NUMERICAL METHODS ————— ETHODS: Approximation In Numerical Computation 2 Interpolation 4 Numerical Integration 44 Numerical Solution of A System of Linear Equations 57 Numerical Solution of Algebraic Equation 85 Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equation 104 Error. : 122 NOTE: MAKAUT course structure and syllabus of 6" semester has been changed from 2021. NUMERICAL METHODS has been introduced as a new subject in present Curriculum. The syllabus of this subject is almost same as Numerical Methods IM(CS) 401]. Taking special care of this matter we are providing the relevant MAKAUT university solutions of Numerical Methods [M(CS) 401], so that students f2n get an idea about university questions patterns,POPULAR PUBLICATIONS my APPROXIMATION IN NUMER, COMPUTATION CAL 1. The number 3.4506531 when rounded off to 4 places of decimal will i [WBUT 2003, 99° a) 3.4506 b) 3.4507 ©) 3.454 d) ote VENy Answer: (b) ) none of thes! 2. The significant digit of 0.0001234 is [WBUT 2010, 2013(0Dp) a)7 b)4 c)8 \ 25 180DDy Answer: (b) 3. The number 9.6506531 when round-off to 4 places of decimal will give [WBUT 2012(0DD), 2013(EVEN), 2) 9.6506 b) 9.6507 c) 9.6505 Answer: (2) 2013(0Dp) d) none of thesy 4. Rounding off the number 0.03709157 correct upto 5 sig icant figure is : IWBUT 2014(EVEN), 2014(0D0), a) 0.03703 b) 0.037091 ¢) 0.037092 4) 0.0370 Answer: (c) 5. The total number of significant digits in 600000 is [WBUT 2015(000) a)2 b)4 ©) 0 d) none of these Answer: (b) 6. The number of significant digits in 1.00340 is. : [WBUT 2017(EVEN)] a)3 b)4 °)5 d)6 Answer: (4) 7. The number of significant digit of 0063945 is [wBUT 2018(EVEN! a)5 b)3 c)7 _ d) None oft! Answer: (a) 8. Which of the following digits are not significant of the number ot g 1310001 5 thes ajo b)2 5 d) None of Answer: (a) NUMS-2Pa petermine rive errors, = 67-84, Ey =1%. reir poet afA yoko" Ee = eset a, 91" 67.84 ag, Bu 6184x0.01 = 0.6784 1 pound off 95.7218 to four significant figures, inset? : dain 8 = 35.72 (Approximated upto 4 significant figures) NUMS-3 {ODS NUMERICAL ME Short Answer e Questions the absolute error F, of the following approximate number given [wBUT 2013(0DD)] [WBUT 2013(0DD)]POPULAR PUBLICATIONS INTERPOLATION Multiple Choice Type Questions 1. Which of the following relations is true? [WBUT 2007, 2009, 2042 a E=144 by B=1-A ©) B14) EVEN), 20546 Answer: (a) ©) Nong of (EN at 2. In Newton's forward interpolation, the intervals should be IWBUT 2008, 2014(EVEN), 2014/00, a) equally spaced b).not equally spaceg 208(evey c) may be equally spaced 4) both (a) and (by 4 Answer: (a) 3. Which of the following is not true (the notations have their us. ual meani IWBUT 2008, 2014(000), oe, A a) A=E-1 b) AV=A-V 0) S=a+v 4) Vat-pi Answer: (c) 4. A (¥,) may be expressed as which of the following terms? IWBUT 2008, 2013(EVEN), 2016(EVEN), 2016(000) 2) ¥3- 39, +34 -Y ») 2-2 +% ©) ¥-3%2 +3 + d) none of these Answer: (a) 5. If the interval of differencing is unity and f(x) =ax"(‘a' is a constant) which of the following choices is wrong? [WBUT 2009, 2010, 2013(ODD), 2014(EVEN), 2014(0D0)] a)Af(x)=a(2x+1) b)A*F(x)=2a ee) A’ f(x) =2 aa‘ f(x)=0 Answer: (a) - 6. f(0)=12, f (3) = 6and f(4)=8, then the linear interpolation function /| (oe ; [WBUT 2010, 2013(EVEN), 2017(ODD), at a)x?-3x+12 by x? -5x o)x?-x? 45x a), Answer: (d) NUMS-4NUMERICAL METHODS 1 thon the dividend difference /(a, b)is: x) er were [WBUT 2010, 2012(EVEN), 2013(0DD)] b 1 11 b ») = vay : (ab)" IF Vee (al ansver:() ich ofthe following relations is true? [WBUT 2011(0DD), 2015(0DD)] aWnien a, A-V=AV b)E=1-A, A+V=AV a) E=1+A, A-V=AV earn) then a= [WBUT 2012(0DD), 2014(EVEN)] a f(0) bf ()) ©) f (2) 4) £(3) ‘Answer: (C) (1. The relation between shift operator ‘E’ and forward difference operator ‘A’ is given by [WBUT 2014(EVEN)] aA=1+E b) E=1+A c)E=A gd) E=A+2 Answer: (b) {1, Geometrically, the Lagrange's interpolation formula for two points. of intopolation represents a [WBUT 2015(EVEN)] 2) parabola b) circle ¢) straight line d) none of these Answer: (C) 2 W()=t, the divided difference fla, b, clis [WBUT 2015(EVEN)] 2) Watb+c) b) 1/ abe c) 1(a’+ b’) d) 1atb+c) Answer: (b) 8. aya of (144) i vai is [WBUT 2015(EVEN)] hs e)2 4)3 mt) Me Lagrange’s interpolation can be used for [WBUT 2015(ODD), 2016(EVEN), 2017(ODD)) , only equi-spaced nodes b) only unequi-spaced nodes damer ne cases of (a) and (o) d) none of these NUMS-5POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 15. (A—V)x? is equal to (the notations have their usual meanings) (weuT 2015(0DD), a) iP b) 2/7 ce) 2h" d) none of these Answer: (b) 18. Newton's divided difference interpolation formula is used for a) equispaced arguments only IWBUT 2015(0DD)) b) unequispaced only ¢) both equispaced and unequispaced arguments 4d) none of these Answer: (c) 17. In the Newton's Forward Interpolation formula, the value of u=~—%> jig. betes IWBUT 2015(0DD), 2016(EVEN)) a)Oand1 b)-1 and 0 c)-tand1 d) Sando Answer: (a) 18. The n-th order divided difference of a polynomial of degree n is [WBUT 2016 (EVEN), 2018(0D)) a)o b) constant 1 aot Answer: (b) 19. The n™ order forward difference of n" degree polynomial is [WBUT 2017(EVEN)] a) n! b) (n+1)! 0 d) none of these Answer: (4) 20. If f(x) ah then divided difference f(a,b) is [WBUT 2018(EVEN)] x a arb ty 242 (ab) (aby Answer: (a) 21. The value of A? (ax? +bx +c) is : [WBUT 2018(EVEN)] a) 2ah+b b) 2ah ¢) 2ah* d) 2a Answer: (c) , : 22. 1f f (x) =be* then Af (x) is [WBUT 2018(EVEN)] a) be (e*=1) by bem? ©) be (I-e") d) None of these Answer: (a) NUMS-6ERICAL METHODS 1 gnen the divided differences of /(a,b) is [WBUT 2018(0DD)] vey fs b) a8 ¢ d) None of these ath (ab) a-b (4 -dit 1 laci a itoaifferonce method, the central-difference formula for replacing (a), . ane [WBUT 2018(ODD)] ae ») o) ee d) None of these wet tion, the intervals should be [WBUT 2018(00D)] ain uagrange’s interPois ee b) not equally spaced ; oe equally spaced . _ d) Both (a) and (b) answer: (4) tajprove that f(4)= £(3)+A/(2)+4°F(I)+4°F(1)- [WBUT 2008, 2014(EVEN)] Answer: ee we have to prove that (4) = £3) +4f(2)+a°7sM4a°f), sere Af(x) = f(x +h) — f(x) and his the step length. “A f()=A7f(2)—A7F (1) oAf() +A" (= A? (2) = AF 3) — AF (2) S40)+a°' (+0? f() = AFG) = (4) FB) {a Q)+a s+ f)= F(A) I= 10)+ 9+ F0)+° FW). Eval laren: cos2x. [WBUT 2008, 2014(EVEN)] Seasar *=A(C0s2x) = A(cos 2(x+ h)-cos2x) wo{ sine 2h 28 ein geetenah) z tegen Nee (2x+h)sin(—h)) = —2sinh A sin (2x-+h) Sin h(sin(2¢x +h) +h) — in(2x +h) NUMS-7POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 2. a) What is the difference between interpolation and extra examples. weut 2008 an i¥9 suit OR, 299. 2016(o5p8 What is interpolation? What are the differences between intorpojag extrapolation? Explain with suitable examples. tweur gation ang Answer: 17000) Interpolation is the process of obiaining a value from a graph or table that between major points given, or between data points plotted. A ratio Process ;. (Ocated used to obtain the value. 'S Usually Extrapolation is the process of obtaining a value from a chart or graph that beyond the given data. The "tend" of the data is extended past the last point gras ends estimate made of the value. Blven and an Example of Interpolation: drawing a line (fitting a curve) from the fi have to the last allows you to estimate data points between those between any data points that you have). i.e. ‘filling in between’. Example of Extrapolation: fitting a-curve to the data that you have using an equati then extending that line beyond the first and last points enabes you to estimate wien extrapolate them) beyond the measured data. (or Extrapolation occurs when you are inferring or estimating concentrations for points that are within calculable limits (A Maximum Standard Concentration. For typical bioassay standard curves, extrapolating can be very dangerous and quite often be misleading. The reason being that minute changes in MFI values on the flat parts of the standard curve can lead to huge changes in concentration or dose. Interpolation occurs when your MFI/RLU values are within standard range or Minimum Standard Concentration < x < Maximum Standard Concentration. Ideally, this is the range where you would want all your unknown points to lie. st data point yoy two extremes (opPF tems ON NUMERICAL METHODS 1s, Interpolation papolat eel between interpolation and extrapolation is that first calculation is peel i ie nee eige of area covered with experimental data and extrapolation for oo for aeumenE yalues and meant to be used for prediction. nomial f(x) & hence calculate (5.5) for the given data: BUT 2008, 2013(ODD), 2015(ODD), 2016(EVEN)] 2 3 5 7 47 97 251 =| 477 ind the a if alo! x: 1): nse, fe) . 47 97 251 477 Jues of x are not equally spaced, we will use Lagrange’s interpolation UuwNor since the v8 ynomial- formula is Mele Pew m NAR BNERID Gy, ERMA AVA NIEH“N) Q,) {0G =x) He =X AN oe) Go pee Nae po) Ai 20 ais 2 2d (x= x e= HER x, )x-%) men oe Ce BS oe Here x, =0, x, =2,x, =3, 5 =5, X= Putting the value of x =5.5, the aa value of f(5.5) is sige DEME=H2=-7),,€=-YG-NG=NG—D 4p (G=2}(0=3(0-H(0=7) 1" (@=0/(2=)A=H)O—7)" “Ce O)(2=2)(2-3)(e=1) gy 2-O2-2Yl2—NCE=1) 9g G9 6-0-90=7) 7 EOE-2EBVE—) (-0)(2-2)(x=3)(2-5) op (7- 0)(7 -2)(7- 3)(7 -5) é o2)(-3)(x=5)(x— 1), x(2-3)(2-5)(2=7) 4 210 (-30) 42(8=2)(x-5)(x- x(x—2)(x-3)(x- x(x-2)(x=3)(x- Me Beng 2 Nees Ae NED ay NUMS-9 —POPULAR PUBLICATIONS (x _ (9-8-9 210 ai on’s divided difference formula to sy(x-7) , 20-)E-7) 97x-194—47x—1 30 x(s=2)(x=3)=7) 9574 2=2)(x-3)(2-5 (-60) 4] 280 47 find /(5) from the following dat a: 3. Use Newt ‘BUT 2009, 2012(ODD), 2016(EVEN), 2017(000) 5 ae a a a a (ODD),2018(€ ven, ee Answer: The divided difference table for the given data is: x fe)_ | fe) vs (e) 0 4 2 26 3 58 4 12 118-54 _ Tege a, 466-112 A612? Wig 1 466 202-118 _ at a2! 8 — 466 = = 202 668 : 8 Using Newton’s divided difference formula, F(s)=£()+(2—n) Af Ge) #2 a9)(-2) °F ()+ f(x)=4+(x-0)1 ey) Se el => f (5)=445.1145.3.745.3.2 =4+55+105+30 =194 NUMS-10NUMERICAL METHODS grat e's interpolation formula to find f(x) if f(I)=2, £(2)=4, a aie 16 and f (7)=128. [WBUT 2010, 2013(0DD), 2016(00D)) oo lation formul to Lagrange’s interpol lation formula we get, serena “sy(x—AV(x=7),. 5, = 2Ce~3)( (5)? “E Me 3)(I- ae 7) G23) \x-7), , (2-7) (-1)(=2)(-A)(2=7), 9, (8=I(x-2)(=3N(4=7) 1 Ce tee) 4 : G2) G4) =a)“ A=1)(4=2)(4-3)(4-7) (x-I(x-2)(8= 3)(x- Noe *G@-)(7-2)(7-3)0- 4) -L(e-se+9)(¥ =I1x +28) |- ale ~4x+3)(x? -11x+28)] “18 +(x -3x+2)(27 “ic -8[ (2-10) + (x -3x+2)(x?-78+12)] eee 5.Given the function y=—, show that the divided difference of n™ order Wee EC) )" /(xom22°%,) BUT 2011(ODD), 2015(EVEN)] Gx) as = Sala, y(x,,x,) = on The, 9(,.x,2,)=—!_| en) ») Cd). Co [a= | cy Thtis the %~ HL %M HX apne XXX | MO%% Tesult holds for n= 1, 2. Let the result hold for a particular value m of n. Xo — mei L 20% NUMS-11POPULAR PUBLICATIONS __)" | =| % — nei L%O*P FOX Xp yay So the result is true for m= m +1. Hence the result holds for all values of » th * » that ig We—»% eX py, @—D_ Proved) 0 8. Fit a polynomial to the following table of values using Lagran Ge inter, formula: IWBUT 2014(0Dp Polatioy Fi] ORS eS opa (ope), 2018(EVEN" =12 0 6 12 Find the value of y when; a) x=2; b) x=3.5 Answer: According to Lagrange’s interpolation formula the required interp. _ (=I -3Xx-4) _ (x-0)(x-3)(x-4) LO =| =1x0=3x0~4) *1)* Groyazayisay *° FOG DAA), | =O K-3) (3-0)3-1)3-4) (4-04 -1(4-3) = (2-1Xx—3)(—4)—(x—ON(x= (x= 4) + (XOX -1(x-3) = (x-1Xx—-3)2-4)—x(x-D[x-4-x43] + =@-D[-3Kx-4)+x] (= 1)(x? = 7x 412+ x) =x) — 6x54 12x-x? +7x=12 =7Tx8 +19x-12 Now, y(2)= (2) —7(2) +19(2)-12= WB.5)= (3.5) = 7(3.5)? +19(3.5) 12 = 11.625 olating Polynomial is 12 7. Show that (1+A)(1-V) =1 IWBUT 2012(0DD), 2015(ODD), 2016(EVEN), 2017(0D0)] Answer: : L.H.S.=(1+A)(1-¥) (x) =(1+A)[F(2)-¥f(2)] =(14A)[f(2)- f(x) +F(x-A)] =Ef(x-h), v1+A=E =f(x) =lf(x) Hence, (1+A)(I-V) 1 NUMS-12NUMERICAL METHODS ‘A. operates on n, then af (2) and hence x+ row, that lx. " Pel ( ). [WBUT 2013(0DD)] uit wy Gel 5 aaa wee et) ( n ) "C8 e - wi 7 Coe fea.) x41 i 1)! atl 1] eco baba “Tet nax=T| sen nt1—(n— 2)- Se Sint ix+L “nin == n-x [etl|n—x-1 x-In—x gyal =1c,-(")-RHS Groves “[ela=x x, Parti w i )-% Sa(.” ; {using the previous result] = motel) PCC!) {S}(-EGae im Lagrange's Interpolation formula to find the value of y= f(x) for x = 4, nin the {ellowing table: (WBUT 2014(EVEN)] 2 3 5 Tien : S z From the detinitio So _w(x)f(x,) £4) nL, (2x) = “ : ewes) dma where w(2)=[[(x-x), D)=(-x)W(a) “.w(x) = (1- 0)(1- 21-3) - 5) =-8 — NUMS-13POPULAR PUBLICATIONS | x =0 x=2 x, =3 x,=5 0-3=-3 | 0-5=-5 2-3=-1 | 2-5=-3 1-3=-2 SPE, -120 2-y(x =1) = -8x (-0.375) =3, 10. Prove that A.V =A-V. [WBUT 2014(EVEN), 2014(0D0), 2018(EVENy Answer: MN A @)=SE+A-F@) & VE@)=f@)-f-M, where his the step length, therefore, *(A-V)F() = Af @)— Vf) =S(e+h)— f(z) - f(x) + f(e-h) =f(e+h)-2* f(x) + f(x-h) &AVS(x)=A(S(H)— f(x) =AF(%)— AF (xh) =f(+h)-f()- f@)+ f@-h) =f(e+h)-2* f(x)+ f(e-h) 2. From above two, (A-V) F(x) = AVS(x), VF) | 1 A-V=AV | 41. The function y = sin x is tabulated as given below: [WBUT 2014(EVEN)] epee 10) PER as Se 4 2 sinx: 0 0.70711 1.0 Find the value of sin| (2) using Newton Backward interpolation. Answer: y=sinx x0 2/4 2/2 NUMS-14NUMERICAL METHODS: ation formula, the corresponding polynomial is, br xd(s-m) 2S (-o414n2e+ 0457112) # nt--2(2-2|8 (020711) += 2 (2. =). ake #(2-2)S¢or0n)s5(5-4 Tel aeddxt6x07071 14h x tx Bxt mang ct son 0.850764 {2Find the polynomial of least degree which attains the prescribed values of the given points: [WBUT 2014(EVEN)] x 0 1 2 3 Yi 3 6 11 . 18 — Hence find y for x = 4.4 Answer: Todetermine the least degree polynomial which satisfy the prescribed data we use ‘Fange's interpolation formula: 40) =G-No~ 22-3) | @-OVe- 2-3), (0-1(0-2(0=3) (1-0)1-2)0- +G=0G=Dor=3) (2-0)(2-1)(2=3) FO=1kx- 2M —3) + x(x —2)(x- 9-txe- 1(x-3)43x(¢-Dx-2) Fe 76x +11 iG -5x7 +63) = 4x7 43x) +3(0 — 3x7 +2x) — NUMS-15POPULAR PUBLICATIONS “(+ +3} 43-5422 9)x? + =-2x" +11x? = 10x43 So the required least degree polynomial is ~2x" +1 1x? ~10y 4 3 2 (X= 1.1) = 2.648 13. Find the missing value from the following table: eel 4 2 Sia 5 BUT 2044, 7 : 2740 55 Sven Answer: Let y(x=2)=a. Now we construct Newton’s Forward interpolati given data: "OM table from, e x », ay Aty 2 1 7 2 a-7 2 a 34-2a 27-4 ie 3 27 a-14 aa 13 6-a 4 40 -8 5 5 45 Since 4 values of y are given, so 3 order difference will be constant. 3a-48=6-a or, 4a=54 or, a=13.5 1 Wae=2)=13.5 14. Use Lagrange’s Interpolation formula to find the value of y= f(x) for x=1, given in the following table: [WBUT 2014(000) Er a de BE) y fo [se [45 [35 Answer: The question 2. is wrongly stated because “for a given value of x=3t values of y given in the question”. If the last ‘3” is ‘4’, then the answer can qweut 2014(000) ere ae 190 be obtained 15. Evaluate A’ tan2x. ‘Answer: A? tanx =(E-1)' tanx =(E? -2E +1)tanx = tan(x +2h)—2tan(x+h) + where h is the step length. nx, NUMS-16NUMERICAL METHODS [WBUT 2014(0DD)) (Dh h x(xth) x(v+h) peice) eel Re FFG EAN + one +h) 1 1 n-s(o(2)) "(Sa)" (It kt ht - Catent = epi t 2A) + 3h). + (KDA (+A) x + 2h)...(e+ Kh) (eit kurt 1 -4] GFR W)C +K)LX+(R+DA x (cpt kat x=x-(k+Dh 2 CoM aee pratt PAGAN + Lh) + a Y(x+ (E+ DM) Thestatement is true for m = (k +1). 5ace by the principle of mathematical induction we can conclude that the statement is theforall values of m. . et fourth degree curve y = J (x) passing through the points (2, 3), (4, 43), ies (8, 1515) using Newton’s divided difference formula.[WBUT 2014(ODD)] Y=fQ) AO) aya) ase) 2 3 20 4 43 45 245 1B 7 78 h Bi 1B rN 8 1515 Tan Mon’s diva te Sx wailed difference formula, we have XS (X04) + (x — x, )(— x) f (oo %2) FE = xy YX x r=) fo MX) NUMS-17POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 34 (x= 2)x 20+ (x= 2x4) x45 Hx 2N(K = AK X~7) x13 =3 + 20x - 40+ 45(x? - 6x +8)+13(x" -13 50x ~56) = 13x? -124x" + 400x —405 48. Prove the following operator relation: Bri SR u@ =1+—6" where the notations have their usual meanings. [wa 4 s (weur 2015(0Dp) Answer: We know, Noy Pyscn S=E?-E? and w-H{t +e] Now, S?=E+E"-2 or, E+ E*=S742 ven (LD) andy? Tete +2) =7(s°+2+2) [using (1)] =is +4)-16457 18. Evaluate the missing terms in the following table: IWBUT 2015(0DD)} xs 0 1 3 4 5 f(z): oO. - 8 15 35 Answer: la f(I)=a and f(4)=6 Now we construct the difference table: x i) f(x) atx) AF (%) 0 0 @ % 1 a 8-24 8-a 3a-9 2 8 a-l 7 b-a-21 3 15 b-22 b-15 72-3b 4 b 50-2b 35-b 5 35NUMERICAL METHODS 0) are given SO 3° order difference must be constant. a9 => 4a-b+12=0 (I) pra-2l = a~4b+93=0 2) saz45 = a3 4 => b=24 eal Har range’s inverse interpolation formula to find the value of x, when y. Us aati the following data: [WBUT 2016(EVEN)] yao 1 214 [5 |8 A 1.000 | 0.500 | 0.250 | 0.200 | 0.125 sswert yah 422 =4 4 =5, %=8 a Bi: y,=0.5, ¥,=0.25, y,=0.2, y,=0:125 Xow Lagrange’s computational table: D x/D thn en Yo- V2 Yo~ Vs Yo~Vs Dy %)/D Hee VN WV U-Vs WrYs Dd, x /D hh aN Y-Vn Va WP Var Vas Ds x,/D Wh a Ww y-Ns WOVEN Ds x%/D Wh, WY Ya Ya Ver Vs YM dD, x,/D 05, 0.75 0.8 +0.875 _ + 0.2249625 +445 = 0357 0.25 03 0375 0.00502 398.38 ~0.25 0.107 0.05 0.125 0.000125 31900.3, 503. — 0.05 —0.057 0.075 0.000051 97465.9 -0375 - -0,125 0.075 0.018 0.000055 144479 x =Z%x0.000034 =9.4048 =9.4 *594 at y= 0.143 ee ne icra table, find the value of /(I.5) by Newton forward on formula; [WBUT 2017(EVEN)] a4 é 76) 10 | 15 | 20°] 25 | 30 | 35 a NUMS-19POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: First we construct the difference table with the given data as follows: x F(x) F(x) arr (xy 1 10 5 2 15 0 5 3 20 0 5 4 25 0 5 s 30 0 s 6 35 Here we consider x, =1, ¥=1.5/ So u= > =0.5 Now according to Newton’s forward interpolation formula : F0.5)=10+°35=10+2.5=125 22. Mf y(10)=35.3, y(13)=32.4, (20) =29.2, »(25)=26.1, y(30)=232 and (35) =20.5 find y(12) using Newton's forward interpolation formula. (WBUT 2017(000)} Answer: At first we construct the forward difference table from the following table: x » dy wy ay aty 10 353, 5 =2.9 1S 324 0.3 3.2 +04 20 29.2 0.1 03 3.1 o. 25° 26.1 02 2.9 0.0 Bie 23.2) 0.2 -2.7 3520.5 Now let x, =I) h=5 NUMS-20NUMERICAL METHODS a’s Forward interpolation formula we get, iewto so New u(u 1) > du 3 Bey ay, genet ine® ania a 3! 4 ” 5 =—2\u- UU DUD) gay 4 0.4.41) 2 55.340.4x(-2.9) + *(-03) QOS DOARD 9,44 SOS MED 0 3) 234.26 igsing value in the following table: [WBUT 2018(EVEN)] sp find the miss! poy: 2 4 6 8 10 ¥: 56 86 139 - 35.6 gasner? ta y(x=8)=4 ow we construct the difference table as follows: io y Ay Ay Ay 2 5.6 3 4 8.6 23 53 a-215 6 13.9 a-192 a-13.9 68.7-3a 8 a 49.5-2a 35.6-a 10 35.6 ‘Sven no. of x-values is 5, so the approximate polynomial will be 4" degree and ‘nsequently 3" order difference will be constant. 4-215 = 68.7 ~3a i 0.4 % a=22.6 ing F(1.02) having given: [WBUT 2018(EVEN)] oe 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 f(x) 2 0.8415 0.8912 0.9320 0.9636 NUMS-21 _—POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: At first we construct the difference table as follows: x F(x) Aft) F(X) aw F(a) 1 O.8415, 0.0497 ll 0.8912 0.0089 0.0408 40.0 12 0.9320 0.0092 was 0.0316 13 0.9636 Let -x=1.02, x =1.00, h=0.1 =X) _1.02-1 ho On Now by Newton’s forward interpolation formula we get, 0.2(0.2-1 pe F(x) =0.8415 +0.2x0.0097+ 2202-9, 0.0099). 22(02-1(02~-2) ! 3 = 0.85217 0.0003 25. Evaluate the missing terms in the following table: [WBUT 204 x: O86 40-15. 20 25 (000) FQ 8 ote Meet 2 Answer: Let f(10)=a and f(20)=b Now according to Newton’s forward interpolation technique We obtain: x f@) AFG) AF) ws (x) 0 6 4 5 10 a-l4 a-10 41-3a 10 a 27-2a l7-a 3a+b-61 15 17 -344a4b b-17 82-a-3b 20 8 -2b+48 31-8 25 31 Since, four values of f(x) have been given, so 3" order difference must be constant. 41-3a=3a+b-61 => 6a+b=102 a) and 3a+b-61=82-a-3b => 4a+4b=143 we @ NUMS-22NUMERICAL METHODS 312. parol 17 pepo nd b we sel 21993" 23 for ae ” 13 £(20)="995 ww for the equation of _ a4 7 16 25 —~T38 14 22 32 4 + ~ J order Newton interpolating polynomial, and then find the function on [WBUT 2019(EVEN)] pat atl afi) wah aasnel 2 f(x) AF) AS) Pate (x mae aie. ee 1,33 4 8 -0.13 12 0.07 9 14 -0.06 -0.04 114 0.03 16 22 0.03 ALI 25 32 £(6)=4+ (6-1) x1.33+(6-1)(6~4)x(-0.13) =4+6.65-1.3=9.35 11.Use the Newton's Divided Difference Formula to approximate (0.05) from the following table: (WBUT 2019(EVEN)}] z 00 02 04 06 08 L(x) 1.00000 4.22140 1.49182 4.82212 2.22554 Answer: x 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 Ws F(x) + 1.00000 1.22140 1.49182 1.82212 2.22554 i tS divide Ne) 8 divided difference formula, we can get, : ‘ L(x) Af (x) Aty(x) as(s) ls 1.22140- =i an 00009 }0= 1.00000 _y gy 13S2=1IOT _g.gyy75 2.7585=0.61275 _ 9 a9 695 i 02-00 0.4=0.0 06-00, N22149 L49182—“1.22140 _| 555, 16515-13521 _ 4 r495 TASS _ 9.275833 Wee : 04-02 0 — 06-02 ASI: 82212 — fof 2 LRBID~1.49182 | gig ZOITI-LGSIS_ ggg ee 06-04 08-04 pe 2:22554-1,82212 9 oun, 22554 08-0658 eo NUMS-23 —POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Therefore, F()=F(%)+(8=%) AF (%) + (8 )(E=%)A7L(x,) 4 (x = )(y (x-s5)4°F(%) =) = 1.00000 +(x -0.0)x 1.107 +(x~0.0)(x-0. 2) 0.61275 4 (x=0.2)(x-0.4) x 0.22625 '2625x° +0.61275x? +1.107x ~0.12255x ~0.04525y— 0.0905x + 1.00000 =0.22625x° +0.8487x +0.61275x? +1.00000 Putting the value (0.05), we can get, = 0.22625(0.05)' +0.61275(0.05)" + 0.8487 (0.05) +1.00000 = 1.043958 F (0.05) = 1.043958 Long Answer Juestions (x-o9) 1. Derive Lagrange interpolation formula. DNBUT 2011(000), 2016/00 Answer: 1 If fx), x1), f(s) be the values of a function y = f(x) comresponding to te arguments Xo , X1 Xq hich are not necessarily equally spaced, then the Lagrange’, interpolation polynomial is - 1-5 2s) Grn ocey mee a2)=[[O-3,), (1a) and ro (%,) = (x, =o), — A Jove =) Cy Apa oon Oly Xp) seees(1D) Proof : Let us form the fundamental Lagrangian function (4 Hy (x= H Joreed( Hyg KX, Jeeves) ey Aa % = Ayer, =X AV, = Apa done —¥,) (2) @,(x)= Ox) (x-x,)o"(x,) The Lagrangian function w,(x) has the properties that =0, pa (2b) Poh fres (2a) NUMS-24NUMERICAL METHODS (x,) which is a polynomial of d such that = y(t a z yh o,f) LO) ) interpolation. Res. of interpola , gine nition (Oe ation polynomial which is unique ing oy is a ea ; we lation and extrapolation. Deduce the Newton's forward sine intern on [WBUT 2012(0DD)] | ogine, Mormula. . + olatio! pression of Newton's forward interpolation formula where the | ex! *") ve known for +I distinct equispaced arguments. ead BU: : aR [WBUT 2017(EVEN)] ; d interpolation formula. BUT 2017(0DD | eNowton's forward | He oR, ” ee | erpolation? Deduce the Forward Interpolation formula for (+1) given ts [WBUT 2018(0DD)} spits pore erjation is the method of finding an unknown intermediate value of a function from wim set of observed values of the said function, ‘unknown is not an intermediate value then the method by which we can estimate ‘:ulue of the function is called extrapolation. Part: Stement: Ths Ye ------» Yn be the values of y = f(x) corresponding to equidistant values of Pte Hy 2, Xy Where x,— x;_1 = h, r= 11) (ot, x, = Xo + rh), then fae tay) — Wf) 4c ELD: D yin) Yee ¥0 a ro in 4 Bot aCe 29) +052 —%)(e—1) +. Ney = F Oy (X—Xq)(X = Jose (H= My *Y= fix) anid L,(%9) 23 ss NUMS-25 _ etPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS From (1), Aly (X) = 6, + 09.288 — Xp) tovseet CyM(X = Np Jose 3 2) APLC) = 0p. 2UP tanec + Gy = IYI? (= Xo Jevvs(—K yg) Putting x= Rated ere (Brule nig tats) = =x), weh = Abn (%) _ 47 (%) ce “4 (%)=F(%).4= ea ‘ _ Hate) ste) Atta) _ AF (%) eth QAR LE AN nih 1 - ie 2hy0)= feo) ; 2) ayaoy+2( 5)(S2) 760 L,()=f)+7 Kaytee) MED DA F(%) uu Dan n-+1) nt A" f(%) sa(4) 3. Obtain the Newton’s Divided Difference interpolating polynomial, hence find 4(3): [WBUT 2012(0DD), 2016(000)} xan OMA Meee iaee| ar] Saf 6 S (x) 4 14 (15 |5 6 19 NUMS-26oe NUMERICAL METHODS J Ai) ATH usgNewton’s divided difference formula we get, {i)st+(«-0)13+(x-0)(-1)(-2) +(4-0(e-1)(x-2)2 #6-0)(2-1) 2-2) (2-4) E+ (#-0)(4-1)(@-2)(-4) 2-9) stae(=2 SB) 2) +20 ae 422) eset sza)(en) +File 32° +22)(2* 94420) “t3r4(=3) (2 _2)4.2(0 ay +2) nC ~7x" +143? ~ 8x) +(e 12x" +51x°— 78x" + 40x) 9 = 25 103 103 4 | 469 5 1027 WP 400 40" 40 10)-2 (ay _10 13) 4 +4Bay 122 Heats 21.85 NUMS-27 and noting w+ nsider 4 h S site w is feo) HAF Od PA Tea) west IL . (un uu + I(t 2) ee ; nl +s Backward interpolating polynomial for equispaced points. t be applicable for unequispaced interpolating points. Dar ro) spishis the Newton otis formula can compute /(0.23) and /(0.29) using suitable formula from the table given below: x7 [020 [022 [024 [0.26 [0.28 [0.30 f(x): | 4.6596 | 1.6698 | 1.6804 | 1.6912 | 1.7024 | 1.7139 TWBUT 2013(ODD), 2015(ODD), 2016(EVEN), 2017(EVEN)) Answer: See all thex-values are equidistant, so to determine the values of /(0.23)and / (0.29) veapply Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulas respectively. Atfist we construct the Newton’s forward difference table as follows: rf) 9) Af) SIG) SI Sf) 020 1.6596 3 0.0102 {2 16698 0.0004 0.0106 0.0002 Oy rs 15804 0.0002 0.0004 5 Tesig ts 0.0002 0.007 oon One 0.0003 928-44 0112 — 0.0001 ee 0.0003 NOrraigg, 2011S Ng ia fr 7(0.23), 022, x= 0.23, n= 0.02 xy 0.23 ~0.22 po OS 02 NUMS-29POPULAR PUBLICATIONS According to Newton’s forward interpolation formula: $(0.23) » f(3) + WAF (%9)4 ED at fg) + DED) 9.) 4 MU Wu 2(u~3) BEA DE=2Ku~3) 4 ATO), 0,5(0.5=1) =1,6698 +0.5 x 0.0106 + x 0,0002 .5(0.5 -1)(0.5— 10.5 -2)(0.5 — 40-50. Os 2) 9.0002 + 2:50:5 yes 2)(0.5 ~3) =1.6751 (Correct upto 4 decimal places) For £(0.29): Let x, =0.30, x=0.29, h=0.02 0,29-0.30 9, (~0.0003) Ae, h 0.02 According to Newton’s backward interpolation formula: u(u+1) u(u+ Iu +2) 3 F029) ® f(%,)# UBL pa)+ FOF G 2) + AS (4) COSKO5+ 99g « OSKOS 11-0542) AL G,s) u(u+1)(u+2)(u+3) a: 4 =1.7139+(-0.5)x 0.0115 +. (-0.5)(-0.5+ nes +2)-0.5+3) (0.0003) =1.7081 (Correct upto 4 decimal places) (0.001) + 6. a) What is interpolation? Prove that : (WBUT 2013(0DD)} ei =1(u~ =1..(u—n+]) IG) = 39+ Hayy + MED ney, EDO P) 9, 4 Mun Dont Day, 1 1 1 nt Answer: Interpolation: In the field of Numerical Analysis, interpolation is a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. In some cases, it tries to approximate a function from a set of given data points. This is known as curve fitting or regression analysis, Let us consider yo,¥s,...Yq be the values of a function f(x) with respect within equal intervals (x.,x,,...X,) where x,-X,.1=h. Let L,(x)=¢) +¢(x—%)+¢,(x-x,\Xx—x,) +. where x = Xo, y= fixo) and Lq(xo) = co From the above equation, 4 to the values of X p(X —XNX—H ewe Fret) NUMS-30jn the above equations and considering that L,(x,)=f(x,), we Bet n(X)=HX,), WE Bel, _ Al,(%) _ AfCo) f= hh Lc) _ Af) aealhn nlhn 1 ,¥r% Le = 1 Ryan HOHE “ya? f(%) pone fOoT h h og chy (A _ 1G ya" £00) pee xox? wares oT. n+ 1A" fo) nt ve afm) , wer! ul Xo u(u~ olor an cequivalently, yeyet be! LE u(u- This is called ‘Newton-Gre: au DIC) 5 2! DAPy/ 24 ce ful Deum DIN gory Forward Interpolation Formula. tweuT 2013(0DD)] syprove that ye =V er Answer: qeow tat Ab eV ViEtvk. Therefore, ayeVE' (7) =Vv'(B"yk) =V'Ynur : : put 2013(000)] (proved) ¢)Find the missing term: : 41 2/4 oles FS gle" \Fr \F x £@): Answer: Af(x)=0 S(E-1)' ¢(x)=0 (‘GE AGE + GEC CE 3 (E68 +15E*-20B" +15E° ~6£ +1) f(2)=9 > map etann 1-050) Ey 0" Bee segi isveaa as (AyrlsxB x4 t2 0 6C,E+ C1) f (x)= NUMS-31 =POPULAR PUBLICATIONS >322=20f(4) => f(4)- eT 7. What is the lowest slepree Rolynomial which takes the following values? 1 4 i 7 y la 26 58 112, | 466 | 668 Hence find #(5). (BUT 2014(0Dp)) Answer: ined We use divided difference interpolation formula x JO) 4) Wf) AF) 0 4 u 2 26 i 32 3 58 ML 1 54 4 112 16 1 118 7 466 21 1 202 8 *IG)® Fa) +e- Rife) + AS 01% 1%) FE = HX = HME) S 09,454 ),5)) ton =4+(x-0)x11+(x-! 0)(x=2)x7+(x-O)(x 2-3) x1 441 1x + 7x(x—2)+2(x? ~ 5x46) =4411x+7x? — 14x +x? —5x? + 6x 42x? 43x44 which is the required lowest degree polynomial, Now (5) =194. 8. a) The following data represent the function f(x)=e* x [4 15 2 25 y [2.7183 [4.4817 | 7.3891 | 12.1825 Estimate the value of (1.25) using (i) Newton's forward difference interpolation Newton's backward difference interpolation. [WBUT 2014(0DD)] NUMS-32NUMERICAL METHODS setine Newton forward difference able: x y se const Ay Ay Ay al 1 2.7183 1,7634 4.4817 Lisa 2.9074 0.742 2 7.3891 1.886 4.7934 25 2.1825 25, % =! pel (297 3,7183-+ 0.5% 1-7634+ x1 1444 050 «0.742 0.5(0.5-1) 2 ~1(0.5-2) 6 5034. =25 u @ 21.25, % 25) =12.1825 + (2.5) 4.7934 + commcasscasen) iene =3.5034 Prove the given relation: 5=V-E™*. [WBUT 2014(ODD)]} Answer: Velooy, d= 2% — 2 = BB) = BAW =V-E% (Proved) : jaltind the Lagrangian interpolation polynomial which agrees with the following “[WBUT 2015(EVEN)] x (inradian) [1.0 eae Answers Yi C08 0.5403 [0.4536 | 0.3624 neste ding to Lagrange’s interpolation formula: D. Y Y/D 10-12 | 0.02(x-1) | 0.5403 aes me ti-t2 | -oo1(e-1.1) | 04536 -] 838 xd x-12 — | 0.02(x-1.2) | 0.3624 1812, x-12 NUMS-33POPULAR PUBLICATIONS So, the required polonomial is DLE (x= 1)(x=1.2)(x = 1.1) = 27.015(x =1.2)(x=1.1) ~45.36(=1)(¥-1.2)+18.12(—1)(x1,1) b) From the follo interpolation formu! 9 table, find the interpolation polynomial by Newton 4 T fo pm eee f(x): {1 [2 [3 [4 [5 Je Answer: At first construct the Newton’s forward difference table as follows: x f(x) a(x) A*F(x) etl: 1 2eee 0 1 sis 0 1 404 0 1 See, 0 1 6 6 0 According to Newton’s forward interpolation formula: F(3)=1+2ht=14(e-1)=x 10. Using the Divided difference formula find (0.72) from the following tabl x: [082 068 o.70 ars OTs F(x) 0.6604918 | 0.73363074 | 0.7585837 | 0.7965858 | 0.8223167 [WBUT 2015(0DD)] ‘Answer: At first we construct the divided difference table: x J) As) s(x) ws (x) a‘f(s) 0.62 0,6604918 1.218982333 0.68 —_0.73363074 03583208375 1.247648 0.2132045682 0.70. 0.7585837 038177334 1696.601208 1.266736667 -220.3449526 0.73 0.7965858 =15.04237334 0.514618 0.75 0,8223167 NUMS-34NUMERICAL METHODS ace interpolation formula 4918 + (0.72 —0.62) x 1.218982333 giftere' vide 0,660 62)(0.72 —0.68) x 0.3583208375 62)(0.72- 0,68)(0.72 — 0.70) x 0.2132045682 2)(0.72 = 0.68) (0.72 —0.70)(0.72 0.73) x(-1696.601209) 4+(0.72-0 +(0.72-0 4(0.72-% =0,78519765 (oo) sing Nowton’s forward interpolation formula, [WBUT 2016(0DD)] P 5 6 find q 2 3 4 ‘ (Ss 1m 2.0445 | 0.2547 | 3.0145 | 1.0125 | 2.01245 Newton’s forward interpolation table: 6 construct vi) a(x) AF(x) VEC) ALG) OFX) °F) x 92538 0.7709 10245 2191 bass 0.99 =2.9689 y 20145 2.7498 10.2383 =1.7598 7.2694 6.7891 3 02847 4.5196 16.5508 60.38505, : 2.7598 -9.2814 33.59595 4 30145 4.7618 17.08515 2.002 7.16375 5. 1.0125 3.00195 0.99995 6 201245 low according to Newton’s forward interpolation method x=0.9, xX) =0 and Fax 0.9 Z 9 f(0.9) = 0.2536 +0.9x 0.7709 + x0.2191 9.9(0.9-1)(0.9 AEP 09-2),. (2.9689) + +£9(0.9-1)(0.9-2)(0.9 -3)(0.9-4)(0.9-5) 720 0.9(0.9-1) 2 0.9(0.9-1)(0.9-2)(0.9-3) (10.2383) 24 i x60.38505 ler a ing 1(8)using Newton's divided difference formula given that z [WBUT 2017(EVEN)] Lor] 5 7 70 4 13 &. 100 294 900 1210 2028 NUMS-35POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: Divided difference table: F(x) M) F(x) a(x) 48 $2 Ss 100 15 97 1 7 294 21 202 1 10 900 27 310 1 u 1210 33 409. 13 2028 Now according to the divided difference interpolation formula: F(8)= 48+ (8-4) x 52+ (8—4)(8—5)x15 + (8— 4\8—5)\8-7)x1= 448 13. Form the interpolation polynomial for the function y= f(x) given by the table: [BUT 2017(0DD) x [-1 [i 4 6 PO] 1 =3 |. 21 }-127 Answer: To construct the interpolating polynomial, have we apply Lagrange’s interpolation method as follows: f(x) 2 FEE), HD 4x6) (3) (-1-1)-1-4)(-1-6) (+Dd-4)0-6) 4 ADEN 4 @#DE-NE-4) @+)4-N4-6) (6+16-1 =a (= 1K? -10x+ 24) 4 9)? 10424) 70 10 Beery -1x+9) +S Iz-4) ee ee +14x+24) oe 127 Perey} aoe Yee 6)+—(x - 4° -* g(t 88 x4 5-1 e # 2x? 3x4] NUMS-36NUMERICAL METHODS ponding y=12 using Lagrange’s technique from the [WBUT 2018(EVEN)] 21 2.8 41 * eo 6.8 9.8 13.4 fs nge’s interpolation technique Soa Lagran® (12-6.8)(12=9.8)(12=13.4)(12-15 5)(12-19.6) 4 (y=!) 2-68) (42-98) (42-13A)(42=15.5)(42-19.6) (12-4.2)(12=9.8)(12 =13.4)(12-15.5)(12-19.6) *@g—4.2)(9.8-68)(98-13.4)(98-15.5)(9.8-19.6)” , (12=4.2)(12-6:8)(12-9.8)(12-15.5)(12-19.6) *(3.4—42)(13-4—6.8)(13.4-9.8)(13.4-15.5)(13.4—-19.6) : (12-4.2)(12-6.8)(12-9.8)(12-13.4)(12-19.6) *(5.5—4.2)(15.5—6.8)(15.5-9.8)(15.5—13.4)(15.5-19.6) (12—4.2)(12-6.8)(12-9.8)(12-13.4)(12-15.5) * 19.6 -4.2)(19.6-68)(19.6-9.8)(19.6-13.4)(19.6-15.5) = 0.021932 - 0.2341 + 1.25185 + 3.41933 — 0.964234 + 0.55205 = 4.046828 49 6.2 x x49 ‘Fa polynomial to the following table of values using Lagrange interpolation: BUT 2018(EVEN)] x 0 4 3 4 aD, =12— [0 6 12 fedthe value of y when () x=2 i) r=3.5 hoover r s : eae interpolation formula ; p)s (= 2)(x=3) x-0)(x=2)(x-3) Pye) aay : + F(e=IN(-3), 6 -D(¥=E~) 19 (2-0)(2=1)(2-3) *"” G-0)(-1)G-2) =2(x=1)(x? 5x46) -3x(x? -4x +3) + 6x(° -3x +2) *Sx!-18x? + 252-12 NUMS-37 Popopuian EunLICATIONS S( 7(3:5) = rt note on Lagran! 425(2)-12°8 5 (3:5) — 12.=69.375 _s(ay' 182) #75 3.5) 188 5) +2 go's InterPol DWBUT 2015(E VEN jation- 46. Write sho! Answer? Lagrange’s Interpolatio Lety=S (x) defined ina given interval[%0> x, Jand known only (+1) distinct poins acne which are not equispaced in general. ts ‘Now we assume 1, (x) be the corresponding interpolation polynomial such that sat): 1.0) 090) where, »(%))= f(x)).i9 which L, will be at most n® degree polynomials: sine 1,(2))-¥0) 1,(%)=% = 202) ee 16)=G.G-we-AE-*) a Now using condition (2) we 8% L where a(x) =(*-%0) (7% o=a (x) are called the Lagrangian coefficients and the y a(x) =x)a(s) So, Lagrange’s interpolating polynomial is 1(0)=¥ ey : Lex i zinc and lead. 0 is the Je interpolation alloy of the percentage of lead. Using 2 suitab [WBUT 2018(000)] formula, find @ when x=48~ x 40 50 60 70 80 90 47. The following data give th iaape lowing £2 av the melting point of an 304 g 484. | 204 [226 | 250 | 276 NUMS-38NUMERICAL MELHOD erence table: 6 gonsoed — 0 Ao wo i 40 184 i 20 5 204 2 50 ” 226 2 60 PA 250 2 70 i 80 276 2 28 90 304 sewton’s forward interpolation formula taking senioot Wg uate Bog =10, x=48, w=7—2= =0: sped, h=10, = 48, H= P= 0.8(08-1 a sis08e20e Seana ren te following data, find 1og,, 656. [WBUT 2018(0DD)] x 654 [688 | 658 Tog,» | 28166 [2.8182 | 2.8189 ver: : 4 f(z) =loB0% ‘sg Lagrange’s interpolation method we get; _ (656-658) (656-659) $656) => 5 2.81564 (656 -654)(656~659) - gig (654-658) (654-659) (658-654) (658 - 659) _ (638-654) (656= 658). srg (659-654) (659 - 658) = 2.81688 hy i J(2) using Newton’s divided difference interpolation method, having _[WBUT 2018(0DD)] B * 4 5 7 40 [14 f(x) 48 400 | 294 | 900 | 1210 | 2028 NUMS-39 eee ese ce st Manensnsnssese ots SEPP IEILEE BE EEC C CRORES OBER ALTERS RANA SWREWER ‘POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: Newton's Divided difference table: x f(x) As(x) NIQ) A’ (x) 4 48 52 5 100 15 97 1 7 294 2 202 1 10 900 27 310 1 uN 1210 33 409 13 2028 J (2)=48+ (2-4) x52+(2-4)x(2—5)x15+(2—4)x(2-5)x(2—7) <1 =48-2x52+2x3x15-2x3«5 =4 20. Using Newton divided difference formula, find log,, x from the following table: _IWBUT 2018(000)) x 300 [304 | 305 307 f(x) | 24771 | 2.4829 | 2.4843 | 2.4874 Answer: Newton's Divided difference table: x T(x) As(x) Mex) A(x) 300 2.4771 0.00145, 304 2.4829 0.00001 0.00140 0.000001428 305 2.4843 0 0.00140 307 2.4871 Sf (2) =2.4771+(x~-300) x 0.00145 +(x-300)(x- 304) x (-0.00001) +(x-—300)(x—304)(x— 305) x 0.000001428 21. A curve passes through the points as given in the following table. Find the area bounded by the curve x-axis, x=1 and x=3. [WBUT 2018(000)] XE) faa [ 292/920) 48] oe] 607.5) 81-9 Y [o2fo7 [1 [13 [15 [17 [19 [24 [23 NUMS-40 _i sing polynomial passing through the given points by ui or@F nd the interpolating Aft se nterpoaton formula. a allows } xeon y ay ty. Ay. Aty Avy rye t 0.5 ; 0.7 02 03 02 1 0 03 : 03 0.1 0.5 4 13 0.1 02 0.2 0.1 03 5 15 0 0.1 02 0 ‘ 0.1 6 17 0 6 02 cog 0 1 19 0 0 02 8 21 0 02 9 23 yanne(e-1x05 + C—IE2),(-02) yy als ese xl es 10 10 2 8x? TAGES peruse OS pease 20 30 20 4 fyae [oa+1+28]=434 unit 0.105 x $0.30; 2 The table below gives the values of tanx for wh x tanx 0.10 0.1003 0.15 0.1511 0.20 0.2027 0.25 0.2553 Fing 0.30 0.3093, {an0.12 and tan0.26. ° [WUT 2019(EVEN)] NUMS-41POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: = 404 h 0.05 x ay Aty Ay Aty 0.10 0.0508 O15 O.1SIL 0.0008 0.0516 0.0002 0.20 0.2027 0.001 0.0002 0.0526 0.0004 0.25 0.2553 0.0014 0.054 0.30 0.3093 (0.12) =0.1003+(0.4(0.0508) + 44-9 .(0 0008 4 24(04 aHiea- 2) (0.02) + SAA ilO4-2)(04 -3) + (0.0002) =0.1205 ya ZFe 0:26-0:30 __ yg h 0.05 0.0014 (0.26) = 0.3093 + (-0.4)(0.054) -CaCoaey) x (0.0004) (-0.4)(-04 S04e 2)(-0.4+3) (0.0002) 4 04)(04+1)(-0.4+2) 6 = 0.2876 23. a) Find the value of Y at X =21 using Lagrange Interpolating Polynomial from the following table: __[WBUT 2019(EVEN)] x 20 23 26 29 Ti 0.3420 | 0.3907 | 0.4384 | 0.4848 Answer: By Lagrange’s interpolation formula, we can get _f (21-23)(21-26)(21-29) | (21=20)(21-26)(21-29) «(0 -[ GBI) oa (Gees [emeraes von) EB a-20) (26-20)(26-23)(26=29) (29 -20)(29-23) (29-26) x osve x oases] NUMS-42ne » snow eset? — NUMERICAL METHODS 0.2894 - 0.12989 + 0.02992 01688 20388) ¢ (21) is 0.35823 value © £3) +f (24 VLA 7 (0) [WBUT 2019(EVEN)] t (4)= ‘on No. I(a) of Short Answer Type Questions. tg for to Questi vo that (I +v(i-A)=! [WBUT 2019(EVEN)] 1 Refer Question No. 7 of Short Answer Type Questions. NUMS-43 Po a) et Din de eePOPULAR PUBLICATIONS NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 1. The inherent error for Weddle’s rule of integration is as (tho notations p ay (BUT 2008, ors ont" usual meanings) nh? ws Wa ‘a agg Cede) TES). -TGT"Ga) ©) nome of tes, Answer: (c) 2. The degree of precision of Simpson's one-third rule is EWBUT 2008, 2012(00D), 2014(EVEN), 2014(0DD), 2017(000), 2014¢, a)1 b)2 c)3 ads EN) Answer: (c) s 3. In Simpson's 1/3 rule of finding [/(x)dt, f(x)is approximated by ° DWBUT 2010, 2013/0) a) line segment b) parabola ¢) circular sector _d) part of ellipse Answer: (b) 4. In Trapezoidal rule, the portion of curve is replaced by IWBUT 2013(EVEN), 2015(000)) a) straight line —_) circular path ¢) parabolic path —_d) none of these Answer: (a) 5. Simpson’s one-third rule is applicable only when the number of sub-intervals is [WBUT 2013(ODD), 2016(EVEN)] ¢) both even & odd d) none of these a) even b) odd Answer: (a) 6. Simpson's 1/3" formula always requires [WBUT 2015(EVEN), 2019(EVEN)] a) even number of ordinates b) odd number of ordinates c) even or odd number of ordinates d) none of these Answer: (b) 7. The error in the Simpson's 1/3" rule is of order [weUT 2018(000) a)h b) HP co) i? dh Answer: (d) i Is of the 8. Trapezoidal rule can be applied if the number of equal sub-intervals ©) intervals of integration is (weUurT 2016( a) odd b) even ) both (a) and (b) d) none of these Answer: (c) NUMS-44a i +5413 pute ; aesat precision of Simpson's 4/3 fg is Wweut 2017(EVENy) mode ) NONC of these an) ae cidal rule, the portion of curve is ez yeblaced by wayy 2017; p E rapa ») parabolic path (EVEN a arate 4) none of these acl aaswer 2) ; i pe errorin the Weddle’s Rule is of order WUT 201e(EvEN) 74 b) he ey ne a) a 2) awover s ginevaluating [/(x)dx, the error in Simpson's one-third rule is of order 12. * ah b) vn [WeuT 2018(0DD)) °) Answer: (¢) 4) None of these 13.The degree of precision of trapezoidal rule is DWBUT 2018/00) at b)2 c)3 d) None of these Answer: (a) Short Answer Ty ‘estions 1.What do you mean by Geometrical interpretation of Simpson's ra rule? [WBUT 2008, 2014(EVEN)) OR, Describe geometric Significance of Simpson's 3rd rule. [WBUT 201 '3(ODD), 201: 5(ODD)) Answer: Divide the interval from x = a tox =b inton equal subintervals of length Ax = (b-ayn impor amust be an even number, 2. Erect orinates Yor Vir Yar» Yn a8 shown in Fig. 'mpson’s Rule states Ve )dradthy, MOF Ht + )1An tty) +9] the number of intervals Where must be even, NUMS-450 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS v Simpson's Rule is obtained by using the prismoidal formula to approximat 0 te the under each of the ares PoPiP3, PaPsPay --» PnaPaiP, and then adding together the -<@# the Tesults, Thus 4, =Slo +4, +92) + (V2 AY; +4) tot (Yan +4%n1 +I,)] ax or, AF From previous considerations it is clear that this formula will give the integral exactly if{x) is a polynomial in x of degree not higher than 3, [yo +4y, +29, +49, +29, to AM He] value of the 1 2. Evaluate [- using Simpson's rd rule taking n=6.Hence find the value of z lex [WBUT 2013; (EVE! oR, (EVEN) Calculate by Simpson's 4/3rd Rule the value of ieee, correct up to two 3 significant figures, taking four intervals. [WBUT 2017(000)) Answer: Let f= ‘ If the given integration is of the form [f(x)de, then a=0, 6=1 epee4 n x [ol 4 [2 F(x) [1] 0.973 | 0.9 [ 0.8 | 0.692 | 0.590 | 0.5 ai + be Now according to Simpson's ; rdrule [r@de= zt +0.5+4(0.973 + 0.8 + 0.59) + 2(0.9 + 0.692)] =0.785 NUMS-46sofem | wales i “85.06 = 3.140 (Approx) 18 e wate frost, taking five equal intervals. Explain the reason behind your eval [WBUT 2013(0DD)] ; yottesration formula used. a of intervals is 5, which is an odd number, so we use Trapezoidal rule to Asstt number 4 egral numerically. Sine the given inte yaluste (x) = 608% x) at 25 (number of intervals) 1-0 _ 9,2 (step length) he [x Jo 02 04 06 | 08 1 Fx) | 1 | 0.98007 | 0.92106 0.82534 | 0.69671 | 0.54030 soot by Trapezoidal rule: Jasna Mfrs £0) +217002)+ $04) + /009+ 08] Zh + 0.54030 + 2(0.98007 + 0.92106 +0.82534 +0.69671) +08387 (correct up to 4 decimal places) ‘Evaluate ie. where the interval is (0, 2) by using Trapezoidal rule taking ns8. ae [WBUT 2014(0DD)] le f= sinx i 0] 025 | 050] 075 | 100 | 125] 150 | 1.75 | 2.00 ()[T | or05 F1.0429 11.1029 | 1.1884 | 1.3172 | 1.5038 | 1.785 | 2.1995 * tng Trapezoid Rule (rea [1 +2.1995 + 21.0105 + 1.0429 +1.1003 +1.1884 41.3172+1.5038-+1.7785] 2 = 2.6353 (Correct up to 4 decimal places) Pee NUMS-47POPULAR PUBLICATIONS e curve and x-axis from x=7.47 to x7 5. Find the area bounded by he o atpte in this case ae : d the rule of integration ap} i UT ivi eT Ta | a | 749__-[ 7-50 [7.51 ‘ S15 eVey F(x) [1-93 [19% 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.06 Answer? The points are taken in ‘equal intervs apply Trapezoidal rule to find the area. we apply Trapezoidal rule as follows: I raha 221 pra) $(05) +211 (248) + /(749)+/(750)+ (751) =f 42.06 +2(1.95-+1.98+2.01 +2.03)]=0.09965~0.10 als and even no. of points are taken. Heng, © We op To evaluate the integration for th © cay he bounded 9 atea, re rd 6. Evaluate [—*—de using Simpson's 1/3 rule with n = 4. ralual eae using Simpson’ [WBUT 2015(EVEny) Answer: f(x)= 2 1+x h=025 = xp=0. £(X)=0 x,=025 f(x) =0.06154 x2 = 050 £(x2) = 022222 X;=0.75 —— f(x;)=0.395604 x,=100 —_f(x,) = 0500000 =Elfsto)+ #lsa)} +ff051)+ £(xs)}+2.f(x2)] 025 == [050000+ 4(0.06154 + 0.395604) +2x 0.22222] = 0.23108 correct upto five places of decimal. Now, — 1x2dx 1 ay 3 lt gio) 1 2S, =log23 = 0.23108 NUMS-48NUMERICAL METHODS z. compute the value of x from the formula using Simpson's 1/3rd rule with 40 sub-intervals. [WBUT 2015(ODD)] “Answer a=0,b=1,n=10 x | 0 | o1 | 02 | 03 | 04 | os | 06 | 07] 08 | 09 | 1 fH 0 |o.990/ 0.962] o.017]0.862| 08 [0.735] 0.671 [0.100.552] 0.5 Now according to Simpson's 1/3" rule \ 0. [r@)ae 1[1+0.5+4{0.99+0.917+0.8+0.671+0.552} a +2{0.962 + 0.862 + 0.735 +0.610} | =0.785' (Correct up to 3 decimal places) m= 4x0.785 =3.141 8, Calculate by Simpson's one third rule the value of the integral pe corrécted di+x up to three significant figures. [WBUT 2016(EVEN), 2019(EVEN)] Answer: x b-a Let, f(x) =—2—. Here a=0, b=1, h=——* + F)=Ty ” Without any loss of generality, we consider n =10 x | o | o1 | oz | 03 | o4 | os | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 1 | Slee | 2 elesie | sre hea [eo re] © | 6|bi7{13 13] 9/19 Lieiaeks So, according to Simpson’s =r rule: Te 23 TAS 9) (12 324 qlee Te 9.) a(t 2 324) (its $B Z)o-23.4) 0.30685 0.307 (Correct upto 3 significant figures) riele NUMS-49POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 9. Use Simpson's 1/3 rd rule to evaluate fa 7» taking six equal sub, intervals 0, 6}, correct to three decimal places. tweur aso 2195(000) 6-0 Let f(x) =i, 1 Now according to Simpson’s = 1d rule Ife. Lese (tel 1s aistyaf t+ tet |eoftet [eax fied (irie*se)* G-4)| =0.895 (Correct up to 3 decimal places) 1 10. Evaluate the approximate value of by Simpson's ; rd rule for 4 sup. 1+x interval, correct up to 4 decimal places. [WBUT 201 7(EVEN)) Answer: 1 z 2 So by Simpson’s 3H rule we obtain; 1 3 free 23h en eee .2618 (Correct up to 4 decimal places). ° 3 17." 25 4 11. Evaluate approximately, by Trapezoidal rule, the integral [4x3 by a taking n=10. [WBUT 2017(0DD)] OR, 1 Evaluate f(4x-3x*) ar by Trapezoidal rule taking 10 subintervals. Compute the é exact value and find the absolute and relative errors in your fe WOUT 2019(EVEN)] NUMS-50NUMERICAL METHODS: ewer ighe ies tength of the interval is h= t He .995 - apwoximate value of f(x) =0.995 ‘The true solution is founded by integration : ee =[2x*-°],=2-1-0-1 ._ Absolute error = (1-0.995) = 0.005 0.995 + Relative error =| -|24- = 0.005 = 12. Evaluate fretar where the interval (1,0) by using Trapezoidal rule taking n=6, correct up to four decimal places. [WBUT 2012(EVEN)] Answer? lt f(z)=xe', aed x ae Beal ponlitcgin| Fonl eel 6 2 6 6 6 40) | -036788 | -0.36217 | -0.34228 | -0.30327 | -0.23884 | -o.aios [0 Soby Trapezoidal method: ir (=) = [-0.36788 +0 -2(0.36217 +0.34728 + 0.30327 +0.23884 +0.14108)] Ei =-0.2619 (Correct up to 4 decimal places) 13. Fi ind'the approximate value of ieee up to four decimal places by Simps value ot one third rule, taking 6 equal subintervals and find the approximate eu [WBUT 2018(0DD)]Se POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: Lea f(x) a=0, b=1,n=6 - — T21> *~|° ele 6 | % . 6 | 2 24 | 30 [4 fC) | ° | 9 | a0 sa | or | 2 According to the Simpson's in rule: yoann (Rp ABeAR AG) A (2 24) + 2x{ 4 40° 54 = 0.3447 ‘ ee Now, Seen [inte], = $1082 =toe 2 log2=0.6894 (Correct upto 4 decimal places) Long Answer Ty} ions 32 4. Using Trapezoidal and Simpson's rd rule compute flog, x dr by taking seven i ordinates correct up to four decimal places. _ [WBUT 2013(EVEN), 2016(0DD)] Answer: Let f(x)=log, x If the given integration is ofthe form [' f(x)dethena=4, b =5.2 x 4 4.2 44 46 48 5 5.2 Fe) | 1.3863 | 1.4351 | 1.4816 [1.5261 | 1.5686 | 1.6094 | 1.6487 Now by Trapezoidal Rule: [1.3863 + 1.6487 + 2(1.4351+1.4816 +1.5261 + 1.5686 +1.6094)] =1.8277 NUMS-52NUMERICAL METHODS 's ird rule (from Newton-Cote's quadrature formula). impson pone 51 (WBUT 2014(000)] ef rule was based on 7 4 mm fre 6) traeseidal egrand by a first f ‘sal in J, and then integrating ial imal over. interval of yn wy 13 rule is an impson’s. # psi esol rule where the offs approximated by a second eri # b od I: r Fig 1: Integration of a function mee 6 1-[f@)de~ [hae ‘tae f{2)is a second order polynomial given by f,(x) =a, +a,x+a,x° Conse (@s(@), (2 /(& oa }} and (b, f(b)) ‘sie three points of the function to evaluate @,,a,anda, . S(@)= f,(a) = a, + a,a+ a," a+b) (a+b) _ atb atby FJ Pabm pH Att alee eles J0)= f,0)= a, +a,b+.a,b? tee “above three equations for unknowns, a, a, and a, give a" f(b) + abf (b) — 4aty{ 22?) ap ay+6° slo BAD) eas Ree a’ —2ab+b? Fa) taf{ 2 *) 3070) 36/0)- 4of( 222) 070 pea Co) Oe Cay a’ —2ab+b? a= NUMS-53POPULAR PUBLICATIONS { fra)-24* (23 t), so] an a? —2ab+d* Then x ayx+a, +4, : 1 {rene= fe vaxan’)ie-| +475 -a +a, ma,b-a) +0," Substituting values ae anda, give In (a)de = slo + «(2) + /0| Since for Simpson 1/3 rule, the interval [a,}] is broken into 2 segments, the segmen, b-a 2 Hence the Simpson’s 1/3 rule is given by | F(o)d | f(a)+4, (2 a). 10) Since the above form has 1/3 in its formula, it is called Simpson’s 1/3 rule. widthh b) What is the geometrical interpretation of Trapezoidal rule? [WBUT 2014(0Dp)) Answer: In trapezoidal method, the curve y= f(x)is replaced by the straight line passing through the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(6))and the integral [’f(x)de is approximated by the area of the trapezium bounded by the straight line, the ordinates ‘at x=a,b and hence the name is trapezoidal rule. hs 3. Find the value of floss xae taking eight equal sub-intervals correct up 0 4-decimal places by (i) Simpson 3rd rule (ii) Trapezoidal rule and then compare [WBUT 2016(EVEN)] the result. Answer: Let f(x) =log,.x, a=1, b=5, n=8 ipo S=1e AOS NUMS-54NUMERICAL METHODS leas, 0.69897 60206 | 0.65321 wo faa 930103 039794 eee 0.54407 ta 0 sao iat = rule: sons a (a =*2[0 $-0.69897 + 4(0.17609 + 0.39794 + 0.54407 +0. 65321), [ree : 42(0.30103 + 0.47712 +0.60206) | =1,75744 ; : = 1.7574 (Correct upto, 4 decimal places and by Trapezoidal method) Jreyer= Flo 0.99897 4+2(0.17609 + 0.30103 + 0.39794 +0.47712 2) : +0.54407 + 0.60206 + 0.65321) ] =1,7505025 =1.7505 (Correct upto 4 decimal places). yfwe truncate those results then both the results are equal upto 2 decimal places 4. Compute the value of iG Dae, taking 4=0.05 correct up to five decimal “A places by using (i) Trapezoidal rule, (ii) Simpson’s ira rule. [WBUT 2017(EVEN)] Answer: Let fayexet x x 1.60 S() | 235 so | 2 soo | 2% | 280 | 2ap Now by Trapezoidal Rule: : 5 0.05 ore oe hat sR rohan 2 i oat aaBl sol yall) 30 20 “130 “540 ~35 580 “6 620 =0. ss (Correct up to 5 decimal places) 8ySimpsonts 1 Lu mules 4 3 Toes 149 1498) 21 91 cy Se 30| 2p ata 2—+2— 2224.21) 3 30°40” "(20 * “S40 * “S80” “620 130° 35 6 =0. 84768 (Correct up to.5 decimal places) — NUMS-5STH) i wii POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ae by using Trapezoidal rule, (WeuT 2018(EVENy l+x' 5. a) Evaluate al © ») Evaluate the same using Simpson's zie. ©) What is the difference between the results (a) and (b) compare in terms of error (absolute), error % and relative error. i Answer: L ears a)Let f(x) i. Here a=0, b=0, According to Trapezoidal rile: [@e- t5712(0sso2+ore tet) 1.410798581 2 37 26 2 b) According to Simpson’s za rule; Ir @)ar= ME ese ee ae 1.366173413 -ghe ° is a = [tan x] =1.405647649 Error - Trapezoidal Method Simpson’s A Rule 1. Absolute error 0.0051 0931 .0.039474236 2. Relative error 0.003664454 0.0280825666 3. Percentage error 0.3664450% 2.80825666% NUMS-S6NuMr RICAL METHODS yMERICAL SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF Nl LINEAR EQUATIONS SSE ATIONS Multiple Choice Type Questions Gauss Elimination method is used to solve 4 — B when t Ais transformed toa [WBUT 2007, 2009, 2012(00p), 2015(EVEN)) irene ©) upper triangular mat. aay metre 4) diagonally dominant matrix ver: (0) aver ( wich of the following is an iterative methou? Whi [WBUT 2013(EVEN), 2013(0DD), 2015(Even ) Gauss Elimination Method 5) Gauss Jordan Method (EVEN) c) LU decomposition Method 4) Gauss-Seidel Methou answer: (4) 4. In LU-factorization method, the {= Bis converted to another syster ions represented by im LUX = BwhereU is MWBUT 2013(0DD)) © ajlower triangular matrix ©) upper triangular matrix a).o ¢) identity matrix 4) null matrix Answer: (b) {Suse elimination method does not fail, even if one of the pivotal elements is ‘qual to zero: (WBUT 2014(0DD)] 4) true b) false ¢)neither true nor false 4d) none of these Answer: (a) Leia) 2: 2503) Stasi) 3 and B=|2 2 4 [IWBUT 2016(EVEN)] 2°34 9.807 sider the following two statements: Ly Gece POSition for the matrix A is Possible sly decomposition for the matrix B is not Possible — *)Both $1 and S2 are true b) only Stis true ane) Oly 82 ig true d) neither $1 nor S2 is true Wer: (by : Whi UT 2016(0DD)] 3h8Re of the following is a direct method? sie BUT 2016 ¢) gt8S-elimination b)Gauss-Jordan Ang, BUSS-Seide| d) none of these Wey (a) NUMS-57POPULAR PUGLICATIONS Seidel Iterative method fo, r 7. The convergence condition for Gau . system of linear equation is WaT 2e2¥ing a) the co-efficient matrix Is singular (one b) the co-efficient matrix has rank zero ” ©) the co-efficient matrix must be strictly diagonally dominant 4) none of these Answer: (c) 8. Gauss elimination method does not fail even if one of the pivot elements i to zero. The above statement is [WBUT 204 Pie qual a) True b) False (EVEN) Answer: (a) 8. Which one of the following is an iterative method? weUT 20176 a) Gauss-elimination b) Gauss-Jordon (EVEN) c) Gauss-Seidel d) none of these Answer: (c) 10. Diagonal dominance is must for DWBLUT 2018Eve; a) Gauss-Seidel method b) Gauss Elimination method! ¢) LU factorisation method d) All of these Answer: (2) 44. A square matrix [4] is diagonally dominant, if DWBUT 2018(000) n a,|,i=1,2,--- alal2y -nand |a[>S.],|. for any 21,2 i ty ») {a,|2 > ]a,|,7=1.2, ty °) |a,|2>|a,|,7=1.2, +n and |ai|>3'| 4), for any i=1,2 «i iat 4) a,|> >] q,),8=1, 2, ia Answer: (a) 12. For a set of ‘m’ linear equations and ‘n’ no. of unknowns the system is under determined, if » [WBUT 2019(EVEN)] a) m>n b) m 4,+%,-x%,=2 x,4+7x,=-7 E %=-1 %=(-1) > %, =0 See] 3.Solve: x+y+2=1 : ~ [WBUT 2014(EVEN)] 2x-3yt4z=13 3x+4y+5z=40 by Gauss Elimination method. NUMS-60a NUMERICAL METHODS rig fi | ans of the given system of equations is 4=|2 3 4 aicient mauris 4s spec coe Ba eamatin’s (ABJ=]2-3 413 vee” Phat 2211 4Find inverse of the following matrix by Gauss-Jacobi method| 3 2 31, 149 [WBUT 2014(0DD)] Answer: 5 ‘According to Gauss-Jacobi method, 20 ar Le4=|3 2 3 144 art 00 Nowla/4]=|3 23 0.1 0 1-4-9 o1 Le 00 SLO oes a ° XS weds 0'0 -2 10 -7 1 1 0} S24 jJo Solo ra Oat leer, Ahh 1 4 Lo WO S21 g : 101720 Resear tbuaslyie aoa HO SIE Igy | NUMS-61 _POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 1 flo - -1 0 ts 13 2 0 bois %¥ a 4M loo 3 4% - vat el12 WY Y}MAo]0 10 12 YZ x% So 001-5 BY 5, Solve by Gauss elimination method: Bi xe2y+250 ™ PT 2EHOOD) 2159, 2x+2y+3z=3 =x-3y=2 Answer: Given system of equations can be written inthe following matrix from Ax ~ isa] x 0 where 4=|2 2 3], X=|y|, B=[3 130 z 2 1-2 10 Now,[4/B]=|2 2 3 3 130.2 12-10 ee Sac 221 3) 9-221 3 Ath Onl 12 oo ¥y =+ or, 2-1, 2 ~2y+z=3 or, y=-1 x+2y#z=0 orx=1 1 Hence the required solution is X =| -1 1 NUMS-62ON NUMERICAL METHODS following system of equations: e 7 ! jaer 5 : Ory 35 at ea of equations by Gauss-Seidel method taking initial guess ove . gov ae T perform only two iterations. [WBUT 2015(EVEN), 2019(EVEN)] [0 sonet o Gauss-Seidel method; the iterative scheme of the given system of equations cord coo ) x k x xf) x) 0 0) 0 0 1 2.5 15 0.375 2) 1.5625 1.9125 0.740625 3 1.1734 1.9997 0.9134 7.What is the order of operation needs for L-U decomposition method? [WBUT 2015(0DD)) Answer: InL-U decomposition method, for a system of equations AX=B ee CL), wehave to decompose the coefficient matrix A as a Product to two matrices one of which Stould be upper triangular matrix and other is lower triangular matrix. A=L U + + Lower Upper triangular matrix triangular matrix a fe System of equations becomes ie We have to consider UX =¥ & Te u ‘San unknown vector, Ths ‘Qn. (2) becomes LY = B ) i wn ( 8) we anne to solve Eqn, (4) for Y and finally using the result of Y , from Eqn. ) ee NUMS-63 _POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 8. Solve by Gauss Elimination method: BUT 29, x-2y492 EVE, Ny Bx+y -8y+z=-5 Answer: a Given system of equations can be written in the following matrix form: r=B 1-29 x where 4=|3 1-1], 8 2-81 z -5 l 9:8 DiS 9hs 3 8 Now, [4|B]=]3 1 -1 : 3/—B3o]0 7 -28 : -21 22-81 S 0-4 -17:: ~21 ee] PRED 8 Jo 7-28 2-21 0 0 -33 : -33 Dek x= 9. Solve the following system by matrix inversion method 2x+y+z=10, 3x+2y+3z=18,x+4y+9z=16 [WBUT 2016(0DD)) Answer: Given system of equations can be written in the following form: AX =B; 2s lect x 10 where A=|3 2 3], X=|y|, B=/18 149 z 16 271 1-0°0 Now, a-[4]-)3 23:010 222110499552 0=0<1 NUMS-64