Hydraulics

Chapter 8 – FLUID FLOW MEASURING DEVICE

INTRODUCTION
In hydraulics, which involves using fluid power to operate machines and systems,
accurately measuring fluid flow is vital. Fluid flow measuring devices are like
essential tools that help us keep track of how fluids move. They're especially
important in hydraulics to control and improve how machines work.

Whether it's big industrial hydraulics or small systems in areas like farming,
construction, or transportation, these devices have a big role. By telling us how fast
fluids are moving in hydraulic systems, they help us make smart choices, find
problems, and make sure everything works well.

In this overview, we'll look at the basics of these devices: what they are, the different
kinds, how they're used, and why they matter in hydraulics. They're like guides that
help us understand the way fluids move and make hydraulics work smoothly,
whether it's running big machines or making everyday tasks easier.

TYPES OF FLUID FLOW MEASURING DEVICE

1. Venturi Meter
2. Nozzle
3. Pitot Tube
4. Orifice

Coefficient of Discharge (c)

Coefficient of Discharge is the ratio of the actual discharge through the device to the
ideal or theoretical discharge which would occur losses.

Qa = cQt

Coefficient of Velocity (cv)

Coefficient of Velocity is the ratio of the actual mean velocity to the ideal or
theoretical velocity which would occur without any losses.

va = cvvt

Coefficient of contraction (cc)

Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of the actual mean velocity to the ideal or
theoretical velocity which would occur without any losses.

a = ccA

Relationship of c, cv, cc

c = cvcc

155
 Hydraulics

Where: Qt = theoretical discharge

Qa = actual discharge
Vt = theoretical velocity
Va = actual velocity
A = cross-sectional area of the pipe
a = area of the vena contrata

VENTURI METER
Venturi meter is an instrument used in measuring the discharge through pipes. It
consist of a converging tube which is connected to the main pipe at the inlet and
ends up in a cylindrical section called throat, and a diverging section which is
connected to the main pipe. A differential manometer is attached to the two
piezometer rings

EGL

v12/2g
v22/2g

P1/
P1/

1 2
Throat
Inlet Outlet
z1 z2
Datum

Apply Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem (BET):

v12 P1 v 22 P2
+ + z1 = + + z2
2g  2g 

Combining the kinetic and potential energies:

v12 v 22 P2 P1
− = −
2g 2g  

Venturi principle states that “the increase in kinetic energy is equal to the decrease in
potential energy”.

156
Hydraulics

Relationship between velocities, V1 and V2 using Continuity equation:

Q1 = Q2
A1v1 = A2v2
d12 d22
v1 = v2
4 4

d12 v1 = d22 v 2

Head loss (HL) in a venturi meters, orifice, tubes, and nozzle

Considering velocity of approach:

 1    A   v2
2

HL =  2 − 1 1−  2   a
 c v    A1   2g
 

Neglecting velocity of approach:

 1  v2
HL =  2 − 1 a
 c v  2g

EXAMPLE 1:
The 30 cm by 15 cm venturi meter is installed in a vertical pipe. The vertical
distance from the inlet to the throat is 30 cm. The flow is upward through the
differential manometer containing liquid (s = 1.5) is attached from the inlet to the
throat, and the deflection being 80 cm. Determine the flow of water through the
meter if the meter coefficient is 0.97. Determine also head lost from the inlet to the
throat.

15 cm

30 cm

30 cm
80 cm

157
liquid, s = 1.5
 Hydraulics

SOLUTION:

Sum-up pressure heads from 1 to 2 in terms of water

P1 P
+ a − 0.80(1.5) − b = 2
γw γw
P2 P1
− =a − b − 1.2 → eq.1
γw γw
a + 0.3 = 0.8 + b
a − b = 0.5 → eq.2
Equate 1 & 2
P2 P1
− =0.5 − 1.2 = −0.7
γw γw
P1 P2 15 cm
− = 0.7 2
γw γw
b

Using Bernoulli energy equation from point 1 to 2 30 cm

(Set point 1 as datum)
P1 v12 P v 2 30 cm
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 → Theoritical 1 80 cm
γw 2 g γw 2 g
2 2
P1 v1a P v a
+ + z1 − HL1− 2 = 2 + 2a + z2 → actual
γw 2 g γw 2 g

P1 v12 P v 2 liquid, s = 1.5

+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
γw 2 g γw 2 g
P1 P2 v2 2 v12
− = − + z2 − z1
γw γw 2 g 2 g
v22 v12
0.7 = − + 0.3 − 0
2g 2g
v22 v12
− = 0.4 → eq.3
2g 2g
Applying continuity of flow for liquid
Q1 = Q2
A1v1 = A2v2
π π
(0.3)2 v1 = (0.15)2 v2
4 4
v1 = 0.25v2 → eq.4

Equate 3 & 4

158
Hydraulics

v22 (0.25v2 ) 2
− = 0.4
2g 2g
m
v2 = 2.893 → theoritical velocity at po int 2
s
m
v1 = 0.7233 → theoritical velocity at po int 1
s
Theoretical discharge, Qt
π m3
Qt = A2v2 = (0.15)2 (2.893) = 0.05113
4 s
Actual discharge, Qa
Qa = cQt = 0.97(0.05113)
m3
Qa = 0.0496 → answer
s
Head lost from the inlet to the throat, HL1-2
P1 v1a 2 P v 2
+ + z1 − HL1− 2 = 2 + 2a + z2
γw 2 g γw 2 g
P1 (cv v1 )2 P (c v ) 2
+ + z1 − HL1− 2 = 2 + v 2 + z2
γw 2g γw 2g
P1 P2 (cv v1 )2 (c v ) 2
− + + 0 − HL1− 2 = v 2 + 0.3
γw γ w 2g 2g
for venturi meter , cv = c = 0.97
(0.97  0.7233) 2 (0.97  2.893) 2
0.7 + + 0 − HL1− 2 = + 0.3
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
HL1− 2 = 0.02364 m → answer

Using the formula:

 1    A 2  v 2
HL1− 2 =  2 − 1 1 −  2   2 a
 cv    A1   2 g
 2
 1    0.152   (0.97  2.893) 2
HL1− 2 =  − 1  1 −  
 0.97 2    0.302   2(9.81)
 
HL1− 2 = 0.02364 m → answer

159
 Hydraulics

NOZZLE
Nozzle is a converging tube installed at the end of a pipe or hose for the purpose of
increasing the velocity of the issuing jet. It is used to measure the flow of fluid in a
pipe or hose. shaped like a frustum of a cone.

Base
Tip

Head loss in a nozzle (HL)

1 va 2
HL = [ 2 − 1]
cv 2g

where:
cv = correction factor
va = actual velocity

Power (P)

P = γQE

where:
 = unit weight of liquid
Q = actual discharge

Total energy lost at the nozzle or velocity head of the jet (E)

160
Hydraulics

va 2
E=
2g

where:
va = actual velocity

EXAMPLE:
A nozzle 10 cm x 4 cm is projected vertically upward. At a point 30 cm below the tip,
the pressure is maintained at 145 kPa. If the available power in the jet is 2.6 kW.
Find;
a. the value of cv
b. the height through which the jet of water will rise.
c. the diameter of the jet 6 m above the tip of the nozzle
(Note: neglect air resistance)

h =?

3
SOLUTION:

Actual velocity at the nozzle tip

P = γQE h =?
v 2 v 2
P = γQa 2a = γA2v2a 2a
2g 2g
3
π  v d2 = 0.04 m
2.6 = 9.81 (0.04) 2  2a 2
4  2(9.81)
m
v2a = 16.055
s 0.30 m

161
P1 = 145 Kpa 1
d1 = 0.10 m
 Hydraulics

Theoretical velocity at the nozzle tip

Q1 = Q2
π π
(0.1) 2 v1 = (0.04) 2 v2
4 4
v1 = 0.16v2
P1 v12 P v 2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
γw 2 g γw 2 g
145 (0.16v2 ) 2 v 2
+ + 0= 0 + 2 + 0.3
9.81 2(9.81) 2(9.81)
m
v2 = 17.076
s
Coefficient of velocity
v2a 16.055
cv = =
v2 17.076
c v = 0.94 → answer

Alternate solution:
P1 v1a 2 P v 2
+ + z1 - HL = 2 + 2a + z2
γw 2 g γw 2 g
145 (0.16v2a )2 v 2
+ + 0 − HL =0 + 2a + 0.3
9.81 2(9.81) 2(9.81)
145 (0.16  16.055)2 16.0552
+ + 0 − HL =0 + + 0.3
9.81 2(9.81) 2(9.81)
HL = 1.6794m
 1 v 2
HL =  2 − 1 2a
 cv  2 g
 1  16.0552
1.6794 =  2 − 1
 cv  2(9.81)
c v = 0.94 → answer
Height through which the jet of water will rise

162
Hydraulics

P2 v2a 2 P v 2
+ + z2 = 3 + 3a + z3 → Bernoulli equation from 2 to 3 with 2 as datum
γw 2 g γw 2 g
P2 P3
= = 0 → exp osed to atmosphere
γw γw
v3a 2
at maximum height, =0
2g
v2a 2
0+ +0 = 0+0+h
2g
(16.055)2
=h
2(9.81)
h = 13.14m → answer

Diameter of the jet 6 m above the tip of the nozzle

P2 v2a 2 P v 2
+ + z2 = 4 + 4a + z4 → Bernoulli equation from 2 to 4 with 2 as datum
γw 2 g γw 2 g
P2 P4
= = 0 → exp osed to atmosphere 3
γw γw
v2a 2 v 2
0+ + 0 = 0 + 4a + 6
2g 2g
(16.055)2 v 2 4 h =?
0+ + 0 = 0 + 4a + 6
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
m 6m
v4a = 11.834
s d2 = 0.04 m
Q2 = Q4 → continuity equation 2
A2v2 a = A4v4 a
π π
(0.04)2 (16.055) = d 42 (11.834) 0.30 m
4 4
d = 0.0466m
d = 4.66 mm → answer

P1 = 145 Kpa
1
d1 = 0.10 m

163
 Hydraulics

PITOT TUBE
Pitot tube is a widely used instrument in fluid dynamics and aerodynamics to
measure the velocity of a fluid (liquid or gas) flowing through a pipe or conduit. It
was invented by Henri Pitot, a French engineer, in the 18th century. The Pitot tube
operates on the principle of Bernoulli's equation and is named after its inventor.

Pitot tube consists of a slender tube with an open end, which is positioned in the
direction of the fluid flow. The open end of the tube faces directly into the flow,
while the other end is connected to a pressure measurement device, such as a
manometer or pressure gauge.
𝑷
Stagnation pressure head, 𝟐 = h
𝑷𝟏 𝜸
Static pressure head, = y
𝜸

Piezometer Pitot tube

h
y

1 2

Stagnation point, v2 = 0
Velocity of flow (actual velocity)

𝑣𝑎 = 𝑐𝑣 √2𝑔(ℎ − 𝑦)

EXAMPLE:
A Pitot tube having a coefficient of velocity 0.98 is used to measure the velocity of
water at the center of a pipe. The stagnation pressure head is 6 m and the static
pressure head in the pipe is 5 m. What is the velocity in the pipe.

SOLUTION:
Bernoulli energy equation from 1 to 2 (centerline of the pipe as datum line)

164
y=5m h = 6m

1 2
Hydraulics

P1 v12 P v 2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
γw 2 g γw 2 g
v2 = 0 → point 2 is stagnation point
v12
5+ +0 = 6+0+0
2g
v1 = 2 g (6 − 5) = 2(9.81)(6 − 5)
m
v1 = 4.429 → theoritical velocity
s
Actual velocity in the pipe
v1a = cv v1 = 0.98(4.429)
m
v1a = 4.34 → answer
s

ORIFICE
An orifice is a commonly used fluid flow measuring device that consists of a
specially designed opening or hole in a pipe or vessel through which fluid flows. It's
used to measure the rate of fluid flow, often in terms of volumetric flow rate, by
creating a pressure drop across the opening. This pressure drop is related to the
flow rate according to specific equations.

Most Common Type of Orifice

1. circular sharped-crested orifice
2. square orifice
3. rectangular orifice

Note:
when the area of tank is more than 16 times the area of orifice, neglect velocity of
approach.

P1 P2

Air
1

Air
h

165
 Hydraulics

Apply BET:
v12 P1 v2 P
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
2g  2g 
v12 P1 v2 P
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
2g  2g 
P1 v2 P
0+ +h = 2 + 2 +0
 2g  2
 P P 
v 2 = 2g  h + 1 − 2 
  
P P
when: Vt = V2 let: H = h + 1 − 2
 

Theoretical velocity

vt = √2gH

Actual velocity

va = cv vt = cv √2gH

Coefficient of contraction
Contraction of the jet – when the fluid from upstream and leave through the orifice
cannot make an abrupt change in their direction and they move in a curvilinear
path, thus causing the jet to contract.

Vena contracta – approximately D/2 from the upstream face.

166
Hydraulics

D/2

vena contracta

Ao D
a

𝑎 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴𝑜

where:
Cc = coefficient of contraction
D = diameter of the orifice
Ao = area of the orifice
a = area at the vena contacta or area of the jet

Theoretical discharge

Qt = 𝐴𝑜 Vt = 𝐴𝑜 √2gH

Actual discharge

Qa = cQt = 𝑐𝐴𝑜 √2gH = 𝑐𝑐𝑣 𝐴𝑜 √2gH

Qa = a𝑉𝑎

167
 Hydraulics

where:
Cv = coefficient of velocity
Cc = coefficient of contraction
C = coefficient of discharge
C = CvCc

Head loss in an orifice (HL)

1 va 2
HL = [ 2 − 1]
cv 2g

where:
Cv = coefficient of velocity
Va = actual velocity

EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the actual velocity and discharge through the 140 mm diameter orifice
shown. Assume cC = 0.85, cv = 0.93.

PA = 40 kPa PB = 10 kPa

Air

Air
2m

water

water

168
Hydraulics

Solution:

Theoretical Velocity at point 2

v2 = 2 gH
P P PA = 40 kPa PB = 10 kPa
H = h+ 1 − 2
γw γw
40 10
H = 2+ − = 5.0581
9.81 9.81 Air
v2 = 2(9.81)(5.0581)
m
v2 = 9.9619
s Air
Actual Velocity at point 2 2m
v2a = cv v2 = 0.93(9.9619)
m 1
v 2a = 9.2646 → answer 2
s
water
Theoretical discharge
π
Qt = Ao v2 = (0.14)2 (9.9619)
4
water
m3
Qt = 0.1534
s
Actual discharge
Qa = cQt
Qa = 0.85(0.1534)
m3
Qa = 0.1303 → answer
s
EXAMPLE 2
A calibration test of a 12.5 mm circular sharped-edge orifice in the vertical side of a
large tank showed a discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a head of 4.7 m.
Measurement of the jet showed that it traveled 2.35 m horizontally while dropping
30 cm. Compute the meter coefficients, C, Cv and Cc.

Air

4.7 m

water
169
 Hydraulics

SOLUTION:

Theoretical velocity
vt = 2 gh = 2(9.81)(4.7)
m Air
vt = 9.6028
s

Actual Velocity
gx 2
y = x tan θ − 4.7 m
2va cos 2 θ
2

9.81(2.35)2
−0.3 = 2.35 tan(0) − v
2va 2 cos 2 (0)
m water
va = 9.5023
s y = 0.3m

x =2.35 m

Coefficient of velocity
va 9.5023
cv = =
vt 9.6028
c v = 0.9895 → answer

Actual Weight flow rate

590 N Air
Wa = = 7.284
81 s

Actual Discharge
N
7.284
Wa s 4.7 m
Qa = =
γw 9810 N
m3
m3
Qa = 0.0007425 Δt =81 s
s
water
Theoretical Discharge

590 N

170
Hydraulics

π
Qt = Ao vt = (0.0125) 2 (9.6028)
4
m2
Qt = 0.001178
s

Coefficient of Discharge
Qa 0.0007425
c= =
Qt 0.001178
c = 0.6303 → answer

Coefficient of contraction
c = cc cv
0.6303 = cc (0.9895)
cc = 0.637 → answer

UNSTEADY FLOW
(Falling Head)
When the flow through orifice, weirs or tubes is said to be unsteady if the total head
producing flow (H) is not constant.

V
Q=
t
V
t=
Q dh
dV
dt = As
Q h1
A s dh h
dt = h2
cA o 2gh
h
1 A s dh
t= 
h
2
cA o 2gh

h1
As dh
t=  171
h 2 cA o 2gh
 Hydraulics

where:
h1 = initial head
h2 = final head

For constant cross-sectional area

2A s
t=  h1 − h2 
cA o 2g  

EXAMPLE 1:
A 1.20 m diameter vertical tank, 3 m high contains 2.5 m of water. A 100-mm
diameter circular sharp-crested orifice is located at its bottom. Assume C = 0.64,
(a) How long will it take to lower the level to 1 m?
(b) How long will it take to lower the level by 1 m?
(c) How long will it take to empty the tank after opening the orifice?

SOLUTION:

Time, t, to lower the level to 1 m

2 As
t=  h1 − h2 
cAo 2 g  
 π 
2  (1.2) 2 
t=  4   2.5 − 1  h1 =2.5 m
π   
0.64  (0.1) 2  2(9.81) h2 = 1 m
4 
t = 59.04 s → answer

172
Hydraulics

Time, t, to lower the level by 1 m

h2 = 2.5 − 1
h2 = 1.5m

2 As
t=  h1 − h2  1m
cAo 2 g  
π  h1 =2.5 m
2  (1.2) 2 
t=  4   2.5 − 1.5  h2
π 2
 
0.64  (0.1)  2(9.81)
4 
t = 36.21 s → answer

Time, t, to empty the tank after opening the orifice

2 As
t=  h1 − h2 
cAo 2 g  
π 
2  (1.2) 2 
t= 4   2.5 − 0 
π   
0.64  (0.1) 2  2(9.81)
4 
t = 160.63 s → answer

EXAMPLE 2:
A tank, which is the frustum of a cone having its bases horizontal and axis vertical, is
10 ft high and filled with water. It has a diameter of 8 ft at the top and 3 ft at the
bottom. What is the time required to empty the tank through a sharp-edge orifice 3
in square with a C of 0.61.

SOLUTION:
y
4 1.5 2.5

x x-1.5
10 dy 10

y y
1.5 x

By ratio and proportion considering similar triangles

173
 Hydraulics

x − 1.5 2.5
=
y 10
x = 0.25 y + 1.5

Area of every cross-section of the tank

As = πx 2
As = π ( 0.25 y + 1.5 )
2

Time required to empty the tank

h1
As
t=  dy
h2 cAo 2 gy
π ( 0.25 y + 1.5 )
10 2
t=  2
dy
0  3
(0.61)   2(32.2) y
 12 
t = 389.19 sec onds → answer

Two tanks connected by short tube

(Cross-sectional areas of the tanks are constant)

h1 h2

Tank 1 Tank 2

2 As1 As 2
t =  h1 − h2 
( s1 As 2 ) cA 2 g 
A + 

174
Hydraulics

EXAMPLE 1:
Two vertical tanks are connected near the bottom by a short tube having a diameter
of 100 mm. The cross-sectional areas of the tanks are 10 m2 and 2m2 respectively.
The tank contains water with the water surface in the larger tank is 5 m above the
tube and in the smaller tank is 1 m above the tube. Assuming discharge coefficient of
0.71,
1. Find the flow of water to the smaller tank if the head is constant.
2. Find the time for the water surfaces in the tanks to reach in the same level.
3. Find the time for the water surfaces in the tanks to be 1 m apart.

SOLUTION

Part 1:
Q = cAtube 2 gh → actual discharge
π 
Q = 0.71 (0.1)2  2(9.81)(4)
4 
h = 4m
m3 5m
Q = 0.0494
s

1m

2
Tank 1: A = 10 m2 Tank 2: A = 2 m
Part 2:
2 As1 As 2
t=  h1 − h2 
2g 
( As1 + As 2 ) cAtube 
2(10)(2)
t=  4 − 0
π 2
 
(10 + 2 ) (0.71)  (0.1)  2(9.81) h1 = 4m
4 
t = 269.91 seconds

Tank 1: A = 10 m2 Tank 2: A = 2 m
2

Part 3:

h2 = 1m
h1 = 4m 175
 Hydraulics

2 As1 As 2
t=  h1 − h2 
( As1 + As 2 ) cAtube2g  
2(10)(2)
t=  4 − 1
 
(10 + 2 ) (0.71)  (0.1)2  2(9.81)
π
 4 
t = 134.95 seconds

176
Hydraulics

PROBLEM SET-7
SITUATION 1(1-3): A 100 mm diameter Venturi meter is installed in a 250 mm
diameter water main. The deflection of mercury in the differential manometer
connected from the inlet to the throat is 375 mm

300 mm

Hg

1. Determine the discharge neglecting head loss.

a. 0.0966 m3/s c. 0.0866 m3/s
b. 0.0666 m3/s d. 0.0766 m3/s
2. Compute the discharge if the head lost from the inlet to the throat is 300 mm of
water.
a. 0.0741 m3/s c. 0.0841 m3/s
b. 0.0641 m3/s d. 0.0941 m3/s
3. What is the meter coefficient?
a. 0.987 c. 0.967
b. 0.957 d. 0.977

4. When the flow of water through a horizontal 300 mm x 150 mm Venturi meter
(C = 0.95) is 0.11 m3/s, find the deflection of the mercury in the differential
gage attached to the meter. `

h =?

Hg

a. 173 mm c. 153 mm
b. 163 mm d. 183 mm

177
 Hydraulics

SITUATION 2 (5-6): A vertical Venturi meter, 150 mm in diameter is connected to

a 300-mm diameter pipe. The vertical distance from the inlet to the throat is 800
mm. If the deflection of mercury in the differential manometer connected from the
inlet to the throat is 400 mm. If the meter coefficient is 0.72,
5. Determine the flow of water through the meter.
a. 0.1407 m3/s c. 0.1207 m3/s
b. 0.1307 m3/s d. 0.1107 m3/s
6. Determine also the head lost from
the inlet to the throat.
a. 3.43m c. 1.43 m
b. 4.43 m d. 2.43 m
150 mm

800 mm

300 mm

400 mm

7. Neglecting losses, calculate the discharge through the Venturi meter shown
a. 0.046 m3/s c. 0.026 m3/s
b. 0.036 m3/s d. 0.056 m3/s

air
200 mm

300 mm

150 mm

water

178
Hydraulics

8. With losses of 0.2v12/2g between sections 1 and 2, calculate the flow in gallons
per minute.
a. 579.185 gal/min
b. 549.185 gal/min
air
c. 569.185 gal/min
d. 559.185 gal/min 200 mm
m
300 mm

150 mm

water

SITUATION 3 (9-10): A 150 mm by 50 mm nozzle is attached to the end of a 150

mm pipe. The pressure at the base of the nozzle where it joins the pipe is 425 kPa
and the coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98.
9. Determine the velocity of the jet.
a. 26.57 m/s c. 24.57 m/s
b. 22.57 m/s d. 28.57 m/s
10. Determine the head loss of the nozzle.
a. 1.72 m c. 1.82 m
b. 1.62 m d. 1.52 m

11. A 62.5 mm fire hose discharges water through a nozzle having a jet diameter of
25 mm. The lost of head in the nozzle is 4 percent of the velocity head in the jet.
If the gage pressure at the base of nozzle is 412 kPa, compute the discharge in
gpm.
a. 231.92 gal/min c. 241.92 gal/min
b. 221.92 gal/min d. 211.92 gal/min

12. A 2.5” in fire hose discharges a 1.25 in jet. If the head lost in the nozzle is 6 ft,
what gage pressure must be maintained at the base of the nozzle to throw a
stream to a vertical height of 100 ft, neglecting air resistance?
a. 46.23 psi c. 49.23 psi
b. 43.23 psi d. 41.23 psi

13. A power nozzle throws a jet of water which is 2 in. in diameter. The diameter of
the base of the nozzle and of the approach pipe is 6 in. If the power in the jet is
42 hp and the pressure head at the base of the nozzle is 180 ft, compute the
head lost in the nozzle.
a. 134.175 ft c. 154.175 ft
b. 124.175 ft d. 144.175 ft

179
 Hydraulics

14. If the velocity at point A is 18 m/s, what is the pressure at point C if we neglect
friction?
a. 317.94 KPa c. 327.94 KPa
b. 307.94 KPa d. 337.94 KPa
A

15 m
75 mm ø

0.5 m C

200 mm ø
15. If the velocity at point A is 18 m/s, what is the pressure at point C if we
consider head loss between B to C. Assume Cv = 0.96?
a. 324.24 KPa c. 334.24 KPa
b. 314.24 KPa d. 344.24 KPa
A

15 m
75 mm ø

0.5 m C

200 mm ø
16. The water is flowing from point 1 to point 2. The gage pressure p 1 = 180 kPa
gage. If the mass flux is 15 kg/s, what is the head loss between 1 and 2?
a. 3.73m c. 3.93 m
b. 3.83m d. 3.63 m
5 cm ø

12 m
Gage

8 cm ø
1
180
Hydraulics

17. A glass tube with a 90° bend is open at both ends. It is inserted into a flowing
stream of oil (s = 0.90) so that one of the opening is directed upstream and the
other is directed upward. If the oil inside the tube is 50 mm higher than the
surface outside, determine the velocity measured by the tube.
a. 0.90 m/s c. 0.97 m/s
b. 0.93 m/s d. 0.99 m/s

18. A pitot-static tube (Cv = 0.85) is used to measure air speeds. With water in the
differential manometer and a gage difference of 350 mm, calculate the air
speed.
a. 53.69 m/s c. 73.69 m/s
b. 63.65 m/s d. 83.69 m/s

19. An air is flowing through a system shown. If oil (s = 0.86) shows a deflection of
80 mm, calculate the flow velocity neglecting head lost.
a. 35.219 m/s c. 33.195 m/s
b. 37.195 m/s d. 31.219 m/s

80 mm

20. A pitot tube in the pipe in which air is flowing is connected to a manometer
containing water. If the difference in water levels in the manometer is 100 mm,
what is the velocity of flow in the pipe, assuming a tube coefficient (C v = 0.98)
a. 29.25 m/s c. 49.25 m/s
b. 39.22 m/s d. 59.22 m/s

21. Carbon tetrachloride having sp. gr. of 1.6 is flowing through pipe. The
differential gage attached to the Pitot-static tube shows a 80 mm deflection of
mercury. Assuming Cv = 1.00, find the velocity of flow.
a. 3.63 m/s c. 3.43 m/s
b. 3.53 m/s d. 3.33 m/s

181
 Hydraulics

SITUATION 4 (22-23): In the figure shown the diameter of the orifice is 3 in., and C
= Cv = 0.95. With h = 5 ft,
22. determine the discharge.
a. 1.9829 ft3/s c. 1.9745 ft3/s
b. 1.0845 ft3/s d. 1.0645 ft3/s
23. determine the head lost in the orifice.
a. 2.73 ft c. 2.93 ft
b. 2.63 ft d. 2.74 ft
PA = 10 psi PB is atmospheric

Air

Air

water

water

SITUATION 5 (24-26): The orifice in Fig. A is 2 in. in diameter and is sharp-edged,

with liquid is water with
Cc = 0.62 and Cv = 0.98. Pressures PA and PB are atmospheric. The liquid is water
with h =16 ft. Determine,
PB
PA

Air

Air

water

182 water
Hydraulics

24. the diameter of the jet.

a. 0.141 ft c. 0.151 ft
b. 0.131 ft d. 0.161 ft
25. the actual velocity of the jet.
a. 31.46 ft/s c. 31.46 ft/s
b. 31.46 ft/s d. 31.46 ft/s
26. the discharge.
a. 0.3255 ft3/s c. 0.4255 ft3/s
b. 0.2255 ft3/s d. 0.5255 ft3/s

27. An open cylindrical tank, 1.2 m in diameter and 6 m tall has 0.6 m of oil (S =
0.80), 0.40 m of gasoline (S = 0.90), and 0.80 m of sea water (S = 1.06). An
orifice 100 mm in diameter is located at the bottom with a discharge of 0.029
m3/s. Determine the coefficient of discharge.
a. 0.76 c. 0.86
b. 0.66 d. 0.56

28. The orifice at the bottom of a closed tank is 50 mm square with C = 0.60. The
height of the liquid above the orifice is 6 m. If the upper 3 m of liquid is oil (S =
0.82) and the rest is water, compute the discharge flowing in the orifice.
a. 0.0165 m3/s c. 0.0155 m3/s
b. 0.0175 m3/s d. 0.0185 m3/s

29. The jet from a standard 12 mm orifice (in a vertical wall) under a 5.4 m head,
strikes at a point 1.5 m horizontally and 120 mm vertically from the center of
the contracted section. The discharge is 400 li in 569 sec. Compute the
coefficient of contraction.
a. 0.75 c. 0.85
b. 0.65 d. 0.55

30. An open cylindrical vessel has 62 mm dia. orifice under a head “h”. The jet
strikes 24 m horizontally and dropping 10 m vertically. If C v = 0.98, determine
the value of “h”.
a. 16 m c. 17 m
b. 15 m d. 18 m

SITUATION 6 (31-33): The 50 mm diameter circular sharp-edge orifice at the side of

a tank discharges water under a head of 3 m. If the coefficient of contraction cc =
0.63 and the head lost is 240 mm,
31. determine the discharge.
a. 0.008103 m3/s c. 0.006103 m3/s
b. 0.007103 m /s3 d. 0.009103 m3/s
32. determine the coefficient of velocity
a. 0.859 c. 0.969
b. 0.959 d. 8.969
33. determine the coefficient of discharge.
a. 0.614 c. 0.514
b. 0.504 d. 0.604

183
 Hydraulics

34. A vertical cylindrical tank has an orifice in its vertical side at a point 0.60 m
above the bottom. If the discharge reduces the depth of water in the tank from
6 m to 4 m in 78 sec., what is the time required to reduce the depth from 3.60 m
to 1.60 m.
a. 119.75 seconds c. 139.75 seconds
b. 129.75 seconds d. 109.75 seconds

35. A tank in the form of a frustum of a right circular cone, 1.5-m diameter at the
bottom, 3-m diameter at the top, and 3.5 m high is full of water. The bottom of
the tank contains an orifice with C = 0.62. What size of a circular orifice is
needed to empty the tank in 8 minutes?
a. 101 mm⏀ c. 109 mm⏀
b. 103 mm⏀ d. 107 mm⏀

36. A cylindrical vessel 4ft in diameter and 6 ft high has a round edge circular
orifice 2 in in diameter in the bottom. Coefficient of discharge for the orifice is
0.95. If the vessel is filled with water how long will it take to lower the surface
by 4 ft?
a. 67.92 seconds c. 69.92 seconds
b. 61.92 seconds d. 63.92 seconds

37. A 1.0 m diameter vertical tank, 4 m high contains 3 m of water. If it takes 2

minutes to make the level of water to 0.5 m above the bottom, what is the
diameter of the orifice located at the bottom of the tank? Assume C = 0.86.
a. 57 mm c. 87 mm
b. 67 mm d. 97 mm

SITUATION 7 (38-40): Two vertical cylindrical tanks, one is 6 m in diameter and the
other is 10 m are connected by a short tube having a cross-sectional area of 0.0045
m2 with c = 0.65 located at the bottom portion. When the tube is closed, the water
surface in the smaller tank is 10 m higher than that in the bigger tank.
38. Determine the discharge in the tube immediately after it is opened.
a. 0.041 m3/s c. 0.061 m3/s
b. 0.051 m3/s d. 0.031 m3/s
39. Determine the time for the water surface in each tank to be in the same level.
a. 163.06 seconds c. 173.06 seconds
b. 183.06 seconds d. 193.06 seconds
40. Determine the time for the difference in the water surfaces to be 4 meters.
a. 57.28 seconds c. 67.28 seconds
b. 47.28 seconds d. 77.28 seconds

184