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PRESENT
PERFECT
USE OF
PRESENT
PERFECT
 5
USE
USE

After a clause with the present perfect, we

often use a clause with since to show
when something started in the past.
He has played
hockey since
he was 5.
 Her brother
hasn't eaten
meat since he
was young.
He has taught
at this school
since 1965.
 6
USE
Have you
ever been....?
USE

We use have/has been when someone has

gone to a place and returned.
Have you
ever been in
London?

No, but I have

been in
Edinburgh.
USE

But when someone has not returned,

we use have/has gone.
Where is
your
brother?

He has gone to
Madrid one week.
He'll be back the day
after tomorrow.
 7
USE
USE

We use present perfect when the time

period referred to has not finished.
I have worked
hard this week.
It has rained
a lot this year.
I haven't seen
her today.
 8
USE
USE

Actions repeated in an unspecified period

between the past and now.
They have seen
that film six
times.
 They have
visited them
frequently.
 We have eaten
at that restaurant
several times.
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PRESENT
PERFECT
USE OF
PRESENT
PERFECT
 3
USE
USE

The present perfect can be used for

something that happened in the past
but is important in the present.
I can't get in the
house. I have
lost my keys.
 Teresa isn't at
home. I think she
has gone
shopping.
 She can't buy
that dress. She
has finished
all her money.
 4
USE
USE

We often use the present perfect with

adverbials which refer to the recent past:
just, recently.

Or adverbials which include the present:

ever, yet.
I have just
bought
a new car.
 They have
recently had
a baby.
 We have just
come back from
our holidays.
We have recently
adopted a cat.
Has she ever met
her favourite
singer?
I haven't visited
Lisbon yet.
Have you ever
eaten Chinese
food?
Has he arrived
yet?
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PRESENT
PERFECT
USE OF
PRESENT
PERFECT
 1
USE
USE

The present perfect is a verb tense which

is used for something that started in the
past and continues in the present.
.
They have been
married for 50
years.
I have lived
in Scotland
all my life.
She has studied
Spanish for 3
years.
Have you played
the piano since
you were a
child?
They have gone
to the doctor.
He has worked
in the bank for
five years.
 2
USE
USE

We use the present perfect when we are

talking about our experience up to the
present.
I have seen that
movie before.
 He has written
two books and
he is working on
another one.
 My sister has
slept with her
dog since ever.
USE

We often use the adverb ever to talk

about experience up to the present or
never for the negative form.
Have you ever
met George?

Yes, but I have

never met his
wife.
 She has
never seen
a football match
in a stadium.
 We have
never seen
a polar bear.
They have never
taken a plane.
 We have
never eaten
insects.
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PAST
PARTICIPLE
IRREGULAR
VERBS
What are the most
common irregular
verbs in English?
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

was/
BE were
BEEN
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BECOME
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

BECOME became BECOME

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BEGIN
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

BEGIN began BEGUN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BREAK
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

BREAK broke BROKEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BRING
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

BRING brought BROUGHT

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BUY
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

BUY bought BOUGHT

IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
CHOOSE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

CHOOSE chose CHOSEN

IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
COME
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

COME came COME

IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
DO
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

DO did DONE
IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
DRIVE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

DRIVE drove DRIVEN

IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
EAT
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

EAT ate EATEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

FEEL
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

FEEL felt FELT

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

FIND
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

FIND found FOUND

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

FORGET
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

FORGET forgot FORGOTTEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GET
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

GET got GOT

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GIVE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

GIVE gave GIVEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GO
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

GO went GONE
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

HAVE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

HAVE had HAD

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

HEAR
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

HEAR heard HEARD

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

KNOW
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

KNOW knew KNOWN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

LEAVE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

LEAVE left LEFT

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

MAKE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

MAKE made MADE

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

MEET
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

MEET met MET

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

PUT
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

PUT put PUT

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

READ
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

READ read READ

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SEE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

SEE saw SEEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SELL
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

SELL sold SOLD

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SING
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

SING sang SUNG

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SLEEP
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

SLEEP slept SLEPT

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SPEAK
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

SPEAK spoke SPOKEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SWIM
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

SWIM swam SWUM

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TAKE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

TAKE took TAKEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TEACH
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

TEACH taught TAUGHT

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TELL
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

TELL told TOLD

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

THINK
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

THINK thought THOUGHT

IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
UNDERSTAND
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

UNDERSTAND understood UNDERSTOOD

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

WAKE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

WAKE woke WOKEN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

WEAR
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

WEAR wore WORN

 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

WRITE
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

WRITE wrote WRITTEN

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PAST
PARTICIPLE
IRREGULAR
VERBS
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GO
GO gone
I have just gone
to the beach to
have a walk.
She has gone to
the park.
Anna isn't here.
She has gone
shopping.
Her husband has
gone to Germany
to a business
trip.
They have gone
to the doctor.
IRREGULAR
VERB

TO SEE
SEE seen
I have just seen
your brother at
the café.
 You have
already seen
that movie.
 She has never
seen
a football match
in a stadium.
He has recently
seen
his grandfather.
 We have
never seen
a polar bear.
 They haven't
seen
the Eiffel Tower
yet.
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TAKE
TAKE taken
I have just taken
a taxi to Times
Square.
He has already
taken the
schoolbus.
She has taken
the train
everyday
for two years.
We have never
taken a plane.
 They have
recently taken
care of a cat.
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PAST
PARTICIPLE
IRREGULAR
VERBS
Irregular verbs are verbs which do not
follow normal rules for conjugation.
What are the most
common irregular
verbs in English?
 THINK GO DO
BE

TAKE HAVE SAY

GET KNOW SEE

IRREGULAR
VERB

TO BE
BE been
I have been in
Mexico three
times.
You have been
in that big park
just one time.
She has never
been
in that art
museum.
 It has never
been
with other dogs.
 I have been
in that beach
with my family
lots of times.
He has been
in New York
many times.
 We have been
in his restaurant
twice.
They have been
in that cinema
lots of times.
 You have been
in the casino
numerous times.
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

HAVE
HAVE had
I have had the
same car for
10 years.
He has already
had breakfast.
 She has had
that disease
for two years.
They have just
had lunch all
together
We have never
had a fish.
We have never
had luck with
the weather.
They have just
had dinner.
His grandfather
has just had a
heart attack.
She has had a
call from
the police.
Have you ever
had a pet?
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PRESENT
PERFECT
have
/has + past
participle

PRESENT
PERFECT
What is the
past
participle?
PAST
PARTICIPLE
USE

The past participle is used

in two main ways:
1. to create past verb forms;
2. as an adjective.
 1
USE

To create past
verb forms
EXAMPLES
with
regular
verbs
 I have already
talked with him.
talk + -ed

talked
She has never
worked in that
restaurant.
work + -ed

worked
She has just
finished her
homework.
finish + -ed

finished
She has never
played
with a cat.
play + -ed

played
 I have
visited
Venice twice.
visit + -ed

visited
 They have
walked
for two hours.
walk + -ed

walked
EXAMPLES
with
irregular
verbs
I have been
in London.
I have just seen
that movie.
I have never
eaten
scorpions.
 I have never
swum
in your
swimming pool.
She has just
written
a book.
 2
USE

As an
adjective
This computer is
broken. It doesn’t
work.
 We were very
surprised to hear
the news.
That is stolen
money.
This fruit is
expired.
He is infuriated.
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Have you
ever been....?
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT
PERFECT
The present perfect tense is a
very common tense in English.
PRESENT
PERFECT
FORMS
 The present
perfect is formed
from:

+
HAVE/ past
participle
HAS
ATTENTION!

There are IRREGULAR VERBS that have

particular past participle forms.
USE OF
PRESENT
PERFECT
 1
USE
USE

The present perfect is a verb tense which

is used for something that started in the
past and continues in the present.
.
 2
USE
USE

We use the present perfect when we are

talking about our experience up to the
present.
USE

We often use the adverb ever to talk

about experience up to the present or
never for the negative form.
 3
USE
USE

The present perfect can be used for

something that happened in the past but
is important in the present.
 4
USE
USE

We often use the present perfect with

adverbials which refer to the recent past:
just, recently.

Or adverbials which include the present:

ever, yet.
ATTENTION!

We do NOT use the present perfect with

adverbials which refer to a finished
past time: yesterday, last
week/month/year, in 1993, when I was
a child, etc..
Last week
I have been
in Tokyo.

Last week
I went to
Tokyo.
 5
USE
USE

After a clause with the present perfect, we

often use a clause with since to show
when something started in the past.
 6
USE
Have you
ever been....?
USE

We use have/has been when someone has

gone to a place and returned.
Have you
ever been in
London?

No, but I have

been in
Edinburgh.
USE

But when someone has not returned,

we use have/has gone.
Where is
your
mother?

She has gone to Sicily

one week. She'll be
back tomorrow.
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 e a k i n g
Sp
ab o u t . .
London
Have you
ever been in
London?
London is the
capital of the
United Kingdom.
The city stands
on the River
Thames in the
south-east of
England.
London has a
diverse range of
people and
cultures, and more
than 300
languages are
spoken in the
region.
 Some of the most
famous attractions
in London are:
.....
The Big Ben
The Palace of
Westminster
or The
Houses of
Parliament
Buckingham
Palace
The London
Eye
The Tower
Bridge
Trafalgar
Square
Other big symbols
of London are:
.....
 The red
phone box
The red bus
The black
taxi
 The
beefeaters,
the guards
that protect
the Tower of
London.
 The London
Underground.
The oldest
underground
railway
network in
the world.
 And you?
Have you e
ver
been in
London?
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TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY

The technology is the application of

scientific knowledge to the practical aims
of human life.
TECHNOLOGY

VOCABULARY
Wi-Fi
 Internet
connection
without wires
or cables.
Computer
 An electronic
machine. You use
it for going on the
internet, storing
information,
working or
playing games.
Laptop
A computer that
can travel with
you.
Cellphone
/mobile
Your personal
telephone.
E-mail
An electronic
letter.
Keyboard
You use this to
write on a
computer. It has
letters or
characters on.
Screen
 The part of your
computer where
you see the
pictures or words.
Website
Google, YouTube
and Wikipedia are
types of WEBSITE.
Mouse
 You use this to
move and click on
a computer.
CURIOSITY
CURIOSITY
"MOUSE
POTATO"
A "mouse potato"
is a person who
spends a lot of
time on their
computer and
does not have an
active style of life.
TECHNOLOGY

VERBS
surfing on
Internet
 Looking for
information on
Internet.
typing
Writing messages
on a keyboard.
chatting
 Typing and
sending messages
to someone.
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TAG QUESTIONS

SIMPLE PAST
 TAG
QUESTIONS

A tag question is a special construction in

English. It is a sentence followed by a mini-
question. We use tag questions to ask for
confirmation. They mean something like: "Is
that right?" They are very common in English.
Positive
sentence
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
positive
sentences)

In the following examples with

positive sentences, you will see that
most of the time, the auxiliary verb
from the positive sentence is
repeated in the tag and changed to
negative.
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
positive
sentences)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TAG
TO BE
 POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

You were at
my brother's
party,
weren't you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

We were
near the
museum,
weren't we?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

You were
coming,
weren't
you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

They were
a beautiful
couple,
weren't
they?
 TO
HAVE
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

You had
two pets,
hadn't
you?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

She had
two
children,
hadn't she?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

She had
fever,
hadn't
she?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

You had
a red car,
hadn't
you?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

They had
a big house,
hadn't
they?
CAN
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

You could
swim,
couldn't
you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

She could
speak
Italian,
couldn't
she?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

He could
drive,
couldn't
he?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

You could
read when
you were 4,
couldn't
you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

They could
surf,
couldn't
they?
 DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

You ate lots

of pasta,
didn't you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

Yesterday
she slept on
the sofa
after work,
didn't she?
 POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

Dinosaurs
lived on
Earth, didn't
they?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

They liked
drawing,
didn't they?
Negative
sentence
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
negative
sentences)

In the following examples with

negative sentences, you will see that
most of the time, the auxiliary verb
from the negative sentence is
repeated in the tag and changed to
positive.
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
negative
sentences)

NEGATIVE POSITIVE
SENTENCE TAG
TO BE
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

You weren't
a good
student,
were you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

He wasn't
at home
yesterday,
was he?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

We weren't
near the
theatre,
were we?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

You
weren't
at work,
were you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

They
weren't
leaving,
were they?
 TO
HAVE
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

You hadn't
got a car,
had you?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

She hadn't
got a cat,
had she?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

He hadn't
any friends,
had he?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

We hadn't
got meat in
our fridge,
had we?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

You hadn't
any children,
had you?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

They hadn't
got a big
house,
had they?
CAN
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

You couldn't
swim,
could you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

She couldn't
draw,
could she?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

He couldn't
play musical
instruments
very well,
could he?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

We couldn't
play
basketball
very well,
could we?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

They
couldn't
cycle,
could they?
 DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

You didn't
like
studying,
did you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

She didn't
sleep,
did she?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

He didn't
like the
beach,
did he?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

They didn't
eat
vegetables,
did they?
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Habits
Habits are rituals and behaviors that we
perform automatically, such as brushing
our teeth, taking a shower, getting
dressed for work, and following the same
routes every day without thinking about
them.
PRESENT

Habits
I always walk
my dog in the
morning.
You usually go
to bed at 11.
He normally
drinks
coffee after
lunch.
We usually eat
pizza on
Saturdays.
They generally
study
at night.
PAST

Habits
We can use used to to talk about past
habits (repeated past actions),
that don't happen any more.
Subj. + used to
+ Base form of
the main verb
 He used to go
swimming every
Thursday when
he was at school.
 She used to
smoke when she
was a teenager.
Their dad used
to read them
amazing stories
every night
at bedtime.
We used to go to
the same beach
every summer.
 They used to
ride the bike
when they lived
near the park.
NEGATIVE
FORM
Subj. + didn't
use to + Base
form of the
main verb
He didn't use to
eat vegetables
when he was
a child.
She didn't use to
smoke when she
was a teenager.
She didn't like it!
 Their dad didn't
use to read them
stories before
sleeping.
We didn't use to
go to the same
beach every
summer.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
 Did + Subj. +
use to + Base
form of the
main verb
Did you use to
smoke when
you were a
teenager?
Did you use to
go to swim
when you were
a child?
 Did your dad
use to read you
stories before
sleeping?
 Did she
use to eat
vegetables
when she was
younger?
Did they use to
go to work
by car when
they lived
in New York.
 Past
Simple
We can always use the past simple as an
alternative to used to to talk about past
states or habits. The main difference is
that the past simple doesn't emphasise
the repeated action. Also, the past simple
doesn't make it so clear that the thing is
no longer true.
 We went We used to go
to skii every skiing every
winter. winter.
If something happened only once,
we must use the past simple.
I went to Japan
in 2015.
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Wh-Questions in
the Past Simple
 Wh-
PAST
SIMPLE

questions
Wh- questions are questions that require
more information in their answers. Typical
wh- words are what, where, when, why,
who, how, how many, how much.
 How to create a
Wh-question in the
Past Simple
 Wh- word +
did + Subj. +
Base form of
the main verb
WHAT
What did you
buy at the
supermarket?
What did he eat
for breakfast
this morning?
WHERE
 Where did you
meet my brother
yesterday?
Where did they
have dinner
last night?
WHEN
 When did you
sell your house?
When did you
take your first
plane?
WHO
Who did you
meet at the
restaurant?
Who did you
drive home
last day?
WHY
Why did you
change your
clothes three
times?
Why did he sell
his beautiful car?
HOW
 How did you
learn German?
 How did she
make this cake?
Howmany/
how much +
noun + did +
Subj. + Base
form of the
main verb
HOW
MANY
 How many
animals did you
adopt when you
were a child?
 How many
friends did she
have at school?
HOW
MUCH
 How much
money did you
pay for your
wedding?
How much salt
did she put in
the soup?
NEGATIVE
FORM
 Wh- word +
didn't + Subj. +
Base form of
the main verb
Why didn't you
tell me about
your accident?
 Why didn't you
take an umbrella
before going
out?
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COULD
USE 1:
Simple
Past

We use COULD to talk

about past ability.
CAN COULD
SINGULAR PLURAL

like
I could we could

like
you could you could
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they could
could
EXAMPLES
 USE
1

When I was
young,
I could
play tennis.
 USE
1

When he
was a child,
he could
dance hip
pop.
 USE
1
When I was
eight,
I could
speak
a very good
English.
 USE
1
When she
was a little
girl, she
could
play the
piano.
NEGATIVE
FORM
EXAMPLES
 USE
1

When she
was a child,
she couldn't
ride a bike
very well.
 USE
1

When we were
children,
we couldn't
play chess.
 USE
1

When I was
three,
I couldn't
speak
very good.
 USE
1

When he was
a little boy,
he couldn't
ride the bike
very well.
USE 2:
Modal
Verb

We use could to ask for

permission. Could is more
formal and polite than can.
 USE
2

Could I ask
you a
personal
question?
 USE
2

Could I have
a glass of
water,
please?
 USE
2

Could I have
another
piece of
cake,
please?
 USE
2

Could I have
sugar
for my
coffee,
please?
 USE
2

WARNING!
USE 2:
Modal
Verb

We don’t use could to give or

refuse permission. We use can.
 USE
2

Could I
leave early
today,
please?
 ANSWERS

Yes, you can.

No, you can't.
 USE
2

Could I stay
home today,
mom? I don't
feel very
well.
 ANSWERS

Yes, you can.

No, you can't.
 USE
2

Could I eat
that
chocolate,
mom?
 ANSWERS

Yes, you can.

No, you can't.
 USE
2

Could I close
the window,
please?
It's so cold!
 ANSWERS

Yes, you can.

No, you can't.
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SIMPLE PAST
IRREGULAR
VERBS
What are the most
common irregular
verbs in English?
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BE
 was/
BE were
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BECOME
BECOME became
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BEGIN
BEGIN began
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BREAK
BREAK broke
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BRING
BRING brought
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

BUY
BUY bought
IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
CHOOSE
CHOOSE chose
IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
COME
COME came
IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
DO
DO did
IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
DRIVE
DRIVE drove
IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
EAT
EAT ate
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

FEEL
FEEL felt
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

FIND
FIND found
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

FORGET
FORGET forgot
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GET
GET got
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GIVE
GIVE gave
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GO
GO went
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

HAVE
HAVE had
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

HEAR
HEAR heard
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

KNOW
KNOW knew
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

LEAVE
LEAVE left
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

MAKE
MAKE made
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

MEET
MEET met
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

PUT
PUT put
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

PUT
READ read
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SEE
SEE saw
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SELL
SELL sold
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SING
SING sang
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SLEEP
SLEEP slept
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SPEAK
SPEAK spoke
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SWIM
SWIM swam
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TAKE
TAKE took
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TEACH
TEACH taught
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TELL
TELL told
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

THINK
THINK thought
IRREGULAR
VERB
TO
UNDERSTAND
UNDERSTAND understood
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

WAKE
WAKE woke
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

WEAR
WEAR wore
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

WRITE
WRITE wrote
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SIMPLE PAST
IRREGULAR
VERBS
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

TAKE
SINGULAR PLURAL

II like
took we took

you
you like
took you took
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they took
took
I took a bus to
come back
home.
I + took
You took
my jacket
by mistake.
you + took
 He took
a plane to
San Francisco.
he + took
She took a book
from the library
near my house.
she + took
 It took
a piece of cheese
from the table.
it + took
 We took
a boat to reach
an island.
we + took
 You took
his hands
to cross the
street.
you + took
 They took
the train to visit
his aunt.
they + took
NEGATIVE
FORM
 Subj. +
didn't take
negative
form

EXAMPLES
I didn't take a bus
to come back
home.
You didn't take
a plane to go to
San Francisco.
He didn't take
his jacket by
mistake.
 We didn't take
the train to visit
our grandparents.
They didn't take
his hands before
crossing the
street.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
Did + subj. +
TAKE + ?
 Did you take
the bus to come
back home?
 ANSWERS

Yes, I did No, I did not

 Did he take
the plane to go
to San Francisco?
 ANSWERS

Yes, he did No, he did not

 Did you take
the train to visit
your cousins?
 ANSWERS

Yes, we did No, we did not

 Did they take
a boat to reach
that island?
 ANSWERS

Yes, they did No, they did not

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SIMPLE PAST
IRREGULAR
VERBS
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

SEE
SINGULAR PLURAL

I Ilike
saw we saw

you
you like
saw you saw
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they saw
saw
I saw your
cousin at a
restaurant.
I + saw
 You saw
a beautiful grey
cat in your
garden.
you + saw
 He saw
someone
at his door.
he + saw
 She saw an
interesting book
in that library.
she + saw
 It saw
a little hamster.
it + saw
 We saw
your sister and
her child at the
supermarket.
we + saw
 You saw
a dog in front
of your door.
you + saw
 They saw
some cows
in the street.
they + saw
NEGATIVE
FORM
 Subj. +
didn't see
negative
form

EXAMPLES
 I didn't see
anybody at my
door.
You didn't see
Mark at the
restaurant.
He didn't see
his best friend
at his party.
 We didn't see
your cat today.
They didn't see
the storm last
night.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
Did + subj. +
SEE + ?
 Did you see
my cat today?
 ANSWERS

Yes, I did No, I did not

 Did he see
Mark at the
restaurant?
 ANSWERS

Yes, he did No, he did not

 Did you see
some cows on
your way home?
 ANSWERS

Yes, we did No, we did not

 Did they see
anybody
at their door?
 ANSWERS

Yes, they did No, they did not

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SIMPLE PAST
IRREGULAR
VERBS
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

GO
SINGULAR PLURAL

I like
went we went

you like
went you went
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they went
went
I went to the
beach last
weekend.
I + went
 You went
to the cinema
with my brother.
you + went
 He went
to the park
with his dog.
he + went
She went to the
supermarket
yesterday
morning.
she + went
 It went
out to take a
walk.
it + went
 We went
to Mary's last
night.
we + went
 You went
to the mountains
last week,
because you like
skiing.
you + went
They went
to Italy
last year.
they + went
NEGATIVE
FORM
 Subj. +
didn't go
negative
form

EXAMPLES
I didn't go to the
beach last
weekend.
 You didn't go
to the cinema
with my brother.
He didn't go
to the park
with his dog.
She didn't go
to Marta's for
dinner.
It didn't go out
this morning.
 We didn't go to
his birthday party.
 You didn't go
to the mountains
last winter.
They didn't go
to Japan last
month.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
Did + subj. +
GO + ?
 Did you go
to the theatre
last week?
 ANSWERS

Yes, I did No, I did not

 Did he go
to the park with
his dog?
 ANSWERS

Yes, he did No, he did not

 Did you go
to the mountains
last winter?
 ANSWERS

Yes, we did No, we did not

 Did they go
to Italy
last summer?
 ANSWERS

Yes, they did No, they did not

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SIMPLE PAST
IRREGULAR
VERBS
 TO
IRREGULAR
VERB

HAVE
SINGULAR PLURAL

I Ilike
had we had

you
youlike
had you had
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they had
had
I had flu last
week.
I + had
 You had
an excellent
idea.
you + had
 He had
a black dog
when he was
younger.
he + had
She had a baby
last night.
she + had
 It had
a red and
yellow ball.
it + had
 We had
a little house
3 years ago.
we + had
 You had
a beautiful
friendship.
you + had
They had
a red car
last year.
they + had
NEGATIVE
FORM
 Had + NOT

Subj. +
didn't have
negative
form

EXAMPLES
 I had not/
didn't have flu
last week.
You had not/
didn't have
a good idea.
He had not/didn't
have a black dog
when he was a
child.
She had not/
didn't have
a baby.
 It had not/
didn't have a
yellow ball.
We had not/didn't
have a big house
3 years ago.
 You had
not/didn't have
a beautiful
friendship.
 They had
not/didn't have
a red car
last year.
 TO HAVE -
NEGATIVE
CONTRACTIONS
SINGULAR PLURAL

II hadn't
like we hadn't

you hadn't
you like you hadn't
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they hadn't
hadn't
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
 Had + subj. + ?

Did + subj. +
have + ?
 Had I a good
idea?

Did I have
a good idea?
 ANSWERS

Yes, you had/ No, you hadn't/

Yes, you did No, you did not
 Had you flu
last week?

Did you have

flu last week?
 ANSWERS

Yes, I had/ No, I hadn't/

Yes, I did No, I did not
 Had he a dog
when he was
younger?

Did he have
a dog when he
was younger?
 ANSWERS

Yes, he had/ No, he hadn't/

Yes, he did No, he did not
 Had she a baby
last night?

Did she have

a baby last night?
 ANSWERS

Yes, she had/ No, she hadn't/

Yes, she did No, she did not
 Had it a yellow
ball?

Did it have
a yellow ball?
 ANSWERS

Yes, it had/ No, it hadn't/

Yes, it did No, it did not
 Had we a
beautiful house?

Did we have
a beautiful house?
 ANSWERS

Yes, you had/ No, you hadn't/

Yes, you did No, you did not
 Had you a
beautiful
friendship?

Did you have

a beautiful
friendship?
 ANSWERS

Yes, we had/ No, we hadn't/

Yes, we did No, we did not
 Had they a red
car last year?

Did they have

a red car
last year?
 ANSWERS

Yes, they had/ No, they hadn't/

Yes, they did No, they did not
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SIMPLE PAST
IRREGULAR
VERBS
Irregular verbs are verbs which do not
follow normal rules for conjugation.
What are the most
common irregular
verbs in English?
 THINK GO DO
BE

TAKE HAVE SAY

GET KNOW SEE

IRREGULAR
VERB

TO BE
SINGULAR PLURAL

I Ilike
was we were

you like
were you were
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they were
was
I was tired this
morning,
because I didn't
sleep very well.
I + was
You were
an excellent
student.
you + were
 He was
a very
kind man.
he + was
She was late for
work yesterday
morning.
she + was
 It was
a sunny day
last Sunday.
it + was
 We were
good friends
when we were
younger.
we + were
 You were
on holiday
together last
August. .
you + were
They were
happy with
their exam
results.
they + were
NEGATIVE
FORM
was/were
+
NOT
negative
form

EXAMPLES
I was not tired
this morning.
 You were not
a good student.
He was not
married with
her sister.
 She was not a
famous actress.
 It was not
cold yesterday.
 We were not
invited at their
wedding.
You were not
at his
birthday party.
They were not
good friends.
 TO BE -
NEGATIVE
CONTRACTIONS
SINGULAR PLURAL

II wasn't
like we weren't

youweren't
you like you weren't
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they weren't
wasn't
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
was/were +
subj. + base
form of the
verb + ?
 Was I late
this morning?
 ANSWERS

Yes, you were. No, you weren't.

Were you sick?
 ANSWERS

Yes, I was. No, I wasn't.

 Was he
surprised?
 ANSWERS

Yes, he was. No, he wasn't.

 Was she
from Canada?
 ANSWERS

Yes, she was. No, she wasn't.

 Was it
a big house?
 ANSWERS

Yes, it was. No, it wasn't.

 Were we
a beautiful
couple?
 ANSWERS

Yes, you were. No, you weren't.

Were you friends
when you were
children?
 ANSWERS

Yes, we were. No, we weren't.

Were they busy
last week end?
 ANSWERS

No, they
Yes, they were. weren't.
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SIMPLE PAST
 USE OF
SIMPLE PAST
 5
USE
USE

The simple past can also be used to

describe past facts or generalizations
which are no longer true.
affirmative
form

EXAMPLES
 People paid
much more to
make cell phone
calls in the past.
pay + -id

paid
 He loved
tomatoes
before, but now
he hate them.
love + -ed

loved
 We lived
in Canada
when we were
children.
live + -d

lived
She hated going
to the cinema,
but now
she love it!
hate + -d

hated
He was shy when
he was a child,
but now he is
very outgoing.
is was

irregular
verb
NEGATIVE
FORM
 DIDN'T +
base form
of the
verb
negative
form

EXAMPLES
People didn't pay
a lot to make cell
phone calls in the
past.
She didn't like
tomatoes, but
now she love
them.
 We didn't live
in Canada when
we were children.
We lived in USA.
 She didn't like
going to the
cinema, but now
she love it.
 He was not
outgoing when
he was a child,
but now he is.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
DID + subj. +
base form
of the verb
+?
 Did people pay
much more to
make cell phone
calls in the past?
 Did she hate
tomatoes when
she was a child?
 Did they live
in Canada when
they were
youger?
 Did she like
going to the
cinema when she
was a child?
 Was he
shy when he
was a child?
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SIMPLE PAST
 USE OF
SIMPLE PAST
 4
USE
USE

The simple past can also be used to

describe a habit which stopped in the past.
To make it clear that we are talking about
a habit, we often add expressions such as:
always, often, usually, never, when I was a
child, when I was younger, etc.
affirmative
form
EXAMPLES
with
regular
verbs
I studied French
when I was
a child.
study + -ied

studied
 He played
the violin
every week.
play + -ed

played
 She worked
in a restaurant
after school.
work + -ed

worked
 She always
danced
before sleeping.
dance + -d

danced
She cried
at school
every day.
cry + -ied

cried
NEGATIVE
FORM
 DIDN'T +
base form
of the
verb
negative
form

EXAMPLES
I didn't study
French when
I was a child.
He didn't play
the violin
every week.
She didn't work
in a restaurant
after school.
She didn't cry
at school
every day.
She didn't dance
before sleeping.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
DID + subj. +
base form
of the verb
+?
 Did you study
French
when you were
a child?
 Did he play
the violin
every week?
 Did she work
in a restaurant
after school?
 Did she cry
at school
every day?
 Did she dance
before sleeping?
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SIMPLE PAST
 USE OF
SIMPLE PAST
 3
USE
USE

The simple past can be used with a

duration which starts and stops in the
past. A duration is a longer action often
indicated by expressions such as: for two
years, for five minutes, all day, all year,
etc..
affirmative
form
EXAMPLES
with
regular
verbs
 You talked
on the phone
for 30 minutes.
talk + -ed

talked
 He waited
for the Doctor
for 1 hour.
wait + -ed

waited
They played
on the beach
all day.
play + -ed

played
 We stayed
at the party
the entire night.
stay + -ed

stayed
 She studied
Japanese for 3
years.
 verb
(consonant)
+ -y
study + -ied

studied
I lived in Spain
for almost
6 months.
verb -e
live + -d

lived
NEGATIVE
FORM
 DIDN'T +
base form
of the
verb
negative
form

EXAMPLES
 I didn't live
in Spain for 3
months.
She didn't study
Chinese for 3
years.
They didn't play
on the beach
all day.
 We didn't stay
at the party
the entire night.
He didn't wait
for the Doctor
one hour.
You didn't talk
on the phone
for 30 minutes.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
DID + subj. +
base form
of the verb
+?
 Did you talk
on the phone
for 30 minutes?
 Did he wait
for the Doctor
for one hour?
 Did you stay
at the party the
entire night?
Did they play
on the beach
all day?
 Did you live
in Spain for
almost 6 months?
Did she study
Japanese for
3 years?
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SIMPLE PAST
 USE OF
SIMPLE PAST
 2
USE
USE

We use the simple past to list a series of

completed actions in the past.
affirmative
form
EXAMPLES
with
regular
verbs
 I finished
work and then
I walked on
the beach.
finish + -ed

finished
walk + -ed

walked
 He arrived
home, changed
his clothes and
cooked dinner.
cook + -ed

cooked
ATTENTION!

There are some

exceptions
verb -e
arrive + -d

arrived
change + -d

changed
 verb
(consonant)
+ -y
study + -ied

studied
try + -ied

tried
 verb
(vowel +
consonant)
travel + -led

travelled
stop + -ped

stopped
NEGATIVE
FORM
 DIDN'T +
base form
of the
verb
negative
form

EXAMPLES
I didn't eat
and drink.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
DID + subj. +
base form
of the verb
+?
 Did you clean
the house and
wash the dishes?
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SIMPLE PAST
 USE OF
SIMPLE PAST
 1
USE
USE

The simple past is a verb tense which is

used to show that a completed action took
place at a specific time in the past.
affirmative
form
EXAMPLES
with
regular
verbs
Yesterday
I washed
my car.
wash + -ed

washed
When you were
younger,
you listened
to rap music.
listen + -ed

listened
 Last week
she visited
her grandfather.
visit + -ed

visited
 Last night
my cat opened
my bedroom
door.
open + -ed

opened
When he was a
child,
he played
the guitar.
play + -ed

played
They enjoyed
last summer.
enjoy + -ed

enjoyed
NEGATIVE
FORM
 DIDN'T +
base form
of the
verb
negative
form
EXAMPLES
with
regular
verbs
I didn't wash
my car
yesterday.
When you were
young, you
didn't listen
to rap music.
Last week she
didn't visit
to her
grandmother.
When he was a
child, he didn't
play the guitar.
 They didn't
enjoy
last summer.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
DID + subj. +
base form
of the verb
+?
 Did you
wash your car
yesterday?
 Did you
visit your
grandmother
last week?
 Did you listen
to pop music
when you were
young?
 Did he play
the guitar
when he was a
child?
Did they enjoy
last summer?
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VERB TENSES
SIMPLE
TENSES
 PRESENT
SIMPLE

PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE SIMPLE
The past tense is used to describe things that have
already happened (yesterday, last week, three years
ago, etc.).
The present tense is used to describe things that are
happening right now, or things that are continuous.
The future tense describes things that have yet to
happen (later, tomorrow, next week, next year, etc).
SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE
PAST
The simple past tense is one of the
most common tenses in English. Its
form is the same with all subjects.
SIMPLE PAST
FORMS
The simple past is
normally formed
using:

REGULAR
VERB + -ed
ATTENTION!

There are IRREGULAR VERBS that have

particular past forms.
 USE OF
SIMPLE PAST
 1
USE
USE

The simple past is a verb tense which is

used to show that a completed action took
place at a specific time in the past.
 2
USE
USE

We use the simple past to list a series of

completed actions in the past.
 3
USE
USE

The simple past can be used with a

duration which starts and stops in the
past. A duration is a longer action often
indicated by expressions such as: for two
years, for five minutes, all day, all year,
etc..
 4
USE
USE

The simple past can also be used to

describe a habit which stopped in the past.
To make it clear that we are talking about
a habit, we often add expressions such as:
always, often, usually, never, when I was a
child, when I was younger, etc.
 5
USE
USE

The simple past can also be used to

describe past facts or generalizations
which are no longer true.
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CELEBRATION
When you speak about
Celebrations, you can
use the following prepositions:
AT and ON.
AT
 AT
Christmas
 AT
Epiphany
 AT
Easter
ON
 ON
Christmas Eve
 ON
Christmas Day
 ON
New Year's Eve
 ON
New Year's Day
 ON
Three Kings' Day
 ON
Easter Day
CELEBRATION

EPIPHANY
What is Epiphany
or Three Kings'
Day?
Epiphany, also
known as Three
Kings' Day is a
holiday
celebrated in
lots of
countries.
What people
celebrate?
People
celebrate the
three Kings visit
to baby Jesus
and also
remember his
baptism.
When do people
celebrate
Epiphany?
People
celebrate
Epiphany
the sixth
of January.
 What does
people do for
Epiphany?
 Spain

In Spain people buy

a special cake,
called 'Roscón'.
There is normally a
figure of a king
and, if you find
that, you can wear
the crown.
 Italy

Children get their

presents. But they
believe that an old
lady called 'Befana'
brings them.
Children put
stockings up by the
fireplace for Befana
to fill.
 Ireland

In Ireland, Epiphany
is also called
Women's Christmas.
Traditionally the
women get the day
off and men do the
housework and
cooking.
 Mexico

In Mexico, it's
traditional to
eat a special
cake called
'Rosca de
Reyes'.
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PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
TO BE verb -ing
I am travelling
around Africa.
You are taking
wonderful
photos.
She is wearing
a black dress.
He is watching
a football match.
It is eating
fish.
We are driving
to the beach.
You are
singing
a song.
They are drinking
orange juice.
PRESENT PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
SIMPLE
PRESENT
SIMPLE

For facts or things

that are generally
true.
 Whales live
in the ocean.
 Water boils
at 100° Celsius.
Tigers are
carnivore.
PRESENT
SIMPLE

For regular habits

or repeated
actions.
 I brush
my teeth three
times a day.
 She reads
in bed
every night.
 He goes
to the gym
after work.
 They walk
to school
every morning.
 PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

For an action
happening right
now, at the moment
of speaking.
I am teaching
an English
lesson.
She is taking
his dog for
a walk.
They are
watching
a video.
He is washing
his car.
 PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

To talk about
something that is
happening around the
time of speaking, but
not necessarely at this
exact moment.
I am reading
a great book.
It doesn't necessarily mean
that I am reading a book
right at this moment. It refers
to this moment of my like.
PRESENT PRESENT
SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE

I live in England. I am living in England

at the moment.
I plan to live in
England for a long The situation is
time and I don't plan temporary. Next
to change soon. month I plan to live in
a different city.
PRESENT PRESENT
SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE

It rains a lot in Winter.

It is raining right now.

This is a fact. It is This is an action

generally true. happening right now.
The situation is
temporary.
 TIME
EXPRESSIONS
USED WITH
PRESENT
SIMPLE
ALWAYS NEVER
OFTEN

GENERALLY SOMETIMES
EVERY
DAY EVERY
YEAR

EVERY
WEEK
ONCE A
DAY THREE TIMES
A YEAR

TWICE A
WEEK
 IN THE
MORNING IN THE
AFTERNOON
IN THE
EVENING AT
NIGHT
 TIME
EXPRESSIONS
USED WITH
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
NOW AT THE
MOMENT

RIGHT
NOW STILL
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NEGATIVE FORM
 base form
TO DO
of the verb
TO BE -
TO HAVE
(negative forms)
MODAL VERBS base form
(negative
forms)
of the verb
auxiliary
verb
TO DO
(negative
form)
DON'T/ base form
DOESN'T of the verb
I don't know.
He doesn't
know.
 TO BE
(negative
forms)
Aren't/
isn't
I am not
nervous.
You aren't
old.
She isn't
a dancer.
 He isn't
his brother. He
is his cousin.
 It isn't
an interesting
book.
 We aren't
a little family.
You aren't
shy people.
They aren't
their dogs.
TO HAVE
(negative
forms)
Haven't/
hasn't
 I haven't
any brothers
or sisters.
You haven't
a big family.
She hasn't
a car.
He hasn't
a garden.
We haven't
any children.
You haven't
a love story.
They haven't
big projects.
MODAL VERBS base form
(negative
forms)
of the verb
Modal verb
CAN
(negative
form)
Can't
 You can't
turn on the
radio at this
time. It's late!
 She can't
swim very
well.
Modal verb
MAY
(negative
form)
May not
You may not
go to the
bathroom
right now.
 He may not
go out to play,
it's raining.
Modal verb
MUST
(negative
form)
Mustn't
 You mustn't
go out without
a coat,
it's cold.
 He mustn't
play with fire.
It's dangerous!
Modal verb
SHOULD
(negative
form)
Shouldn't
 You shouldn't
get angry with
your mom.
She's always right.
You shouldn't
listen to him.
He's a liar.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
 base form
TO DO subject
of the verb

TO BE -
subject
TO HAVE

MODAL
subject
base form
VERBS of the verb
auxiliary
verb
TO DO
(interrogative
form)
DO/ base form
DOES of the verb
Do you want a
piece of cake?
Does she eat
every kind of
food?
 TO BE
(interrogative
forms)
Are/is subject
 Are you
an anxious
person?
 Is she
married?
 Is he
a dentist?
Are we
in time?
Are you
friends?
Are they
at home?
 TO HAVE
(interrogative
forms)
Have/has subject
Have you got
any doubts?
Has she
a horse?
 Has he
a red
schoolbag?
Have you got a
table for two?
Have they got
a restaurant?
 Modal verb
CAN
(interrogative
form)
Can you cook
well?
 Modal verb
MAY
(interrogative
form)
May I drive
your car?
 Modal verb
SHOULD
(interrogative
form)
 Should I write
him a message?
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VERB TO DO

AUXILIARY
VERB
TO interrogative

DO form

negative
form
auxiliary
verb
TO DO
(negative
form)
DON'T/ base form
DOESN'T of the verb
I don't speak
Chinese.
 You don't
travel by car.
He doesn't
eat meat.
She doesn't
understand
English.
It doesn't play
with the ball.
We normally
don't see
horror movies.
Sometimes you
don't sleep
on your bed.
 They
don't drink
coffee.
auxiliary
verb
TO DO
(interrogative
form)
 base form
DO/DOES subject
of the verb
 Do
you speak
Chinese?
 Do
you travel by
motorbike?
 Does
he eat
vegetables?
 Does
she speak
English?
 Does
it play
with a ball?
Do you watch
horror movies?
Do they drink
coffee?
VERB TO DO

MAIN VERB
 TO DO
SOMETHING
TO DO THE
HOMEWORK
TO DO SPORT
TO DO AN
EXERCISE
 TO DO
THE DISHES
 TO DO
BUSINESS
 TO DO
A FAVOR
ATTENTION!
TO TO
DO MAKE
 TO
MAKE
TO CREATE,
TO PRODUCE
TO MAKE
A CAKE
 TO MAKE
BREAKFAST/
LUNCH/DINNER
 TO
MAKE

expressions
TO MAKE
A MISTAKE
TO MAKE
NOISE
TO MAKE
A DECISION
TO MAKE
A CHOICE
TO MAKE
A CHANGE
TO MAKE
THE BED
 TO MAKE
A PHONE CALL
 TO MAKE
AN
APPOINTMENT
(at the Doctor's)
TO MAKE
A PROMISE
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PREPOSITIONS
OF TIME
IN ON
AT
IN
IN + parts of
the day
 in the
morning
in the
afternoon
in the
evening
I normally do
sport in the
morning.
IN + months of
the year
in March

in June
in
September
in
December
I like to go skiing
with my friends
in December.
IN + seasons
of the year
in Spring

in Summer
in
Autumn/Fall
in
Winter
I always go to
the beach
in Summer.
IN + years
in 1993

in 2001

in 2010

in 2019
I was born
in 1993.
AT
AT
+ one part of
the day
(night)
at night
Sometimes we
study
at night.
AT + time
 at 10:30
(at half past
ten)
at midday/ at
noon midnight
 See you
tomorrow
at midday!
AT + moments
of the day
 at at
sunrise sunset
I like running
at sunset!
0N
0N + days
of the year
on Monday
on
Wednesday
on Friday

on Sunday
0N
+ days
of the year +
parts of the
day
on Tuesday
morning
on Thursday
afternoon
on Saturday
evening
on Sunday
night
 See you
on Friday night!
0N + the
weekend
 on the
weekend
 We can go
to the cinema
on the weekend!
0N + birthday
 on my
birthday
I go to Disneyland
on my birthday!
0N
+ dates
(ordinal
number +
month)
on May 3
Christmas Eve is
on December 24.
0N +
celebrations
 on
Christmas
CELEBRATION
Next week is
Christmas
Day.
 What is
Christmas?
Christmas is a
religious and
cultural
celebration
among billions
of people
around the
world.
What people
celebrate?
Christmas is
celebrated to
remember the
birth of Jesus
Christ, who
Christians
believe is the
Son of God.
When do people
celebrate
Christmas?
People
celebrate
Christmas
Day the
twentyfifth of
December.
 What does
people do for
Christmas?
Many
people
decorate
their homes
and gardens
with lights.
People
decorate
their
Christmas
trees.
The first real
Christmas
tree was
decorated in
Germany.
Some people
do the Nativity
scene in their
homes.
Saint Francis of
Assisi is
credited with
creating the first
Nativity scene in
1223 at Greccio,
central Italy.
People visit
family or
friends and
exchange
gifts.
Children wait
for Santa
Clause.
Many people
go to church.
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LINKING WORDS
LINKING
WORDS
Linking words help you to connect ideas
and sentences when you speak or write
English. We can use linking words to give
examples, add information, summarise,
sequence information, give a reason or
result, or to contrast ideas.
 1
TO GIVE
EXAMPLES
The most common
way to give FOR
examples is: INSTANCE

FOR
EXAMPLE
 FOR
EXAMPLE
 FOR
EXAMPLE

I have lots of
hobbies,
for example
travelling.
 FOR
INSTANCE
 FOR
INSTANCE

I have lots of
hobbies,
for instance
travelling.
 2
TO ADD
INFORMATION
 You can add
information by MOREOVER

using the following ALSO

words:
IN
ADDITION
FURTHERMORE
AND
TOO
AND
 AND

We like
dancing
and
singing.
TOO
TOO

Too usually goes at the

end of the sentence.
 TOO

I'm happy
too.
ALSO
 ALSO

We also
speak Japanese.
 IN
ADDITION
 IN
ADDITION

We don’t usually start a sentence

with also. If you want to start a
sentence with a phrase that means
also, you can use In addition, or
In addition to this.
MOREOVER

FURTHERMORE
 MOREOVER/
FURTHERMORE

Moreover and furthermore add

extra information. They are normally
at the beginning of a sentence.
 3TO
SUMMERIZE
 You can IN
summarize by SUMMARY TO
using the following SUMMERIZE
words:
IN
BRIEF IN
IN CONCLUSION
TO
SHORT CONCLUDE
We normally use in short, in brief, in summary,
to summerize, in conclusion, to conclude at the
beginning of the sentence to give a summary of
what we have said or written.
 4
TO SEQUENCE
IDEAS
 You can
sequence ideas
by using the
following words:
FIRSTLY,
SECONDLY,
LASTLY
We normally use firstly, secondly, lastly to list
ideas. They are generally at the beginning of a
sentence.
 FIRSTLY,
SECONDLY, Firstly I change my
LASTLY clothes, secondly I
brush my teeth and
lastly I go to sleep.
 5
TO GIVE
REASONS
 You can
give reasons
by using the
following words: BECAUSE
OF
BECAUSE
BECAUSE
Because can be used at the
beginning or in the middle of a
sentence.
 BECAUSE

Because it was
raining, the match
was postponed.
BECAUSE
OF
Because of is followed
by a noun.
 BECAUSE
OF

Because of the
bad weather, the
match was
postponed.
 6
TO GIVE A
RESULT
 You can SO
give a result
by using the
following words:
CONSEQUENTLY
AS A
THEREFORE RESULT
As a result, so, consequently,
therefore are all used in a similar way.
 7 TO
CONTRAST
IDEAS
 You can BUT
contrast ideas
by using the
following words: IN SPITE OF/
DESPITE
ALTHOUGH
HOWEVER
But is more informal
than however.
BUT

HOWEVER
 BUT

He works hard,
but he doesn’t
earn much.
 HOWEVER

He works hard.
However he
doesn’t earn
much.
ALTHOUGH

IN SPITE OF/
DESPITE
 ALTHOUGH

Although it is
very cold,
she went out.
 IN SPITE
OF/DESPITE

In spite of/
despite the cold,
she went out.
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 TRIP/
JOURNEY
DIALOGUE

IN THE
AIRPORT
Tourist: Good morning! I'm going to New York.

Agent: Good morning! Can you give me your ticket and

your passport, please? How many people are you?

Tourist: Just me!

Agent: Is this your luggage? Put the suitcase

here, please.
Agent: Oh, you have a lot of bags! You must pay a tax
for your extra luggage.

Tourist: Yes, sure! No problem.

Agent: What seat do you want,

passage or window?

Tourist: Window, please.

Agent: Here you are your boarding pass. You should
go to the gate B, your plane is leaving in 30 minutes.
Have a nice fly!

Tourist: Thank you very much! Have an excellent day!

Agent: Thank you, you too. Goodbye!

Tourist: Bye!
USEFUL
VOCABULARY

IN THE
AIRPORT
TO TRAVEL
TO FLY
FLIGHT
AIRPLANE/
PLANE
SEAT
LUGGAGE
BOARDING PASS
GATE
WAITING ROOM
Do you like
travelling?
How do you
prefer
travelling?
VOCABULARY

MEANS OF
TRANSPORT
PREPOSITIONS
+ means of
transport

We use the prepositions BY or

ON with means of transport.
 BY +
mean of
transport

We prefer travelling
by car.
 BY +
mean of
transport

We love travelling
by plane.
 BY +
mean of
transport

I like travelling
by train.
 BY +
mean of
transport

It's amazing travelling

by motorcycle.
 BY +
mean of
transport

It's boring travelling

by bus.
 BY +
mean of
transport

I love travelling
by boat.
 BY/ON +
mean of
transport

I like going home

by/on foot.
 ON +
mean of
transport

I love going
on horseback/
riding a horse.
 ON +
mean of
transport

I love travelling
on a ship.
 ON +
mean of
transport

I like travelling
on my bycicle/bike.
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PREPOSITIONS
PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS are short words that

usually stand in front of nouns.
There are hardly any rules as to
when to use which preposition.
PREPOSITIONS
OF PLACE
 ABOVE

ON THE BEHIND ON
LEFT ON THE
RIGHT
IN FRONT
OF

UNDER
UNDER

The books are

UNDER the chair.
ON

The rabbit is
ON the chair.
ABOVE

The blue butterfly

is ABOVE the
chair.
IN FRONT
OF
The purple
butterfly is IN
FRONT OF the
chair.
BEHIND

The box is BEHIND

the chair.
ON THE
LEFT OF

The cat is ON THE

LEFT OF the chair.
 ON THE
RIGHT OF

The plant is ON
THE RIGHT OF
the chair.
PREPOSITIONS
OF TIME
ON
+ days of ON
the week Monday
IN
+ months IN
of the
year March
IN
+ seasons IN
of the
year Winter
IN
+ IN
years
2022
AT
+ AT half
time past 3 (3:30)
SINCE
+ SINCE
year 2010
FOR
+ FOR
period
of time 3 years
AGO
+
past
3 years
time AGO
 FROM -
TO/UNTIL
('TILL)
+ FROM 7 pm
time TO/UNTIL ('TILL)
9 pm.
 OTHER
PREPOSITIONS
FROM -
TO
This present is
FROM me TO
you.
OF
The page
OF the book.
BY
A cake
BY my mom.
AT
+ She learned
age Russian AT 45.
ABOUT
This article
+
topics is ABOUT
pollution.
IN
+ He gets IN
place the car.
OUT
+ He gets OUT of
place the car.
ON
+
mains of He gets ON
transport the train.
OFF
+
mains of He gets OFF
transport the train.
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 TRIP/
JOURNEY
DIALOGUE

IN THE
HOTEL
Receptionist: Good afternoon! Have you got a
reservation?

Guest: Good afternoon! No, I haven't. I would like a

room, please.

Receptionist: Sure! What room would you like,

single or double?

Guest: Double, please. For my wife and me.

Receptionist: Sure! How long will you stay?

Guest: We'll stay 3 days.

Receptionist: Excellent! I need your documents to

check-in.

Guest: Here you are!

Receptionist: So, here is your key. The room is
number 8, on second floor. You can leave your
luggage here and a bellboy helps you to bring them
to your room.

Guest: Thank you very much. Just a pair of questions:

what's included in this cost?

Receptionist: A breakfast buffet every morning,

from 7 to 10 am and a free airport shuttle
service.
Guest: Thank you and what time is check-out?

Receptionist: At midday, Sir.

Guest: Thank you very much. Where can we take the

elevator?

Receptionist: The elevator is over there.

Have a nice stay!

Guest: Thank you and see you later.

CHECK-OUT
Receptionist: Good morning! Did you enjoy your stay
with us?

Guest: Yes, very much.

I now need to go to the airport. I have a flight in about
two hours, so what is the quickest way to get there?

Receptionist: We have a free airport shuttle

service, that leaves in 15 minutes.
Guest: That sounds great!

Receptionist: Before you go, you have to pay the

mini-bar bill, please.

Guest: Sure, I pay with credit card. Here you are.

Receptionist: Thank you very much. And thank you

again for staying at our Hotel. Goodbye!

Guest: Goodbye!
USEFUL
VOCABULARY

IN THE
HOTEL
TO BOOK
RESERVATION
SINGLE
ROOM
DOUBLE
ROOM
KEY
KEYCARD
ELEVATOR/LIFT
RECEPTION
 ROOM
SERVICE
BREAKFAST
 ALL
INCLUSIVE
CHECK-IN
CHECK-OUT
CLEANING
SERVICE
 FREE AIRPORT
SHUTTLE SERVICE
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MODAL VERB

OUGHT TO
OUGHT
TO
OUGHT
TO We use OUGHT TO to talk about
things which are desired or ideal
and also when we talk about what
is probable.
OUGHT
TO
The verb OUGHT TO is similar to
should, but it is less common.
SINGULAR PLURAL

I like to
I ought we ought to

you
you like to
ought you ought to
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they ought to
ought to
OUGHT
DESIRED
TO
OR IDEAL
THINGS
 DESIRED
OR IDEAL
THINGS

They ought to have more

parks in the city centre.
DESIRED
OR IDEAL
THINGS

We ought to eat lots of

fruit and vegetables
every day.
DESIRED
OR IDEAL
THINGS

She ought to see her

grandmother at the
hospital.
OUGHT
TO
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY

The concert ought to

take about two hours.
PROBABILITY

There ought to be some

good films at the cinema
this weekend.
OUGHT
NOT TO
Negative
form
SINGULAR PLURAL
I ought not we ought not
to/oughtn't to/oughtn't
I like
you ought not you ought not
you like
to/oughtn't to/oughtn't
he / she /
it does
he/she/it they ought not
ought not
to/oughtn't
to/oughtn't
 OUGHT
NOT TO

They ought not to come

to his birthday party.
OUGHT
NOT TO
The negative form ought not
to/oughtn't is not common. We
usually use shouldn’t or should not
instead.
 OUGHT
NOT
TO/SHOULD
NOT

You shouldn’t speak to

your father like that.
(preferred to: "You ought
not to to speak…").
OUGHT
TO..?
Interrogative
form
 OUGHT
+ subj + TO ?

Ought she to call the

police?
 OUGHT
+ subj + TO ?

Ought we to be more
worried about the
environment?
OUGHT
+ subj +
TO ?
The question form of ought to is
not very common. It is very formal.
We usually use should instead.
OUGHT SHOULD
TO
Ought to and should are similar in meaning.
Should is more common than ought to.
Ought to is more formal than should.
There ought to be more
street lights here.

There should be more

street lights here.
 You really ought to walk
your dog more. He’s so fat.

You really should walk

your dog more. He’s so fat.
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 Culture is the knowledge of a specific
group of people, their language, religion,
traditions, celebrations, cuisine, social
habits, history, music and arts.
CELEBRATION
Last week was
Thanksgiving
Day.
 What is
Thanksgiving?
Thanksgiving
is a national
holiday in
the United
States and
Canada.
What people
celebrate?
They
celebrate
the harvest
and other
blessings of
the past.
When do people
celebrate
Thanksgiving?
People
celebrate
Thanksgiving
Day the fourth
thursday of
November.
 What does
people do for
Thanksgiving?
They have a
dinner, that
consists of
food and
indigenous
dishes.
The traditional
dishes are
turkey,
potatoes,
corn,
cranberries and
pumpkin pie.
Families
and friends
get
together to
celebrate
gratitude.
Volunteering is
a common
Thanksgiving
Day activity:
some people
pack food for
the less
fortunate.
What happened
at the first
Thanksgiving?
The colonists
gave thanks
to God for
rain after a
two-month
drought.
Peolpe
played ball
games,
sang and
danced.
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 FEELINGS/
MOODS/EMOTIONS
 HOW DO
YOU FEEL?
VOCABULARY

FEELINGS
AND
MOODS
DIALOGUES

HOW DO
YOU FEEL?
HAPPYNESS
HAPPY
A: Hi Mark! I have some great news!

B: Hello Peter! What happened?

A: I made a good impression at the interview and

now I got a job offer!

B: That's great! Congratulations!

I'm very HAPPY for you!
A: I want to celebrate! Let's go for a drink!
It's on me!

B: It sounds good! Let's go!

SADNESS
SAD
A: Hi Mary! How do you feel? You look SAD.

B: Hello Peter! Yes, I'm so SAD today.

A: What makes you feel SAD?

B: I need to bring my cat to the vet's. He doesn't

feel very well, maybe because of his age.
A: I'm sorry. How old is he?

B: He is 15. He's old!

A: Is there anything I can do to help?

B: No, thanks. But I appreciate it.

WORRY
WORRIED
A: Hi Mary! I know about your cousin. How is she?

B: Hello Peter! She's in the main hospital, she feels a

little bit better today.

A: It's an excellent hospital! But I can imagine that you

feel very WORRIED right now.

B: I think my aunt is the most WORRIED.

A: Is your aunt in the hospital with your cousin?

B: Yes, she is. I must go back!

A: Can I come with you?

B: You don't have to.

A: It's really no problem! Let's go!

STRESS
STRESSED
A: Hi Mary! You don't look very well today. What's
going on?

B: Hello Peter! It's nothing. I'm just a little STRESSED out.

A: Why? What is STRESSING you out?

B: I have a difficult exam next week and I have

no time to study, because of my job.
A: The best thing to do is to study as much
as you can.

B: Yes, I hope so!

A: I'm sure you will do alright!

B: Thank you.
ANGER
ANGRY
A: What happened to your car?

B: I had an accident!

A: Oh no! I'm so sorry! How do you feel? Are you hurt?

B: Luckely I'm not hurt! But I feel so ANGRY,

because it was not my fault!
A: Don't worry! They have to pay the damages!

B: I hope so!
EXCITATION
EXCITED
A: I can't wait to go skiing tomorrow!

B: I know, me too!

A: I always get EXCITED the day before!

B: I can imagine, but I go skiing so often,

that I don't get EXCITED anymore!
A: I only go skiing once a year.. What things make you
EXCITED?

B: Everytime I travel, I get really EXCITED!

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VOCABULARY

NUMBERS
1-19
0 ONE
zero
1 ONE
ONE
2 ONE
TWO
3 ONE
THREE
4 ONE
FOUR
5 ONE
FIVE
6 ONE
SIX
7 ONE
SEVEN
8 ONE
EIGHT
9 ONE
NINE
10
ONE
TEN
11
ONE
ELEVEN
12
ONE
TWELVE
13
ONE
THIRTEEN
14
ONE
FOURTEEN
15
ONE
FIFTEEN
16
ONE
SIXTEEN
17
ONE
SEVENTEEN
18
ONE
EIGHTEEN
19
ONE
NINETEEN
VOCABULARY

NUMBERS
from 20
20
ONE
TWENTY
21
TWENTY-
ONE
ONE
22
TWENTY-
ONE
TWO
23
TWENTY-
ONE
THREE
30
ONE
THIRTY
40
ONE
FOURTY
50
ONE
FIFTY
60
ONE
SIXTY
70
ONE
SEVENTY
80
ONE
EIGHTY
90
ONE
NINETY
100
ONE
ONE
HUNDRED
1 000
ONE
ONE
THOUSAND
1 000 000
ONE
ONE
MILLION
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TAG QUESTIONS
 TAG
QUESTIONS

A tag question is a special construction in

English. It is a sentence followed by a mini-
question. We use tag questions to ask for
confirmation. They mean something like: "Is
that right?" They are very common in English.
Positive
sentence
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
positive
sentences)

In the following examples with

positive sentences, you will see that
most of the time, the auxiliary verb
from the positive sentence is
repeated in the tag and changed to
negative.
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
positive
sentences)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TAG
TO BE
POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

You are
Japanese,
aren't
you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

We are
near the
museum,
aren't we?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

You are
coming,
aren't
you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

NEGATIVE
TAG

They are
from Brazil,
aren't they?
 TO
HAVE
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

You have
pets,
haven't
you?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

He has
two
children,
hasn't he?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

She has
fever,
hasn't
she?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

You have
a red car,
haven't
you?
POSITIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
NEGATIVE
TAG

They have
a big house,
haven't
they?
CAN
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

You can
swim, can't
you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

She can
speak
Italian,
can't she?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

He can
drive,
can't he?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

You can
read,
can't you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE CAN

NEGATIVE
TAG

They can
surf,
can't they?
 DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

You eat lots

of pasta,
don't you?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

She always
sleeps on
the sofa
after work,
doesn't she?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

The moon
goes round
the Earth,
doesn't it?
 POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

Elephants
live in Africa,
don't they?
POSITIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
TAG

They like
drawing,
don't they?
Negative
sentence
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
negative
sentences)

In the following examples with

negative sentences, you will see that
most of the time, the auxiliary verb
from the negative sentence is
repeated in the tag and changed to
positive.
 TAG
QUESTIONS
(with
negative
sentences)

NEGATIVE POSITIVE
SENTENCE TAG
TO BE
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

You aren't
from
Europe,
are you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

He isn't
Indian,
is he?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

We aren't
near the
theatre,
are we?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

You
aren't
tourists,
are you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE TO BE

POSITIVE
TAG

They
aren't
leaving,
are they?
 TO
HAVE
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

You haven't
got a car,
have you?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

She hasn't
got a cat,
has she?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

He hasn't
any friends,
has he?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

We haven't
got meat in
our fridge,
have we?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

You haven't
any children,
have you?
NEGATIVE TO
SENTENCE
HAVE
POSITIVE
TAG

They haven't
got a big
house,
have they?
CAN
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

You can't
swim,
can you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

She can't
draw,
can she?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

He can't play
musical
instruments
very well,
can he?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

We can't
play
basketball
very well,
can we?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE CAN

POSITIVE
TAG

They can't
cycle,
can they?
 DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

You don't
like
studying,
do you?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

She doesn't
sleep,
does she?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

He doesn't
like the
beach,
does he?
NEGATIVE
SENTENCE
DO
(as
auxiliary
verb)
POSITIVE
TAG

They don't
eat
vegetables,
do they?
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SPEAKING ABOUT..

PEOPLE
 How is
she/he?
TALL opposite SHORT
THIN opposite
FAT/
OVERWEIGHT
YOUNG opposite OLD
 FOOLISH/
INTELLIGENT opposite
STUPID
BEAUTIFUL
opposite UGLY
HANDSOME
STRONG opposite WEAK
POOR opposite
RICH
VOCABULARY

BODY
PARTS
VOCABULARY

PARTS OF
THE FACE
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ADVERBS
ADVERBS

We use adverbs to add more

information about a verb, an
adjective, another adverb,
or a whole sentence.
ADVERBS

Specifically, adverbs provide

a description of how, where,
when, in what manner and to
what extent something
happens.
HOW?
adjective adverb

CAREFUL CAREFULLY
He drives
carefully.
WHEN?
ALWAYS
She
always
arrives
punctual.
WHERE?
EVERYWHERE
They go
everywhere
together.
 IN
WHAT
WAY?
adjective adverb

SLOW SLOWLY
She eats
slowly.
 TO
WHAT
EXTENT?
adjective adverb

TERRIBLE TERRIBLY
It is terribly
hot.
ADVERBS

Normally, we can spot an

adverb by the fact that it
often ends in –ly, but there
are lots of adverbs that don’t
end in this way.
-ly adverb

SERIOUS SERIOUSLY

adjective
-ly

He studies
seriously.
-ly adverb

POLITE POLITELY

adjective
-ly

He speaks
politely.
-ly adverb

NERVOUS NERVOUSLY

adjective
-ly

He waits
nervously.
-ly adverb

COMPLETE COMPLETELY

adjective
-ly

They are
completely
in love.
-ly adverb

IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATELY

adjective
-ly

He needs
to call her
immediately.
ADVERBS

Adverbs formed from

adjectives ending in -L
have double LL.
-lly adverb

BEAUTIFUL BEAUTIFULLY

adjective
-lly

She dances
beautifully.
-lly adverb

HOPEFUL HOPEFULLY

adjective
-lly

Hopefully,
he feels
better.
ADVERBS

Adverbs formed from

adjectives ending in -y
change the y to i.
-ily adverb

LUCKY LUCKILY

adjective
-ily

Luckily,
today is
sunny.
ADVERBS

Adverbs formed from

adjectives ending in a
consonant +e keep the -e.
-ely adverb

EXTREME EXTREMELY

adjective
-ely

I am
extremely
grateful
to you.
-ely adverb

ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTELY

adjective
-ely

She is
absolutely
tired.
ATTENTION!
ADVERBS

Some adverbs have the

same form as adjectives.
 adverb

FAST FAST

adjective
He runs
fast.
 adverb

HARD HARD

adjective
They
work
hard.
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SUPERLATIVE

ADJECTIVES
SUPERLATIVE
DEGREE
SUPERLATIVE
DEGREE

Superlative adjectives are used to describe

an object which is at the upper or lower
limit of a quality. They are used in
sentences where a subject is compared to
a group of objects.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MAJORITY

Short ADJECTIVES
+ -est + of/in
 TALL

He is the
tallest man
of the
enterprise.
 FAST

Cheetah is
the fastest
animal of
the world.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MAJORITY

Short ADJECTIVES
that ends with -e:
+ -ST
 NICE

This is the
nicest skirt
of the
shop.
 LARGE

This is the
largest way
home.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MAJORITY

We double the final letter of a

one-syllable adjective ending in
consonant + vowel + consonant.
 BIG

Rome is
the biggest
city of
Italy.
 HOT

Today is
the hottest
day of the
year.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MAJORITY

We don't double the final letter

when the adjective ends in
vowel + vowel + consonant.
 CHEAP

This purse is
the cheapest
of the shop.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MAJORITY

We don't double the final letter

when the adjective ends in
vowel + consonant + consonant.
 OLD

My grandfather
is the oldest
man of the
family.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MAJORITY

Sometimes, when the adjective

ends with -y, we need to
transform it in -i + -est.
 EASY

This is the
easiest
exercise
of the exam.
 HAPPY

She is the
happiest
girl of the
school.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MAJORITY

THE MOST + long

ADJECTIVES
+ of/in
 INTELLIGENT

He is the most
intelligent
student of
the school.
 EXPENSIVE

Lamborghini is
one of the
most expensive
cars.
ATTENTION!
Superlative
of majority:
EXCEPTIONS

There are some

adjectives that have
irregular forms.
 GOOD -->
THE BEST

He is the
best chef
of the
restaurant.
 BAD -->
THE WORST

He is the
worst chess
player in
my family.
 FAR --> THE
FARTHEST/
FURTHEST

North Pole
is the
farthest/
furthest
place.
Superlative
of majority:
EXCEPTIONS

Some adjectives exist

only in superlative form.
 FIRST

Today is
the first
day of the
year.
 LAST

Today is
the last day
of the year.
SUPERLATIVE
OF MINORITY

THE LEAST + Short

and long ADJECTIVES
+ of/in
 YOUNG

My granfather
is the least
young
member of my
family.
 NICE

This is the
least nice
blouse of the
shop.
 SHY

Marta is the
least shy
girl of the
group.
 BIG

Vatican City is
one of the
least big
cities of the
world.
 FAST

Sloth is one of
the least fast
animals of the
world.
 HAPPY

Mark is the
least happy
boy of the
school.
 EASY

This maths
exercise is
the least
easy
of the exam.
 IMPORTANT

This is the
least
important
topic of this
chapter.
 EXPENSIVE

This is the
least
expensive
dress of this
clothes shop.
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HOW TO EXPRESS..

EQUALITY
COMPARATIVE
OF EQUALITY

AS + adj. + AS
AS + adj. + AS

He is as
friendly as
his brother.
COMPARATIVE
OF EQUALITY
NOT AS + adj.
+ AS
 NOT AS
+ adj. + AS

She is not
as friendly
as his
brother.
EQUALITY

To express equality,
we can use also...
SAME
LIKE
 SAME
LIKE

My skirt is
the same
like hers.
NOT THE
SAME
LIKE
 NOT THE
SAME LIKE

My skirt is
not the
same like
hers.
SAME
AS
 SAME
AS

My t-shirt
is the same
as my
sister's.
NOT THE
SAME
AS
NOT THE
SAME AS

My t-shirt
is not the
same as my
sister's.
LIKE
 LIKE

My dress is
like yours.
LIKE
LIKE

My dress
isn't like
yours.
SIMILAR
 SIMILAR

These are
two similar
flowers.
SIMILAR
TO
 SIMILAR
TO

The flower
on the left
is similar to
that on the
right.
DIFFERENT
 DIFFERENT

That is a
different
flower.
DIFFERENT
FROM
 DIFFERENT
FROM

The yellow
flower is
different
from the
rest.
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COMPARATIVE
OF MINORITY
COMPARATIVE
OF MINORITY

LESS + Short and

long ADJECTIVES
+ than
 TALL

He is
less tall
than his
brother.
 NICE

Your
purse is
less nice
than hers.
 BIG

Chicago is
less big
than New
York.
 GREY

Today the
sky is less
grey than
yesterday.
 SLOW

The ant is
less slow
than the
snail.
 CHEAP

Wine is
less cheap
than
water.
 OLD

My dad is
less old
than my
uncle.
 EASY

This maths
exam is
less easy
than the
last one.
 HAPPY

She is less
happy
than you.
 INTELLIGENT

He is less
intelligent
than them.
 IMPORTANT

This is less
important
than that.
COMPARATIVE
OF EQUALITY
COMPARATIVE
OF EQUALITY

as + adjective
/adverb + as
 NICE

Your
purse is as
nice as
hers.
 TALL

He is not
as tall as
his
brother.
 BIG

Chicago is
not as big
as New
York.
 GREY

Today the
sky is not
as grey as
yesterday.
 SLOW

The ant is
not as
slow as
the snail.
 CHEAP

Wine is
not as
cheap as
water.
 OLD

My dad is
as old as
my uncle.
 EASY

This maths
exam is as
easy as the
last one.
 HAPPY

He is as
happy as
you.
INTELLIGENT

She is as
intelligent
as him.
IMPORTANT

This is as
important
as that.
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 1
COMPARATIVE

ADJECTIVES
When we talk about two things, we
can compare them. We can see if they
are the same or different.

We can use comparative adjectives to

describe the differences.
3 DEGREES OF
COMPARISON
Adjectives have three degrees
that compare one thing to another.
The three degrees of adjectives
are:

SUPERLATIVE

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE
POSITIVE
DEGREE
POSITIVE
DEGREE

The positive degree offers no

comparison. It just tells us about the
existence of a quality.
A TALL
MAN
A BIG
CITY
AN EASY
EXERCISE
A NICE
PURSE
A
BEAUTIFUL
WOMAN
COMPARATIVE
DEGREE
COMPARATIVE
DEGREE

The comparative degree compares two

things to show which has the lesser or
greater degree of the quality.
COMPARATIVE
DEGREE

There are three comparative degrees:

comparative of majority, of minority and
of equality.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

Short ADJECTIVES:
+ -ER, than
 TALL

He is
taller
than his
brother.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

Short ADJECTIVES
that ends with -e:
+ -R, than
 NICE

Your
purse is
nicer than
hers.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

We double the final letter of a

one-syllable adjective ending in
consonant + vowel + consonant.
 BIG

New York
is bigger
than
Chicago.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

We don't double the final letter

when the adjective ends in
-y or -w.
 GREY

Today the
sky is
greyer than
yesterday.
 SLOW

The snail
is slower
than the
ant.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

We don't double the final letter

when the adjective ends in
vowel + vowel + consonant.
 CHEAP

Water is
cheaper
than wine.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

We don't double the final letter

when the adjective ends in
vowel + consonant + consonant.
 OLD

My dad is
older than
my uncle.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

Sometimes, when the adjective

ends with -y, we need to
transform it in -i + -er.
 EASY

This maths
exam is
easier than
the last
one.
 HAPPY

He is
happier
than you.
COMPARATIVE
OF MAJORITY

When the adjective is long, we

need to use the word
more + adjective.
 INTELLIGENT

She is more
intelligent
than him.
 IMPORTANT

This is more
important
than that.
ATTENTION!
Comparative
of majority:
EXCEPTIONS

There are some

adjectives that have
irregular forms.
 GOOD -->
BETTER

He cooks
better than
his wife.
 WELL -->
BETTER

She feels
better than
yesterday.
 BAD -->
WORSE

She cooks
worse than
her
husband.
 FAR -->
FARTHER/
FURTHER

London is
farther/
further than
Paris from
where I live.
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VERBS

IN A CLOTHES
SHOP
TO SELL
TO BUY
TO PAY
TO CHOOSE
TO TRY ON
TO TAKE
TO WEAR
TO SUIT
TO DRESS UP
TO DRESS
DOWN
TO
UNDRESS
TO
PUT ON
USEFUL SENTENCES
IN A SHOP
How can I help
you?

May I help you?

How can I help
you?

I would like a pair

of shoes, please.
How can I help
you?

I would like to try

that skirt, please.
How can I help
you?

I would like to
change this
t-shirt, please.
How can I help
you?

I would like
to buy this
necklace, please.
How much is it?

Which is
the price?
What size
is this?

Sizes: XS, S, M,
L, XL
May I have
a look at..?

Can I have
a look at..?
May I try
it on..?

Can I try
it on..?
 Can you give me
another
number/color/size,
please?
Excuse me, where is
the fitting
room/changing
room?
What a lovely skirt!
I'll take it!
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 1
In a
clothes
shop
CLOTHES
ACCESSORIES
EXPENSIVE
CHEAP
VERB

TO SELL
TO
SELL
SINGULAR PLURAL

I I like
sell we sell

you
you like
sell you sell
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they sell
sells
VERB

TO BUY
TO
BUY
SINGULAR PLURAL

II like
buy we buy

you
you like
buy you buy
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they buy
buys
VERB

TO PAY
TO
PAY
SINGULAR PLURAL

II like
pay we pay

you
you like
pay you pay
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they pay
pays
VOCABULARY

WOMENSWEAR
VOCABULARY

MEN'S
CLOTHING
VOCABULARY

ACCESSORIES
DIALOGUE

IN A CLOTHES
SHOP
Jessica and Laura are in a
clothes shop, because
Laura wants to have a
look at some clothes and
Jessica wants to buy a
pair of shoes.
Laura: Jessica, see what a nice dress in this window! I
like the model and the color too.

Jessica: Yes, it's really beautiful! How much is it?

Shop assistant: The price is $80! We have it also in blue,

red and gray.

Laura: I like the blue one! May I try it on,

please? Where is the fitting room?
Shop assistant: Sure! It's over there! I can offer you also
this blouse. It's on sale now with 20 % discount.

Laura: Yes, please!

Shop assistant: What size do you need?

Laura: I'd like size M.

Laura: The blouse doesn't suit me well, but I love
the blue dress and I'll take it!

Shop assistant: Perfect.

Jessica: Laura, let's go to see the shoes now! I would like

to try these high heel shoes on.

Laura: They are too big for you!

Jessica: Excuse me, can you give me another

smaller number, please?
Shop assistant: Yes, sure!
... Here you are!

Jessica: Thank you! They are perfect! How much are

they?

Shop assistant: The price is $200.

Jessica: They are too expensive! Do you

have cheaper ones?
Shop assistant: No, sorry!

Jessica: Ok, no problem.

Laura: I would like to pay the dress, please.

Shop assistant: Yes, sure. This is your ticket. You have

one month to change it. Thank you, and see you again!

Clients: Thank you, bye.

Shop assistant: Goodbye!

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VERBS

IN THE
KITCHEN
TO COOK
TO BLEND
TO BAKE
TO ROAST
TO BOIL
TO ADD
TO MIX
TO DRAIN
TO FRY
TO CUT
INTO PIECES
TO KNEAD
TO DUNK
VOCABULARY

IN THE
KITCHEN
VERB

TO NEED
SINGULAR PLURAL

I like
need we need

you like
you need you need
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they need
needs
What do you
need to...?
What do you need
to boil water?

I need a pot.
What do you
need to blend
fruits?

I need a
blender.
 What do you
need to fry eggs?

I need a
skillet.
What do you
need to mix?

I need a
ladle.
 What do you
need to bake the
bread?

I need an
oven.
What do you
need to drain
pasta?

I need a
colander.
 What do you
need to cut
vegetables into
pieces?

I need a
knife and a
chopping
board.
 What do you
need to make a
coffee?

I need a
coffee
maker.
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 1

At the
restaurant
BREAKFAST
LUNCH
SNACK
TIME
DINNER
VERB

TO EAT
TO
EAT
SINGULAR PLURAL

I Ilike
eat we eat

you
you like
eat you eat
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they eat
eats
VERB

TO DRINK
TO
DRINK
SINGULAR PLURAL

I like
drink we drink

you like
you drink you drink
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they drink
drinks
VOCABULARY

DRINKS
THE MENU
STARTER
 FIRST
COURSE
SECOND
COURSE
DRINKS/
BEVERAGES
SOFT
DRINKS
ALCOHOLIC
DRINKS
DESSERTS
DIALOGUE

AT THE
RESTAURANT
Waitress: Good evening! How many people are you?

Client 1: I would like a table for two, please.

Waitress: Sure! Have a sit, please!

Clients: Thank you!

Waitress: You're welcome!

Waitress: May I take your order?

Client 1: Yes, please. I'd like the beef with vegetables.

Waitress: Sure! And for you?

Client 2: I would like the fish with potatoes,

please.

Waitress: Perfect! And what would you like

to drink?
Client 1: I'd like a glass of white wine, please.

Waitress: Ok! And for you?

Client 2: Just water, please.

 (After the meal)

Waitress: Would you like something for dessert?

Client 1: Yes, I would like the chocolate cake, please.

Would you like something?

Client 2: No thanks. I'm full.

 (After the dessert)

Client 1: May we have the (USA) check/bill (UK),

please?

Waitress: Yes, would you like to pay by credit card

or cash?

Client 2: By credit card, please.

Client 1: Here you are.

Waitress: Thank you very much. Come again!

Clients: Thank you! Goodbye!

Waitress: Goodbye!
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VOCABULARY

FOOD
HEALTHY
FOOD
JUNK
FOOD
VOCABULARY

FOOD:
Vegetables
VOCABULARY

FOOD: Fruit
WOULD
Ask and say
LIKE
something
in a polite way
WOULD
LIKE
What would you
like to eat?
I would like a cappuccino
and a piece of chocolate
cake, please.
WOULD
LIKE
What would you
like to buy at the
supermarket?
I would like to buy a lot of
vegetables and fruits,
because I prefer
healthy food.
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1
VERB

TO WANT
We use the verb want to talk
about wishes and needs.
 TO
WANT
WISHES
TO
WANT
SINGULAR PLURAL

I like
want we want

you like
you want you want
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they want
wants
 USE

The verb to want is always followed by a

complement. The complement can be a noun or
pronoun as an object, or a verb in the to-
infinitive form, or an object plus a verb in the
to-infinitive form.
TO WANT
+ noun
object

She wants a pet.

TO WANT
+ pronoun
object

She can lend me

her bike, but
I don't want it.
TO WANT
+ to-
infinitive

He wants to try dishes

of other countries.
 TO WANT
+ object +
to-infinitive

After dinner,
I want you to wash
the dishes.
TO WANT
Is Kate going to New York
(short
with her cousin?
answers)
-No. She doesn’t want to.

(She doesn’t want to go

[to New York].)
VERB

WOULD
LIKE
WOULD
LIKE
 SINGULAR PLURAL

I like like
I would we would like

you
you like like
would you would like
he / she /
he/she/it
it does they would like
would like
WOULD
LIKE
The verb would like is the polite
and more formal way to say to want.
As modal verb, it doesn't change in the
third-person singular and has no
infinitive form.
USE

The verb would like can be followed by an

infinitive verb or a noun.
WOULD
+
LIKE
Infinitive
verb
Question

Would you
like to +
verb....?
Answers

No, I would
Yes, I would. not (wouldn't).
WOULD LIKE
+
Infinitive
verb

Would you like to go

to the theatre?
WOULD LIKE
+
Infinitive
verb

Would you like to eat

at the restaurant
tonight?
WOULD LIKE
+
Infinitive
verb

I would like to go to the

seaside next weekend.
WOULD
LIKE +
noun
WOULD LIKE
+
noun

I would like some water,

please.
WOULD LIKE
+
noun

Would you like

a coffee?
WOULD
LIKE
Contracted
form
 SINGULAR PLURAL

I'I like
d like we' d like

you d
you' like
like you' d like
he / she /
he/she' d like
it does they' d like
WOULD
NOT
LIKE
Negative
form
 SINGULAR PLURAL

I would not like we would not like

I like
you would you would
you like
not like not like
he / she /
it does
he/she would they would
not like not like
WOULD
NOT
LIKE
Contracted
form
 SINGULAR PLURAL

I wouldn’t like we wouldn’t like

I like
you wouldn’t like you wouldn’t like
you like
he / she /
he/she/it they
it does
wouldn’t like wouldn’t like
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