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Lecture 1 - Unit Conversion

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21 views26 pages

Lecture 1 - Unit Conversion

Uploaded by

beelin24
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE 1

Unit conversion
Learning outcomes

Ability to understand and differentiate between


dimension and unit.

Ability to identify unit systems (International


system/ metric system SI, centimetre-gram-second
unit CGS, imperial units and American engineering
system) that have been used in engineering.

Ability to convert the previous unit to SI unit and to


understand basic process variables such as density,
chemical composition, temperature, pressure etc.
Why learn stoichiometry and chemical
processes principles??
• To understand the
reaction and process
conditions
• To decide on feed
and concentrations
of the input to
produce desired
quality and quantity
of products.
• To determine the
right amount of
energy
given/removed from
the process.
Diff erent unit systems
Important factors in a process
a reaction/series of reaction
that change the
chemical/biochemical species
Inp in the reaction mixture through
ut/
f ee chemical reaction, separating
d and purifying
n concentration
the chemical or biochemical
sitio
species produced. p o
Proc co m Mole fraction
tp u t/p r o d u ct e ss ica
l
Ou em
C h
Mass fraction

Processes & Process


variables
Ma
ss,
vol
um
e, d
ens
ity
Unit conversion
• Convert one unit to the other form using conversion constants,
density volume relation, molecular weight, mole mass concept
etc.

• Use the conversion table and physical property table provided


to help you convert units successfully.

• Write the given units and arrange the other values in such a
way that the desired units are obtained.
UNIT
(= measurement magnitude
for dimension)

BASIC DERIVATIVE UNIT


UNIT ASAS /
UNIT / / SECONDARY*
PRIMER
PRIMARY

-represents basic dimension -represents derivative dimension

2 types of unit system that have been used:


i) English system (English/British/Imperial System)
-close related to American engineering
ii) SI units (System International = metric system)
-cgs system (centimeter gram second) close
related to SI system
Density volume relation
Density = mass per volume unit

Specific volume = volume per mass unit (inverse of density)

Densities of pure solid and liquid are essentially independent of pressure


and vary slightly with temperature.

Gas and vapour densities depend on the pressure and temperature changes
based on the gas law.

Specific Gravity = ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference


substance at a standard condition.

Reference density ⇒ density of water at 1 atm and 4°C (= 277 K) is 1000 kg m-3,
1.0 g cm-3 or 62.43 lbm ft-3
Some useful definitions
 Molecular weight: weight of a molecule
 Atomic weight : weight of an atom
 Atomic number: number of protons in an
atom
• Moles: a combination of several atoms
(or molecules) in 0.012 kg of carbon.
• Avogadro number : a specific number of
atoms/molecules present in 1 mol.
• The Avogadro number is 6.023 x 1023
atom/mol
Example 1
Textbook,
Felder
Using density volume relation
• Calculate the density of mercury in lbm/ft3 from a tabulated
specific gravity (refer Appendix, table B.1) and calculate the
volume in ft3 occupied by 215kg of mercury.
Moles and molecular weight
Molecular weight: sum of individual atomic
weights of the species present in a molecule.
Example: atomic weight of O = 16
molecular weight of O2 = 32
Units: gram-mol (g-mol or mol in SI unit), kg-moles
or kmol, lb-moles, ton-moles etc)
Molecular weight units: (kg/kmol or g/mol or
lbm/lb-mol)
Example 2
Using molecular weight
Convert 34 kg of ammonia (NH3) to kmol

Molecular weight of NH3 =17 kg/kmol (refer Table B1)


Example 3
Conversion between mass and moles

How many of each of the following are contained in 100 gram of


CO2 (M=44.01)?
(a) Mol CO2

(b) lb-mol CO2

mol= gmol
We will use this
(c) mol C in mass balance
using “atomic
species balance”
approach

(d) mol O

(e) mol O2
(f) Grams O

(g) Grams O2

(h) Molecules of CO2


Mass fraction, mole fraction
and average molecular weight
A process stream usually contains more than one
substance (mixture of solids/liquids or gases) then its
composition is usually measured in terms of mass or
mole fraction

Sum of all the mass fraction or mole fraction for a


particular stream is always unity or 100 if expressed in
percentage.
Example 4
Mass and mole fraction concept
A solution contains 15% A by mass and 20mole % B
1. Calculate the mass of A in 175kg of the solution
2. Calculate the mass flow rate of A in a stream of
solution flowing at a rate of 53 lbm/h.
3. Calculate the molar flow rate of B in a stream
flowing at a rate of 1000 mol/min.
4. Calculate the total solution flow rate that
corresponds to a molar flow rate of 28kmol B/s
5. Calculate the mass of the solution that contains
300lbm of A.
Solution
Example 5
A mixture of gases has following composition by
mass

What is the molar composition?


Take basis as 100 g of mixture
Solution
Average molecular weight

Using mole fraction

Using mass fraction


Example 6
Calculate the average molecular weight of Air
1. From its approximate molar composition of 79% N2, 21% O2
2. From its approximate composition by mass 76.7% N2, 23.3% O2
Solution
Given:

….1

…..2
Example 7 (try by yourself)
A 0.5 molar aqueous solution of sulphuric acid flows into a
process unit at a rate of 1.25 m3/min. The specific gravity of
the solution is 1.03. calculate:
1. The mass concentration of sulphuric acid in kg/m3
2. The mass flow rate of sulphuric acid in kg/s
3. The mass fraction of sulphuric acid

Chemical formula of sulphuric acid is H2SO4


Solution
Appendix

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