SELF LEARNING MODULES (SLM)

Course Mathematics in the Modern World

Sem/AY Second Semester / 2023-2024

Module No. 1
Chapter Title THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
Lesson Title Lesson I: Mathematics in Nature
Lesson II: Numbers and Patterns
Week
1
Duration
Date February 5 to February 9
This module discusses the profound nature of mathematics, transcending the conventional
Description notions of mere numbers and variables. Prepare to discover the profound impact of
of the Lesson mathematics, extending far beyond the limits of a standard curriculum.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to
Intended • identify patterns in nature.
Learning • use mathematics to think about the world and nature.
Outcomes • articulate the importance of mathematics in his/her life, and
• express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:

Targets or Lesson I: Mathematics in Nature
Objectives
• Identify Fibonacci sequence in Nature
• Determine the nth term of a Fibonacci sequence
• Use Golden ratio in appreciating mathematics in human anatomy and photography
Lesson II: Numbers and Patterns
• Examine the nature and relationship of numbers in a sequence
• Determine the nth term of a number sequence
• Generate a pattern to form a number sequence

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 Student Learning Strategies
A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

You will be directed to attend in a Three-Hour class discussion on nature of

mathematics. To have access to the Online Discussion, refer to the
announcement that will be posted in the Google Classroom.
Online Activities
(Synchronous/ (For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
Asynchronous) schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. 1. How does the Fibonacci sequence manifest in various aspects of
nature?
2. How are prime numbers related to certain biological patterns in
nature?
3. Explore the concept of the Golden Ratio and its occurrence in natural
patterns.
4. Analyze mathematical patterns found in the arrangement of leaves,
petals, or seeds in plants. What principles govern these arrangements?
5. What is the 9th term of the Fibonacci sequence?
6. The man behind this sequence is and nickname was “Fibonacci”
7. Approximate value of the Golden ratio?

Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning
Management System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

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 LECTURE GUIDE

LESSON I: MATHEMATICS IN NATURE

• INTRODUCTION
Nothing can beat the beauty of nature. Finding mathematics in nature at a first
glance may seem less obvious. However, if one does take time to examine
nature, then one can describe its beauty mathematically.

What is Fibonacci sequence?

• a series of numbers in which each number (Fibonacci sequence) is the sum of
two preceding numbers. The simpliest is the series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc.

Figure 1. Fibonacci sequence

The number 3, 5, 8, 13, and 21 in the Figure 1. are all parts of the Fibonacci sequence.
Also, the number of petals is usually a Fibonacci number. The man behind this
Offline Activities sequence is Leonardo Pisano Bogollo, whose nickname was “Fibonacci”. Study the
(e-Learning/Self pattern of the Fibonacci sequence below.
Paced)
Term 0 1 2 2 3 5 8 13 21 ……
(Fn)
Term 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …….
number
(n)
Table 1. Fibonacci sequence

What is the 9th term answer? Answer: ________________

How did you solve the 9th term? Answer: ______________
What is the pattern of the Fibonacci sequence? Answer: ________________

To get the 8th term which is 21, the sixth term (8) and the seventh term (13) are
added. So, 8 + 13 = 21. Therefore, adding the two consecutive terms will result to
another term of Fibonacci Sequence.

Fn = F n-1 + F n-2
where;
F n = Fibonacci number
F n-1 = the previous term
F n-2 = the term before previous term

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Engaging Activity 1.
Find the 11th to 15th term of the fibonacci sequence?
1. 11th term: ____________
2. 12th term: ____________
3. 13th term: ____________
4. 14th term: ____________
5. 15th term: ____________

What is the 80th term of the Fibonacci sequence? It may take you an hour or
more to find it. However, one may calculate the Fibonacci number using the
Golden Ratio. It is usually denoted using the Greek letter “phi” φ.

The golden ratio is special number which is approximately equal to 1.618034

and may be used to find the nth term of a Fibonacci sequence using the Binet’s
formula.

Figure 2. Binet’s Formula

Engaging Activity 1.1
Find the following term of the fibonacci sequence?
a. 35th term: _____________
b. 40th term: _____________
c. 47th term: _____________

Aside from the famous painting Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci was also known
for his Vitruvian Man. It was one of the most important works of the Italian
Rennaissance. According to Vitruvius (1492), the 15th century drawing was also
known as proportions of the human body.

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 Figure 3: Vitruvian Man
Leonardo da Vinci (Public Domain)

Analysis (Communication)
Form a group of 4, and discover how golden ratio is evident on human body.
My Data
MEASUREMENT
Distance from your knees to the ground A= ________________
Distance from your belly button to the ground B= ________________
Distance from top of your head to your belly button C=____________
Distance from your wrist to your elbows D=________________
Length of your hand E= ________________
Refer to the figure 4. below: F=_________________
G= ________________
H= _________________

Figure 4. Skeletal Hand

Get the ratio of the following and round-off your answer to the nearest ten
thousandths.
1. B + C = _________
2. B + A = _________
3. D + E = _________
4. G + F = _________

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 5. H + G = ________

What can you say about the ratios from numbers 1 to 5?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Group’s Data
Collect the data from the members of your group.

Members

B+C B+A D+E G+F H+G

Table 2. Group’s Data/s

Abstraction (Critical thinking)

Write your conclusion on how evident is golden ratio on the human body.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

LESSON II: NUMBERS AND PATTERNS

• INTRODUCTION
A sequence may be finite or infinite. The Fibonacci sequence is an infinite
sequence. A finite sequence has a definite number of terms. A list of numbers
which form a pattern is called a sequence. Number patterns may be described
by examining how the terms are being generated.

Activity (Collaboration)
1. 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, … ________________
2. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, … ________________
3. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, … ________________

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 A pattern may have a list of numbers in which a constant number is added to get
the succeeding terms. For other sequences, the terms are increasing because the
number to be added is increasing in a predictable way. There are number patterns
whose terms are decreasing, because the numbers to be added is decreasing in an
expected way.

Examples:
To generate the next term, the number to Example
be added is
repeating 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, …
growing/increasing 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 29, …
shrinking 118, 98, 73, 43, 8, -32, …
Table 3.

Analysis (Communication)
After learning about the number and its pattern, how will you categorize Fibonacci
Sequence?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Abstraction (Critical Thinking)

Write the next three terms of the following sequences.
1. 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, … Answer: _____________
2. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, …. Answer: _____________
3. 100, 78, 54, 28, 0, … Answer: _____________
4. 30, 35, 45, 60, 80, … Answer: _____________
5. 151, 149, 145, 137, 121, …. Answer: _____________
6. 36, 43.5, 51, 58.5, 66, … Answer: _____________
7. 100.1, 100, 99.8, 99.55, 99.1, … Answer: ____________
8. ½, 11/2, 23/2, 37/2, 53/2, … Answer: _____________
9. 5/8, 13/8, 21/8, 29/8, 37/8, … Answer: _____________
10. √2, 12+ √2, 24+√2, 36+√2, 48 + √2, … Answer: _________

Application (Creativity)
Create a sequence satisfying the following: Prove that it satisfies the given condition.

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 1. The tenth term is 100.
2. The first term is 2.
3. The third term is ½.

Summary
The pattern of a number may be identified by scrutinizing how the terms are related to
one another. To generate the next term of some sequences, a constant number is added
the number to be added, or the number to be added decreases.

Chapter Summary
• The Fibonacci sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ……
• To find a Fibonacci number, use the Binet’s formula. The symbol “n” stands for
the term number

• The Golden Ratio is a special number which is approximately equal to

1.618034….

Chapter Assessment
I. Answer the following.
1. What is the 8th term of the Fibonacci Sequence?
2. What is the 16th term of the Fibonacci Sequence?
3. What is the 50th term of the Fibonacci Sequence?
4. What is the next term of the sequences 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, …
5. What is the missing number in the sequence 3, 5, 9, ____, 15, 23, 33?
6. What is the next three terms of the sequence 10, 9, 7, 4, 0, …?
7. What is the missing number in the sequence -10, -6, -2, ___, 6, 10?
8. What is the missing number in the sequence 21, ___, 18, 15, 12, 9?
9. Describe the nature of the number pattern 88, 77, 55, 22, …
10. How are each terms related to one another in the sequence 2, 90, 4, 87, 6, 12, 8,
51, 10?