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Part 2. Code of practice for concrete work |
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Section 2.1 Mixing and transporting |
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CAW S E10 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990 Issue 2, February 1997

Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Council for Building
and Civil Engineering (B/-) to Technical Committee B/146, upon which the following
bodies were represented:

Building Employers' Confederation

Chartered Institute of Building
Consumer Policy Committee of BSI
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Federation of Associations of Specialists and Sub-Contractors
Institute of Clerks of Works of Great Britain Inc.
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
National Building Specification Ltd.
National Council of Building Materials Producers
National House Building Council
Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Society of Chief Architects of Local Authorities

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Council for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
31 July 1990

 BSI 1997
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Text affected

9324 February Indicated by a sideline in the margin

1997
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/146
Draft for comment 85/10612 DC

ISBN 0 580 18824 8

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 Issue 2, February 1997 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Subsection 1. General
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 References 1
1.3 Definitions 1
Subsection 2. Materials and handling
2.1 Checking 2
2.2 Handling and site storage 2
Subsection 3. Weather conditions
3.1 Hot weather 3
3.2 Cold weather 3
3.3 Rain 3
Subsection 4. Mixing
4.1 Batching by mass 4
4.2 Batching by volume 4
4.3 Batching instructions 4
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4.4 Mixing different cements 4

4.5 Admixtures 4
4.6 Pigments 4
4.7 Mixing methods 4
4.8 Mixer priming 4
4.9 Mixing time 5
4.10 Workability 5
4.11 Care of static batching and mixing plant 5
4.12 Weighing tolerance 5
Subsection 5. Transporting concrete on site
5.1 Weather conditions 6
5.2 Transporting 6
Index 7
List of references Inside back cover

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 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990 Issue 2, February 1997

Foreword

This Section of BS 8000 has been prepared under the direction of the Council for
Building and Civil Engineering. It makes recommendations and gives guidance on
basic workmanship for conventional types of building work.
The recommendations given are not necessarily comprehensive; particular project
documents, e.g. project specifications, may need to cover particular recommendations
not dealt with by this code of practice.
This code of practice is unique in that unlike other British Standards, it draws together
recommendations given in other codes of practice.
The purpose of this code of practice is to encourage good workmanship by providing
the following:
(a) the most frequently required recommendations on workmanship for building
work in a readily available and convenient form to those working on site;
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(b) assistance in the efficient preparation and administration of contracts;

(c) recommendations on how designer's requirements for workmanship may be
satisfactorily realized;
(d) definitions of good practice on building sites for supervision and for training
purposes; this guidance is not intended to supplant the normal training in craft skills;
(e) a reference for quality of workmanship on building sites.
It is recognized that design procurement and project information should be conducive
to good workmanship on site.
During the preparation of this code of practice the Building Industry's Co-ordinating
Committee for Project Information (CCPI), produced a Common Arrangement of Work
Sections (CAWS) for building work. This code of practice has generally been arranged
in accordance with the Common Arrangement so that it can be used easily with
project specifications and bills of quantities using this arrangement. Other major
documents are being restructured in accordance with the Common Arrangement.
NOTE. The CCPI was sponsored by the Association of Consulting Engineers, the Building Employers'
Confederation, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and the Royal Institute of British Architects.

When complete BS 8000 will comprise the following Parts.

Part 1. Code of practice for excavation and filling

Part 2. Code of practice for concrete work
Part 3. Code of practice for masonry
Part 4. Code of practice for waterproofing
Part 5. Code of practice for carpentry, joinery and general fixings
Part 6. Code of practice for roof, slate, tile covering and cladding
Part 7. Code of practice for glazing
Part 8. Code of practice for plasterboard partitions and dry linings
Part 9. Code of practice for cement/sand floor screeds and concrete floor
toppings
Part 10. Code of practice for plastering and rendering
Part 11. Code of practice for wall and floor tiling
Part 12. Code of practice for decorative wallcoverings and painting
Part 13. Code of practice for above ground drainage and sanitary appliances
Part 14. Code of practice for below ground drainage
Part 15. Code of practice for hot and cold water services (domestic scale)
| Part 16.1) Code of practice for sealing joints in buildings using Sealants

| 1) In preparation.

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 Issue 2, February 1997 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990

| Technical Committees CAB/4 (now B/517), Concrete and CSB/39 (now B/525/2),
| Structural use of concrete, have also participated in the preparation of this Section of
BS 8000.
The text of this Section of BS 8000 includes commentaries. These commentaries are
separately identified and are intended to be for guidance only and do not form part of
the recommendations. They refer, unless otherwise stated, to the clause which
immediately precedes each commentary.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

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 Subsection 1 Issue 2, February 1997 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990

Subsection 1. General

1.1 Scope 1.2 References

This Section of BS 8000 gives recommendations on 1.2.1 Normative references
basic workmanship and covers those tasks which are
frequently carried out in relation to the mixing and This Section of BS 8000 incorporates, by reference,
transporting of concrete on site. It is applicable only to provisions from specific editions of other publications.
standard and prescribed mixes as described in These normative references are cited at the
| BS 5328 : Part 2 . appropriate points in the text and the publications are
listed on the inside back cover. Subsequent
This Section does not cover special concrete for civil amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
engineering works (see BS 8110 and other specialist publications apply to this Section of BS 8000 only
codes), ready mixed concrete (see BS 5328), precast when incorporated in it by amendment or revision.
concrete (see BS 5328 and British Standards for
precast concrete products) and designed or designated 1.2.2 Informative references
| mixes. This Section of BS 8000 refers to other publications
NOTE. This code of practice includes supplementary elements in that provide information or guidance. Editions of these
the form of commentaries to assist in its use and understanding. publications current at the time of issue of this
Compliance with the commentaries is not necessary in order to be standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
able to claim conformity with the standard.
reference should be made to the latest editions.

1.3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Section of BS 8000, the
definitions given in BS 6100 : Subsection 1.3.1, BS 6100 : |
Subsection 1.5.3 , BS 6100 : Section 6.2 and BS 6100 : |
Subsection 6.6.1 apply.
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 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990 Subsection 2

Subsection 2. Materials and handling

Caution. When cement is mixed with water, alkali is cement stored in bags can lose significant strength
released. Take precautions to avoid dry cement (20 %) after about four to six weeks, hence the need to
entering the eyes, mouth and nose when mixing check stocks.
concrete. Prevent skin contact with wet cement or
concrete by wearing suitable protective clothing. If 2.2.3 Aggregates
cement or concrete enters the eye, immediately wash it Ensure that:
out thoroughly with clean water and seek medical a) handling does not cause segregation of the
treatment without delay. Wash wet concrete off the various sized particles;
skin immediately. b) different sizes and types are kept strictly separate;
c) they are stored on a hard, clean base which
2.1 Checking permits free drainage;
Check delivery tickets and certificates against the d) they are not contaminated by leaves, rubbish, dirt,
specification and examine marks and labels and or other deleterious material;
condition of the material. If not satisfied refer them to e) in freezing conditions, the stockpiles are covered
the supplier immediately. to prevent the aggregates freezing;
In particular check that: f) in hot weather with prolonged periods of
a) cement is the correct type, protection is effective sunshine, the stockpiles are covered or sprayed with
against rain and dampness and, if bagged, any clean water from time to time to reduce the
damage to bags; temperature of the aggregates.
b) coarse and fine aggregates are the correct single COMMENTARY. Generally stocks of different sizes and
or graded sizes and types and are clean. types of aggregates should be separated by partitions
to ensure there is no mixing. This is essential where
aggregates are stored behind the mixer and loaded
2.2 Handling and site storage with a skip and drag line. Where small quantities of
2.2.1 Cement in bulk aggregates are required it may be sufficient to store
Store in a proper cement silo ensuring that: them in several heaps.
a) the silo mechanism is cleaned regularly in Generally large stocks of aggregate should be stored on
accordance with the manufacturer's sitework a hard standing of lean concrete and this can be
instructions; extended to accommodate the mixer. The base should
extend well beyond storage and mixer area with good
b) the air filter is cleaned after every delivery; drainage towards the edges. Alternatively small
c) the inlet pipe is marked with the type of cement; quantities of aggregate can be stored on polythene or
d) different types of cement are kept in different tarpaulin sheeting to assist in keeping the aggregates
silos. clean.
COMMENTARY. Unless the mechanisms are regularly The control of the water content of concrete is assisted
cleaned they become clogged and the feed of the cement if wet aggregates can be allowed to drain for at least
is likely to become irregular. 16 h after delivery and if they are kept covered during
long periods of rain. It also assists if the bottom
2.2.2 Cement in bags 300 mm to 600 mm of a stockpile is not used as this
a) Store cement in a dry, weatherproof, frost-free, will be much wetter than the rest.
enclosed shed or building with a dry floor. If the In very cold weather it may be necessary to use some
floor is concrete, store on a timber platform. form of insulated covering. Polythene sheets will keep
b) Stack bags closely together away from walls and out rain and dirt but do not offer much protection
not more than eight bags high. against the aggregates freezing. However the sheets
c) Stack bags so that consignments can be used in may be improved by holding the sheets clear of the
the order of delivery. aggregates.
d) Check cement for deterioration when taken out 2.2.4 Water
of storage. Do not use if it is lumpy, without Use water from a mains supply, and if it is not
obtaining instructions. available seek instructions. Protect the water from
COMMENTARY. It is essential that cement is kept dry contamination before use.
and away from air as far as practicable. Air contains
2.2.5 Other materials
moisture which causes an `air-set' in the cement,
therefore by keeping the doors and windows of the Store all materials such as admixtures, pigments, etc.
storeroom shut the supply of fresh moist air is so that they can be easily identified and do not
reduced. Even in good conditions become mixed together or contaminated.

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 Subsection 3 Issue 2, February 1997 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990

Subsection 3. Weather conditions

3.1 Hot weather Severe freezing day and night:

Take precautions to ensure that the temperature of the In addition to (1), (2) and (3):
concrete is not higher than 30 ÊC at the time of placing. (4) the water should be heated and, if necessary,
the aggregate;
COMMENTARY. If sunshine is strong and prolonged it
will assist if mixer drums, dumpers, barrows, chutes, (5) the concrete should be placed quickly and
etc. are sprayed with clean cool water from time to continuous heating should be provided to either
time. See also 2.2.3. the concrete or the building. If it is possible to
ensure the concrete temperature is 10 ÊC when
placed and it is then insulated, it is probably
3.2 Cold weather unnecessary to heat the concrete or the building.
a) Obtain a weather forecast in advance of It is easier and more economical to heat the water
concreting. than heat the aggregates. The cement should never be
b) Take precautions to ensure the temperature of the heated.
concrete does not fall below 5 ÊC at any time during Cement should not come into contact with water at a
mixing and transporting. temperature greater than 60 ÊC. If the water is heated
above 60 ÊC it should be mixed with the aggregate
c) Do not place concrete against frozen or ice before the cement is added.
covered surfaces.
Frozen or ice covered aggregates should not be used. If
COMMENTARY. A summary of measures that can be the top, frozen layer is removed, unfrozen material
taken for different degrees of severity of cold weather will often be found below. Covering aggregates in wet
are the following. weather can help to keep them free of ice.
Air temperatures below 5 ÊC but no anticipated It may be necessary to heat chutes, wheelbarrows and
freezing formwork before placing concrete.
(1) the temperature of concrete delivered to the
point of placing should be checked and should be 3.3 Rain
at least 5 ÊC and preferably 10 ÊC; this is Do not start mixing concrete for use in the open in
particularly important for thin and exposed heavy rain unless otherwise instructed. If placing of
members; concrete is already in progress when heavy rain starts,
| (2) Portland cement class 42.5R or 52.5 should take all practicable precautions to protect the
| be used. materials.
Mild freezing at night following concreting
In addition to (1) and (2):
(3) the concrete should be transported quickly
| (see also 3.2.2.1 of BS 8000 Section 2.2).

|
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 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990 Subsection 4

Section 4. Mixing

4.1 Batching by mass 4.4 Mixing different cements

a) Ensure that the correct materials are selected Do not mix different types of cement together unless
b) Measure the aggregates and cement by mass, and required by the specification.
the water by mass or volume. COMMENTARY. Some types of cement are
c) Allow for water contained in the aggregates, when incompatible with each other and the resulting
measuring the mass of aggregates to be batched. concrete may be seriously affected as a result of such
mixing.
d) Record the amount of each material batched.
COMMENTARY. 1 L of water weighs 1 kg. For a guide
the water content of aggregates might be assumed to 4.5 Admixtures
be: a) Do not use any admixture unless specified or
instructions are obtained.
sand: 6 % to 7 % by mass; b) Measure, prepare and incorporate admixtures
coarse aggregate: 1¯ % to 2¯ % by mass; with the concrete mix in strict accordance with the
all-in aggregate: 4 % to 5 % by mass. manufacturer's sitework instructions.
COMMENTARY. BS 5328 does not permit the use of
If greater accuracy is required, the moisture should be admixtures in standard mixes. Some chemicals, e.g.
measured. See also 4.10. calcium chloride, may be detrimental and should only
be used with the permission of the specifier.
4.2 Batching by volume
a) Ensure that the correct materials are selected. 4.6 Pigments
b) Measure the aggregates by volume only if Use pigments strictly in accordance with the
specified. manufacturer's sitework instructions. Ensure that the
pigment is evenly distributed throughout the mix.
c) Use gauge boxes, buckets or similar standard
containers of a size such that complete filling is COMMENTARY. Take care that the proportion of
necessary when proportioning materials. pigment to concrete and method of mixing do not
vary otherwise the colour will vary.
COMMENTARY. Batching by volume is liable to be a
less accurate way to proportion materials. Cement
should always be measured by mass or by whole bags. 4.7 Mixing methods
Batching by volume should only be permitted for Mix all concrete by machine unless permission is given
batch quantities of 0.5 m3 or less and for standard for hand mixing, which should only be for small
mixes ST1, ST2, ST3 or prescribed mixes of similar quantities. If hand mixing is permitted, mix the
cement content. The `shovelful' is not a recommended ingredients on a clean banker board to uniform colour
method of batching. throughout before adding water to obtain the
necessary workability.
4.3 Batching instructions COMMENTARY. The type of mixer may affect the
Provide clear written instructions on quantities of all uniformity of the mix.
materials to be batched and the batching sequence for
each concrete mix required. 4.8 Mixer priming
COMMENTARY. On small installations, it would be Allow for priming the internal surfaces of the mixer
appropriate to have a board containing instructions drum at the time of loading the first batch of materials.
fixed near the plant. On large installations, batching
COMMENTARY. Some of the cement and sand content
cards may be preferred.
of the first batch will adhere to the inner surface and
For batching sequences there are no set rules but it is blades of the drum and this batch will be too lean if
important to follow the same sequence for each batch no compensation is made. Reducing the quantity of
otherwise the consistency of the concrete produced coarse aggregate by about 50 % in the first batch is a
may vary. In general it is desirable to put coarse convenient way of making allowance for this.
aggregate in the hopper first as this prevents the
cement and sand caking on the hopper surface.

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 Subsection 4 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990

4.9 Mixing time 4.11 Care of static batching and mixing

a) Mix ingredients for sufficient time to ensure plant
uniform distribution of the materials. Ensure that a) Check the mixer every two days to ensure it is
this time is not less than that given in the mixer level.
manufacturer's sitework instructions.
b) Do not exceed the manufacturer's rated capacity
b) Inspect each batch before discharging it to check and output.
that appearance is uniform. If not, continue mixing
c) Adjust the weight dial to read zero when the
until it is.
hopper is empty.
c) Discharge each batch completely from the mixer
d) Check the measuring mechanisms every week
before recharging the mixer.
with known weights over the whole range and
COMMENTARY. A mixing time of 1¯ min to 2 min is adjust them to read correctly. See also 4.12.
usually necessary with rotating mixers and 30 s
e) Check the speed of the mixer drum once a week
to 45 s with pan mixers.
and adjust it to that given in the manufacturer's
instructions.
4.10 Workability f) Clean out the mixer drum at the end of each day's
Ensure the workability is such that the concrete can work, when there is a change in material or when
be readily worked into the corners and angles of the there is a break in work.
forms and around any reinforcement without g) Keep the plant clean and do not permit moving
permitting the materials to segregate or free water to parts to become clogged with cement or concrete.
collect at the surface.
h) Keep the hopper and the ground below hopper
Control the consistency of workability required by clean at all times.
making minor adjustments to the water content at the
i) Keep the weighing pressure pad clear of material
time of mixing.
build up at all times.
COMMENTARY. These adjustments are to compensate
j) Regularly oil and grease moving parts and inspect
for variations in moisture contents in aggregate
them for wear and for fraying of wire ropes, all in
supplies. The slump should be as agreed with the
accordance with the maker's maintenance manual.
specifier and be within permitted tolerances for each
batch in the same structural member. If it is
considered necessary to use concrete with a slump 4.12 Weighing tolerances
outside the tolerances given, seek instructions. The measuring equipment is to be accurate to within
± 3 % of the specified quantities of cement, water and
aggregates and ± 5 % of the specified quantities of
admixtures.

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 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990 Subsection 5

Section 5. Transporting concrete on site

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5.1 Weather conditions

Follow the recommendations given in subsection 3.

5.2 Transporting
Transport concrete from the mixer to, or as close as
possible to, its final location with minimum delay so
that it is placed before it becomes difficult to place
and/or compact.
a) Do not transport the concrete in a manner likely
to cause ingredients to separate.
b) Keep the containers clean.
COMMENTARY. If the concrete is transported in
containers, whether dumpers or barrows, that bump
up and down over rough ground, there will be a
tendency for the particles of stone to sink towards
the bottom. Avoid rough tracks as far as possible. In
hot and wet weather conditions, the concrete should
be covered during transporting.

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 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 1990

Index

admixtures 2.2.5, 4.5 materials site storage

aggregates 2.2.3, 4.1 checking 2.1 aggregates 2.2.3
handling 2.2 cement 2.2.1, 2.2.2
batching 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 storage 2.2
tolerances
mixer priming 4.8 weighing 4.12
cement
bags 2.2.2 transporting concrete 5.2
bulk 2.2.1 mixing
different 4.4 batching by mass 4.1 water 2.2.4
batching by volume 4.2
checking 2.1 batching instructions 4.3 weather conditions
methods 4.7 cold 3.2
plant 4.11 hot 3.1
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handling 2.2 time 4.9 rain 3.3

when transporting 5.1
pigments 2.2.5, 4.6
workability 4.10

plant, care of 4.11

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 Issue 2, February 1997 BS 8000 : Section 2.1 : 1990

List of references (see 1.2)

Normative reference

BSI standards publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 6100 : Glossary of building and civil engineering terms
BS 6100 : Part 1 : General and miscellaneous
BS 6100 : Section 1.3 : Parts of construction works
BS 6100 : Subsection 1.3.1 : 1987 Walls and cladding
BS 6100 : Subsection 1.5.3 : 1988 Setting out and measurement
BS 6100 : Part 6 : Concrete and plaster
BS 6100 : Section 6.2 : 1986 Concrete
| BS 6100 : Section 6.6 : Products applications and operations
| BS 6100 : Subsection 6.6.1 : 1992 Concrete and mortar

Informative references

BSI standards publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 5328 : Concrete
| BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1991 Guide to the specification of concrete
| BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1991 Methods for specifying concrete mixes
| BS 5328 : Part 3 : 1990 Specification for the production of concrete
| BS 5328 : Part 4 : 1990 Specification for sampling, testing and compliance of concrete
BS 8000 : Workmanship on building sites
BS 8000 : Part 1 : 1989 Code of practice for excavation and filling
| BS 8000 : Part 2 : Code of practice for concrete work
| BS 8000 : Section 2.2 : 1990 Placing, compacting and curing concrete
BS 8000 : Part 3 : 1989 Code of practice for masonry
BS 8000 : Part 4 : 1989 Code of practice for waterproofing
BS 8000 : Part 5 : 1990 Code of practice for carpentry, joinery and general fixings
BS 8000 : Part 6 : 1990 Code of practice for roof, slate, tile covering and cladding
| BS 8000 : Part 7 : 1990 Code of practice for glazing
| BS 8000 : Part 8 : 1994 Code of practice for plasterboard partitions and dry linings
BS 8000 : Part 9 : 1989 Code of practice for cement/sand floor screeds and concrete floor
toppings
BS 8000 : Part 10 : 1989 Code of practice for plastering and rendering
BS 8000 : Part 11 : Code of practice for wall and floor tiling
BS 8000 : Section 11.1 : 1989 Ceramic tiles, terrazzo tiles and mosaics
BS 8000 : Section 11.2 : 1990 Natural stone tiles
BS 8000 : Part 12 : 1989 Code of practice for decorative wallcoverings and painting
BS 8000 : Part 13 : 1989 Code of practice for above ground drainage and sanitary
appliances
BS 8000 : Part 14 : 1989 Code of practice for below ground drainage
BS 8000 : Part 15 : 1990 Code of practice for hot and cold water services (domestic scale)
BS 8110 : Structural use of concrete
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 Code of practice for design and construction
BS 8110 : Part 2 : 1985 Code of practice for special circumstances
BS 8110 : Part 3 : 1985 Design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly reinforced
beams and rectangular columns
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Copyright British Standards Institution

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy Licensee=Bilfinger Berger/5910083001, User=Glockner, Elke
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 05/13/2008 01:23:00 MDT