CHE 205

CHE 205
Chemical Engineering Calculations

Hybrid Teaching
Week 4
Spring 2022

2
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 4th edition,
2017, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
By: Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, & Lisa G. Bullard.

3
Chapter 3 Processes and Process Variables
3.1 Mass and Volume
3.2 Flow Rate
3.3 Chemical Composition

4
 Mathematical computations with Significant Figures
Addition (+) and Subtraction (-) with SF
The answer has the same number of decimal places as there are in
the measurement with the fewest decimal places.

Example: adding two volumes

!"#$% &'( )
83.5 mL + 23.28 mL = 106.78 106.8
mL mL

Example: Subtracting two volumes

!"#$% &'( *
865.9 mL - 2.8121 mL = 863.0879 mL 863.1 mL

5
Multiplication (´) and Division (/) with SF
The number with the least certainty limits the certainty of the result.
Therefore, the answer contains the same number of significant
figures as there are in the measurement with the fewest significant
figures.
Example. Multiply the following numbers:

2 SF 2 4 2
9.2 cm x 6.8 cm x 0.3744 cm = 23.4225 cm3

!"#$% &'( +
23 cm3

6
Examples

a) Solve 5.74 ´ 38.27 / 0.001250 =

b) Solve 1.000 + 10.2 =
c) Round off these numbers to 3 significant
figures
1.765´ 10-7 13.35 1465

7
 2.6 Dimensional Homogeneity and
Dimensionless quantities
• Dimensional homogeneity (or unit consistency consistency) means that all
additive terms on both sides of a valid equation must have the same
dimensions (or units).

• Dimensional homogeneity can be used to identify the dimensions and

units of terms of quantities in an equation.

This equation is dimensionally homogenous, why?

The terms u, uo, and g.t has the same dimension (length/time); or same unit (m/s)

• If an equation is dimensionally homogeneous but its additive terms have

inconsistent units, the terms may be made consistent simply by applying
the appropriate conversion factors.
8
General procedure for rewriting an equation in terms of new
variables having the same dimensions but different units:

1. Define new variables that have the desired units.

2. Write expressions for each old variable in terms of the corresponding new
variable.
3. Substitute these expressions in the original equation and simplify.

A dimensionless quantity can be a pure number or a multiplicative

combination of variables with no net dimensions.
!(#) % &' ((&'⁄*)+(#⁄&'" )
Example: ! (#) !" , #/ &'.*
Dimensionless Group
!

9
Example 2.6-1 Dimensional Homogeneity

Consider the equation

1. If the equation is valid, what are the dimensions of the constants 3 and 4?

For the equation to be valid, it must be dimensionally homogeneous, so that

each term must have the dimension of length. The constant 3 must therefore
have the dimension length/time, and 4 must have the dimension length.

The constant 3 The constant 4

length/time length

2. If the equation is consistent in its units, what are the units of 3 and 4?

For consistency, the constants must be 3 ft/s and 4 ft.

10
Example 2.6-1 Dimensional Homogeneity

3. Derive an equation for distance in meters in terms of time in minutes.

Derive new variables D’(m) and t’(min). The equivalence relations between the
old and new variables are

Substitute these expressions in the given equation

and simplify by dividing through by 3.28

11
 Process and Process Variables
System = a group of units

Consider a familiar “system”: A car

Process: any operation or series of

operations by which a particular
objective is accomplished. These
operations can cause a physical or
chemical change in a substance or
mixture of substances.

12
 3.1 Mass and Volume
Density (ρ = row): is the mass per unit volume of a material (pure compound,
solution, mixture). SI unit (kg/m3).
• Density varies with temperature and
ρH2O(liq) (4°C) pressure.
• Density of liquids is independent of pressure
= 1.000 g / cm3
but varies with temperature.
= 1000 kg / m3 • Densities are reported at specific reference
conditions in several resources.
= 62.43 lbm / ft3
• Reference of water is LIQUID phase and 4°C.

Density ( r )
Mass (m) Volume (V)
#$
s
volumeunits (kg, g, Ibm)
%/ units (m3, cm3, ft3) my

HII
Mass ´ 1 / Density = Volume Density is a conversion Volume ´ Density = Mass
2 kg 1 m3 = 0.002 m3 factor between mass and 5 m3 1000 kg = 5000 kg
1000 kg volume 1 m3 13
Specific Property: is the amount of property per unit mass of the substance (xx/ kg).

" ): is the volume occupied by unit mass of the substance (m3/ kg).
Specific volume ( #

Density ( r ) &)
o
Specific Volume ( '
#$ o
INVERSE
%/
%/ #$

M
P9kmKms
Specific gravity: is the ratio of the density ρ of the substance to the density
it 3

ρref of a reference at a specific condition (water @ 4.0°C):

• 1!"# is the reference density = 1 of Liquid water

r
SG = at 4°C = 1000 kg/m3.
0 r ref • SG is the value used to obtain densities of several
materials. SG is the conversion factor between 1 and 1!"#
• SG values are reported in Table B.1 Appendix B 14
 f g
water all I C
Appendix B Additional Comprehensive source for SG values
Perry’s Chemical Engineering handbook

° ° is the specific gravity of substance at 20°C r (at 20o )

()23 4/5 4 SG (20 / 4 ) =
o o

with respect to reference water at 4°C r ref (at 4o )

If you have SG of a substance, multiply it by the reference density in any units to

get the density of the substance in the same units.
r
SG =
O
Example: SG = 2.00. Find the density of material in SI units.
r = SG ´ 6$%&'( = 2 ´ 1000 kg/m3 = 2000 kg/m3
r ref
15
 3.2 Flow Rates
3.2 a. Mass and Volumetric Flow Rates
• Flow rate: the rate at which a material is transported through a
process line. Unit of Rate is [property / time]
O
7899
*+,,: 6 while *+,, -./0 1+23: 6̇ :;7<
=>?@7<
'/.763: ' while '/.7632189 -./0 1+23: '̇ :;7<

Flow in 7̇ (kg/s) time in Sec

Pipe/tube/duct
Ḃ (m3/s)

! !̇
%&'()*+: - = = 91
" "̇ 16
 3.2 b. Flow Rate Measurements

Flowmeter: is a device mounted in a process line that

provides a continuous reading of the flow rate in the
line.

o
Rotameter
o
Orifice meter

17
 3.3 Chemical Composition
3.3a Moles and Molecular Weight
Mole (n):
• The amount of a substance that contains 6.022x1023 entities.
• SI and CGS unit is (g-mole = mol). British unit is (Ib-mole).
• Other multiples of mol is kg-mole = kmol.
• Conversion between (g-mole) and (kg-mole) is as conversion between (g)
and (kg). Similarly, convert (g-mole) to (Ib-mole) by using (g) to (Ibm) conv.
factor

Rg xmol 1000gnot
Molecular Weight (M):
• the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms that constitute a
molecule of the compound (same as molar mass).
• Units of M , i.e., (g/mol, kg/kmol, or lbm/lb-mole).
• Values of M are available in Table B.1 for several species 18
 or M not
Molecular Avogadro’s
Mass (m) weight (M) Mole (n) number (N) Molecule
(kg, g, Ibm) % (mol, Ib-mol) 6.023´1023
!"#$%&#$
&'(
!"#

M is a conversion N is a conversion
factor between factor between
(mass) and (moles) (mol) and (molecule)
e

Mass ´ 1 / M = Moles Moles ´ M = Mass

36 g 1 mol = 2 mol 1.5 mol 18 g = 27 g
18 g 1 mol

Water, M= 18 g/mol

19
Chapter 3 Processes and Process Variables
3.3 Chemical Composition
3.4 Pressure

20
 3.3b Mass and Mole Fractions and
Average Molecular Weight
• Process streams occasionally contain one substance, but more often
they consist of mixtures of more than one substance.
• Physical properties of a mixture depend strongly on the composition of
mixture.
• To express the Composition of a mixture we use the fraction of a species
(e.g., for substance A):

&+,, '- . 0% . %. (2" .

OZ
not Mass fraction )! =
/'/+( &+,, 0% /'/+(
'1
% /'/+(
'1
(2" /'/+(

(the mass percent of A is 100 xA )

&'(4, '- . 0&'( . &'( . (2 − &'( .

ta Mole fraction
O
3! =
/'/+( &'(4, 0&'( /'/+(
'1
&'( /'/+(
'1
(2 − &'(4 /'/+(
(the mole percent of A is 100 yA )
O 21
 Composition or fraction xA =
mass of A Ator Ator
total mass
h moles
mA mtot

mass of A = x A ´ total mass mass of A

total mass =
xA

xA mass of A / total mass mass of A

= =
0
Ratio
xB mass of B / total mass mass of B

foret sea is
mail.fi ntgg m
O
xA is [unitless] = xA kg/kg = xA g/g = xA Ibm/Ibm ng is
0.15 kg 1000 g 1 kg 0.15 g 0.15 kg 2.205 Ibm 1 kg 0.15 Ibm
= =
kg 1 kg 1000 g g kg 1 kg 2.205 Ibm Ibm

22
Example 1
A gas mixture contains 40 g O2, 25 g SO2, and 30 g SO3. Calculate the
composition of the mixture in
(a) mass fraction mass of A
xA =
(b) mole fractions total mass
4 0.42
(a) mass fractions ( xi ) 2102 5
Total mass = 40 + 25 + 30 = 95 g NCS027 254 0.26
N 503
mass fraction of O2 (xO2) 304 0 32
= 40 g / 95 g = 0.42 [unitless]
mass fraction of SO2 (xSO2) = 25 g / 95 g = 0.26 [unitless]
mass fraction of SO3 (xSO3) = 30 g / 95 g = 0.32 [unitless]

Important note on fractions

∑ )# = 1 = 0.42 + 0.26 + 0.32 = 1.00

Mass fraction xO2 = 0.42 Mass percentage of O2 = 42% 23

(b) mole fractions ( yi )
from the mixture
M
g mol Total moles Mole fractions

For multiple component calculations, use spreadsheets (Excel)

moles of i
yi =
total moles

Species mass M mole mole farction Percentage

(g) (g/mol) o
(mol) [-] [-]

O2 40 32
o
1.25 0.620 62%

G E
SO2 25 64.07 0.39 0.194 19%
SO3 30 80.07 0.37 0.186 19%

Total 2.01 1.00 100%

24
Example 3.3-2 Conversions Using Mass and Mole Fractions
co
A solution contains 15% A by mass (xA = 0.15) and 20 mole% B (yB = 0.20).

mA
xA =
mtot

it

KID Tito.is 53IIoIImI

3007mA I Ibm ofsolution

8IbmA
2000Ibmof solution 0 15 Ibmoft 25
 Ways to represent mixture streams
A liquid mixture containing 40 g A, 25 g B, and 30 g C is fed into a mixing unit.

Mixer
mA = 40 g
mB = 25 g
mC = 30 g

EQUIVALENT

mtot = 95 g
Mixer
xA = 0.42
xB = 0.26
xC = 0.32
26
 .
Average Molecular Weight of a Mixture (/)
• Is used to convert between mass and moles of a mixture.
• The ratio of total mass of a mixture to the total number of moles.
• ;: unit (kg/kmol, g/mol, or Ibm/Ib-mol).
• It can be calculated from mass fractions or mole fractions

Based on mole fraction (yi)

M = y1M 1 + y2 M 2 + ... = åyM i

all components
i
(yi) is the mole fractions of component i
(Mi) is the molecular weight of component i

M molecular
Based on mass fraction (xi)
nemo mute weight
1 x1 x2 xi
å
(xi) is the mass fractions of component i
= + + ... =
M M1 M 2 all components M i
27
 3.3c Concentration
Concentration: quantity of a component per unit volume of a mixture.

density Mass Concentration: mass of a component per unit volume of the

mixture (g/cm , lbm/ft , kg/in , etc) = density.
3 3 3
Ibm
cm3 m3
Molar Concentration: number of moles of the component per unit ft Ip
volume of the mixture (kmol/m , lb-moles/ft ).
3 3
É

Molarity of a solution: moles / Lit solution

nA = C A ´ V
Molar
Moles (nA) Concentration ( CA ) Volume (V) concentration
of a solute A of solution

EE
&'(
(mol) (L)
or any other unit 7 or any other unit n
Volume
Concentration is a conversion
28
factor between mole and volume
3.3d Parts per million (ppm) and Parts per billion (ppb)
Is

§ Trace species (species present in small amounts) in mixtures of

gases or liquids are typically expressed in units of parts per
million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb).
O O
§ If y is the fraction of component i, then
i

ppmi = yi x 106O
x 1000000
ppbi = yi x 109
1000 000 000
Example.

I
• Air exhaust from a power plant contains 15 ppm SO2 (for gases use molar
basis).
•
• e
This means there is 15 parts (moles) for every million parts (moles) of air.
Equivalent mole fraction of SO2 (ySO2) = 15/106 = 15´10-6

29
 3.4 Pressure
Pressure (P): ratio of a NORMAL force to the area on which the force acts
pressure
Force F
P=
Area
=
A
F PHA
b Karen
8 Force
SI Unit = 9+ (:+,;+()
&!
<3=4,
CGS Unit
;&!
>2"
American Eng. Unit = :,?
?=!
(pound per square inch)

30
 3.4a Fluid Pressure and Hydrostatic Head

Hydrostatic pressure: pressure of the fluid at the base of a column.

It is the force (F) exerted on the base divided by the base area (A).

Fluid = gas or liquid

Area pressure density

80
P = P0+ ρ.g.h
it
(Pa) (Pa) )* +
" " + = (./)
+! , "

Prove that the term (! " # " $) has a pressure unit

(Pa) or (N/m2)

Kym 5 Pa Mma
P: is the pressure exerted at bottom of column
P0 is the pressure exerted on the top of the column (surface pressure)
g is the acceleration of gravity. R Mm
x z 31
 J L
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
• The earth’s atmosphere can be considered a very
tall column of fluid (AIR). The pressure at the

E
bottom of the column is atmospheric pressure (or
barometric pressure).
• It is useful to have a fixed reference value for
atmospheric pressure. The sea-level value is used.
• At sea level, Patm = 760 mm Hg.
• By definition Patm = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm = 14.7 psi
• See conversion table for other units

Question.
Would atmospheric pressure at the ski resort (mountain)
be greater or less than the atmospheric pressure at sea
level? Explain your answer

Ans. LESS atmospheric pressure because of shorter column of air at that height 32
33
34
35
36
0.025624 it tonsxii miles
6.214 15 602min 242h Z'day
1
min 457.597g 39.37in 122 1dg AWK 37
2.3 System of Units Example 1
How many feet is 39.37 inches?

equality: 1 ft = 12 in
Applicable conversion factors:

______
1 ft or ______
12 in
12 in 1 ft

X ft = 39.37 in ( )
____
1 ft
12 in 3.28 ft

The units must cancel

38
 Example 2

How many kilometers is

15,000 decimeters?

X km = 15000 dm (____ )(______ )

1m
10 dm
1 km
1000 m
= 1.5 km

39
 Example 3

How many seconds is

4.38 days?

X s = 4.38 d
( )(
24 h
____
1d
60 min
_____
1h )( )
60 s
____
1 min
= 378,432 s

If we are accounting for significant figures

(section 2.5), we would change this to… 3.78 x 105 s

40
 Example 4
From Chemistry class

Convert 800 mmHg (pressure) into bars

X bar =

Convert 36 mg to g

41
 Example 5

a) Convert 5 kg to g

b) Convert 300 g to kg

c) How many meters is 8.72 cm?

d) Convert 250 kPa into atm

42
Example 2.2-1 Conversion of Units
Convert an acceleration of 1 cm/s2 to its equivalent in km/yr2

1 cm 1 m 1 km 36002 s2 242 h2 3652 day2

s2 100 cm 1000 m 12 h2 12 day2 12 yr2

= 9.95´ 109 km/yr2

43
 Example 7
Conversion between Systems of Units
Convert 2 km to miles
km cm in ft
km cm in ft

Convert 400 in.3/day to cm3/min

44
 Exercise 1

100km 1000ms 6.2141104mi 28.3172

164 1km am
7.4809gal

45
Exercise 2
14.7 Milgal

46
 Exercise 3

Solution

47
 Exercise 4

Solution

48
 Exercise 5

One hundred pounds of water is flowing through a pipe at the rate of

10.0 ft/s. What is the kinetic energy of this water in (ft)(lbf)?

Solution

49
2.4 Force and Weight Example 1
(a) SI system. Calculate the force in newtons required to accelerate a mass of
4.00 kg at a rate of 9.00 m/s2.

1/
(b) American system. Calculate the force in Ibf required to accelerate a mass of
4.00 Ibm at a rate of 9.00 ft/s2.

1/

50
 Example 2
(a) What is the potential energy in (ft. Ibf ) of a 100 Ibm drum
hanging 10 ft above the surface of earth with reference to the
surface of the earth?

(b) Calculate the energy in (BTU); British Thermal Unit.

51
 2.5 Scientific notation
123,000,000 = 123,000,000. ´ 10 0 = 1.23´ 10 8

0.00025 = 0.00025 ´ 10 0 = 2.5´ 10 -4 or 25´ 10 -5

23,040
0.00304
2.5 Significant Figures
2300 no decimal ® 2300 ® 2 SF
23040 no decimal ® 23040 ® 4 SF
0.035 decimal ® 0.035 ® 2 SF
2300.0 decimal ® 2300.0 ® 5 SF
0.25´10-5 decimal ® 0.25´10-5 ® 2 SF
2.3000´10-5 decimal ® 2.3000´10-5 ® 5 SF 52
 Mathematical computations with Significant Figures
Example: adding two volumes

()*+, &-' .
83.5 mL + 23.28 mL = 106.78 mL 106.8 mL

Example: Subtracting two volumes

865.9 mL - 2.8121 mL = 863.0879 mL ()*+, &-' /

863.1 mL

Example. Multiply the following numbers:

2 SF 2 4 2
9.2 cm x 6.8 cm x 0.3744 cm = 23.4225 cm3

()*+, &-' 0
23 cm3 53
 2.6 Dimensional Homogeneity

8
In the equation, C+ × Ḃ − G = I×J
Ḃ 1

What are the dimensions of a and b?

Solution

a [=] (pressure)(volume/time)2
b [=] (volume/time)

54
Problem 2.12
A seed crystal of diameter D (mm) is placed in a solution of dissolved
salt and new crystals are observed to nucleate at a constant rate r
(crystal/min). Experiments with seed crystals of different sizes show
that the rate of nucleation varies with the seed crystal diameter as

r(crystal/min)=200D - 10< K (D in mm)

a) What are the units of constants of 200 and 10?

b) Calculate the crystal nucleation rate (crystal/s) corresponding
to diameter of 0.050 inch.
c) Derive a formula for r (crystalS/s) in terms of D (inches).

55
Solution

56
Example 2.6-1 Dimensional Homogeneity

57
58
General procedure for rewriting an equation in terms of new
variables having the same dimensions but different units:

1. Define new variables that have the desired units.

2. Write expressions for each old variable in terms of the corresponding new
variable.
3. Substitute these expressions in the original equation and simplify.

A dimensionless quantity can be a pure number or a multiplicative combination of

variables with no net dimensions.
!(#) % &' ((&'⁄*)+(#⁄&'" )
Example: ! (#) !" , #/ &'.*
Dimensionless Group
!

59
 Example 2.6-2 Dimensional Homogeneity Dimensionless Groups

A quantity k depends on the temperature T in the following manner:

7>? 2
20,000
L = 1.2 ×10 <RC −
M70 N 9 1.987J

The units of the quantity 20,000 are cal/mol, and T is in K (kelvin). What are the units of 1.2
×102 and 1.987?

Solution

60