solar still in Tangier city increased by 44.83%, 58.49%, 33.33%, 71.43% and 25.37%
29
30 than Rabat, Meknes, Marrakech, Ifran and Errachidia city respectively.
31
32
33
CRediT authorship contribution statement
34
35Hajar Hafs: Methodology, Software, Data Curation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.
36
37Omar Ansari: Work supervision, Methodology, Formal analysis, review & editing. Abdellah Bah: Work supervision,
38Project administration, Methodology, review & editing.
39
40
41 Nomenclature Greek symbols
42 A Area (m²) ∆ Difference
43 m Mass storage material (kg) 𝜂 Efficiency
44 Cp Specific heat capacity (J/kg.K) ρ Density (kg/m3)
45 Q Heat stored in the material (J) β Coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion (1/K)
46 T Temperature (°C)
47 V Wind velocity (m/s)
48 k Thermal conductivity (W/m.k) Subscripts
49 e Thickness (m) w Brackish water
50 l Length(m) b Basin
51 W Width (m) g Glass cover
52 h Frontal height (m) h Hourly
53 H Back height (m) d daily
54 Gr Grashof number mix Mixed
55 Pr Prandtl number n Natural
56 Cp Specific heat (J/kg K) f Forced
57 Re Reynolds number m Melting temperature
58 Ri Richardson number i Initial
59 2 f Final
60 g Gravitational constant (= 9.807 m/s at sea level)
Abbreviations
61 PCM Phase Change Material
62 SSSS Single Slope Solar Still
63 DSS Double solar still
64
65
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Conflict of Interest

Declaration of interests:

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be
considered as potential competing interests: