1

Hydropower Engineering
Chapter-1, Introduction to Hydropower Development
 Sources of Energy and Importance of Hydropower
 Hydropower Development in Nepal
 Hydropower Potential in Nepal
𝑃 = 𝜂𝛾𝑄𝐻 … … … … … … … … (1)
Gross Potential – 83000 MW
Technical Potential – 44000 MW
Economical Potential – 42000 MW
 Introduction to some large hydropower plants in the world
 A brief introduction to government policy and Major institutions related to hydropower
development in Nepal

Chapter-2, Planning and Investigation of Hydropower Project

 Hydropower Project Planning Stages
 Hydrological Data Processing (Mass Curve and Flow Duration Curve)

Mass Curve
 Storage Capacity of Reservoir = Maximum Cumulative Surplus + Maximum Cumulative Deficit
 From Surplus Deficit Method, Storage Capacity of Reservoir = Cumulative Deficit

Average Annual Flow

𝑄𝐽 ∗ 𝑁𝐽 + 𝑄𝐹 ∗ 𝑁𝐹 + ⋯ + 𝑄𝐷 ∗ 𝑁𝐷
𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
365
Flow Duration Curve
 Probability of Exceedance
𝑚
California Formula, 𝑝 = 𝑁
𝑚
Weibull’s Formula, 𝑝 = 𝑁+1 , where, m=Rank
and N=Total Data
 Nature of FDC is similar to PDC
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
 Firm Power / Primary Power = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 If environmental flow is given, 𝑄𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑄 − 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙

 Reservoir Planning and Regulations

Useful Life of Reservoir

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
 Trap Efficiency = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟
 Capacity Inflow Ratio = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟
 IEE/EIA
 Climate Change and Ecology

Chapter-3, Power and Energy Potential Study

 Gross, Net, Operating and Design Head

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Gross Head
 For Storage Project, Gross Head = Water Level in reservoir – Water Level in Tailrace
 For ROR Project, Gross Head = Water Level at the point of diversion – RL when water is returned
back to river
 For Pelton Turbine, H = Water Level at intake – Level of Axis of Turbine
 For Francis Turbine, H = Water Level at intake – Water Level in Tailrace
 Plant and Installed Capacity
Installed Capacity = Plant Capacity that is economically viable
𝑃 = 𝜂𝛾𝑄𝑑 𝐻, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄𝑑 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
 Energy Flow Diagram, Firm and Secondary Power and Energy
 Economic Consideration in HP System

Determination of Installed Capacity by Marginal Cost Approach

 Marginal Benefit = 87.6 𝐾𝑊𝐻𝑟 ∗ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑊𝐻𝑟
 Marginal Cost = 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
(1+𝑖)𝑁 ∗𝑖
Where, 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑉𝐶 [(1+𝑖)𝑁−1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂&𝑀 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑦 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
To find % of time (x%), Equate Marginal Benefit & Marginal Cost
 Estimation of Power and Energy Potential
 Load Curve, Load Factor, Utilization and Diversity Factors
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
 Average Load = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
 Load Factor (LF) = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
≤1
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
 Plant Capacity Factor (PCF) = ≤1
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
 Utilization Factor (UF) = (0.4 𝑡𝑜 0.9)
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
 Relation: 𝑃𝐶𝐹 = 𝐿𝐹 ∗ 𝑈𝐹
(𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑)
 Diversity Factor (DF) = ≥1
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
 Note: Installed Capacity = Maximum Demand + Reserve Capacity
 Power Potential Variation
 Power Grid

Chapter-4, Storage Type of Hydropower Projects

 General Layout of components in typical storage power plant
 Dams and their appurtenant works
 Classification of Dam
 Forces acting on Dam

Self-Weight (Dead Load)

 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝛾𝐶 ∗ 𝐴, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚
Shape Area (A) Centroid (𝑦̅)

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ ℎ
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1 ℎ
𝐴= ∗𝑏∗ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
2 3

1 ℎ 2𝑎 + 𝑏
𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) ∗ ℎ 𝑦̅ = [ ] 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏
2 3 𝑎+𝑏

Water Pressure
 Area under pressure diagram gives the forces.

1 𝐻
(𝑃𝐻 )𝑢/𝑠 = 𝛾𝐻 2 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒.
2 3
1 2 ℎ
(𝑃𝐻 )𝑑/𝑠 = 𝛾ℎ 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒.
2 3
(𝑃𝑉 )𝑢/𝑠 = 𝛾𝑤 ∗ 𝑎 & (𝑃𝑉 )𝑑/𝑠 = 𝛾𝑤 ∗ 𝑏 ,
where, ‘a’ and ’b’ are area occupied by water over dam in u/s and d/s.

Uplift Pressure
1
 Uplift Pressure without drainage gallery, 𝑈 = 2 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ (𝑘𝛾𝐻 + 𝑘𝛾ℎ) (K=Seepage Coefficient)
 Uplift Pressure without drainage gallery, 𝑈 = 𝑈1 + 𝑈2

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Silt Load
1 ℎ𝑠
 Silt Load, 𝑃𝑠 = 2 ∗ 𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 ∗ 𝐻 2 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 3
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
 𝐾𝑎 = 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
= 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
 𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤

 Site Selection
 Principal Variant of Embankment and Concrete Dam
 Failure Modes and their prevention measures

Modes of Failure of Concrete Dam

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
 Overturning, 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = > 1.5
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝜇∑𝑉+𝐵𝑞 𝜇∑𝑉
 Sliding, 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = > (4 − 5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = >1
∑𝐻 ∑𝐻
Where, 𝑞 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
 Compression Failure,
𝐵
 Tension Failure (For tension failure 𝑒 > 6
)
 Design of Gravity Dam

Stress Analysis in Concrete Gravity Dam

∑𝑉 6𝑒
 𝜎= (1 ± )
𝐵 𝐵
∑𝑀 𝐵
 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = 2 − 𝑥̅
𝐵
 If 𝑒 < 6 , 𝑁𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑚.
∑𝑉 6𝑒 ∑𝑉 6𝑒
 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙, 𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 𝐵
(1 + 𝐵 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐵 (1 − 𝐵 )
∑𝑉 6𝑒 ∑𝑉 6𝑒
 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦, 𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 𝐵 (1 − 𝐵 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐵 (1 + 𝐵 )
 Principal Stress at toe, (𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑝′ tan2 𝜃
 Shear Stress at toe (𝑃𝑡 ) = (𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑒 − 𝑝′ )𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
 Principal Stress at heel, (𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝛼 − 𝑝 tan2 𝛼

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 Shear Stress at heel (𝑃𝑡 ) = (𝜎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 − 𝑝)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼

Where, 𝛼 = angle made by u/s slope with vertical and 𝜃 =angle made by d/s slope with vertical.
𝑝 = 𝛾𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝′ = 𝛾ℎ

Elementary Profile of Dam

 Base width of elementary profile
o Stress Basis
𝐻
𝐵=
√𝐺 − 𝐾
o Stability on Sliding Basis
𝐻
𝐵=
𝜇(𝐺 − 𝐾)
 Limiting Height of Dam
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐻= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑚
𝛾𝑤 ∗ (𝐺 − 𝐾 + 1)
 Design of Earthen Embankment Dam

Seepage Analysis
𝑁𝑓
 Seepage Discharge, 𝑄 = 𝑘ℎ ∗
𝑁𝑑
Where, 𝑁𝑓 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑑 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠
 Seepage discharge through a dam with impervious foundation
𝐾
𝑞= (𝐻 2 − 𝐻22 )
2𝐿 1
 Seepage discharge through earthen dam
with horizontal filter
This is graphical method suggested by
Casagrande.
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑥0 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥0 = √𝐷 2 + 𝐻 2 − 𝐷
 Seepage discharge through
embankment dam with or without water
in downstream
𝑞1 = 𝑞2 + 𝑞3
𝑘 𝐾 2 𝑘∆
𝑞1 = [𝐻12 − 𝐻02 ] = [𝐻1 − (𝐻2 + ∆)2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 =
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝑚𝑑
𝑘∆ 𝐻2 + ∆
𝑞3 = ∗ ln ( )
𝑚𝑑 ∆
General Equation of Parabola,
2𝑞𝑥
𝑦2 = − + 𝐻12
𝑘
If no tail water is present,
𝐻2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞1 = 𝑞2
𝑘
𝑞1 = [𝐻 2 − ∆2 ]
2𝐿 1
𝑘∆
𝑞2 =
𝑚𝑑

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 Intakes
 Gates
 Reservoir Sedimentation Issue and Sedimentation Management

Chapter-5, Run of River types of Hydropower Project

 General Layout of Components of typical ROR Project
 Different types of Intakes

Head Loss in Trash Rack

4
𝑡 3 𝑣2
 Kirschmer’s Formula, 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑘 (𝑏) ∗ 2𝑔𝑜 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
Where, k = Loss Coefficient depends on cross section of bar
t = Thickness of bars in trash rack
b = Spacing between Bars
𝑣𝑜 = Velocity of flow through trash rack
𝛼 = Angle made by trash rack with horizontal

𝑣2
 General Formula, 𝐻𝐿 = 𝑘 ∗ 2𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑘
Where, 𝑘 = 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. = 1.45 − 0.45𝑅 − 𝑅 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 =
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑘

Design of Settling Basin

 Settling Velocity
For Turbulent Flow (d>1mm)
𝛾𝑠 − 𝛾𝑤
𝑤 = √3.33𝑔𝑑∆ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ∆=
𝛾𝑤
For Transition Flow (0.1mm < d < 1mm)
4∆𝑔𝑑 24 3
𝑤= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝐷 = + + 0.34
3𝐶𝐷 𝑅𝑒 √𝑅𝑒
For Laminar Flow (d<0.1mm)
𝛾𝑑2 (𝐺 − 1)
𝑤= , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜈 = 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
18𝜈
 Particle Approach
𝐿 𝐻
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ( ) = 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ( )
𝑉 𝑤
𝑄 𝑄 𝑣𝐻
𝑤= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 =
𝐴𝑠 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 𝑤
Also, 𝑄 = 𝐵 ∗ 𝐻 ∗ 𝑣
The horizontal velocity according to camp is,
𝑣 = 0.36√𝑑𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑 > 1𝑚𝑚
𝑣 = 0.44√𝑑𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0.1𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑 < 1𝑚𝑚

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𝑣 = 0.51√𝑑𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑 < 0.1𝑚𝑚

If turbulence is considered, Settling velocity will be, 𝑤𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 𝑤 − 𝑤 ′
0.132
Where, 𝑤 ′ = 𝛼𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 =
√𝐻
𝑣𝐻 𝑄
Then, 𝐿 = 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑣𝐻
𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡
 Concentration Approach
 Camp’s Method
𝑤 𝑤𝐴𝑠
Camp’s Chart – Plot of 𝜂 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑢∗ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄
4.2𝑣 𝐴 (𝐵∗𝐻) 𝜏
Where, 𝑢∗ = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑅 = 𝑃 = (𝐵+2𝐻) … . 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝑢∗ = √ 𝜌0
100𝑅6
 Vetter’s Method
𝑤𝐴𝑠
−
𝜂 =1−𝑒 𝑄
 Hazen’s Method
1
𝑚𝑤𝐴𝑠 −𝑚
𝜂 = 1 − (1 + ) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑄
𝑚 = 0, 𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 1, 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
 Velikanov’s Formula
2
𝜆2 𝑣 2 (√𝐻 − 0.2)
𝐿= , 𝜆 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑊)
7.51𝑤 2
 Notes:
𝑄
For high head hydropower plant, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑘 ∗ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.5
𝑤
For continuous flushing type settling basin, add 10% of Q for flushing purpose.

Estimation of Sediment Volume

 Weight of Sediment = 𝑄 ∗ 𝑇 ∗ 𝐶
Where, Q = Discharge, T= Detention Time and C = Concentration
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 Volume of Sediment = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦∗𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (0.5)
𝑉
 Depth of Sediment =
𝐴𝑠
 Performance Standards of Headworks
 Sediment Handling Measures
 Flushing and Settling Basin

Chapter-6, Water Conveyance Structure

 Introduction to Power Canal
 Hydraulic Tunnels

Hydraulic Design of Tunnel

 Non-pressurized Tunnel
1 2 1
𝑄 = ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅 3 ∗ 𝑠 2 (𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑛
 Pressurized Tunnel
𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷

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 Forebay and Surge Tanks

Design of Forebay
 Flow Velocity in Forebay – 0.1 to 0.2 m/sec
 Submergence (S) is maximum of
1.5𝑣𝑝2
1.5𝐷𝑝 , 2𝑔
𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.54𝑣𝑝 √𝐷𝑝
Where, 𝐷𝑝 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘
𝐴 𝐿
 Maximum Drawdown (y) = 𝑣𝑝 ∗ √𝐴 𝑝 ∗𝑔
𝑝
𝐹𝐵

 Effective Depth (H) = 𝐷𝑝 + 𝑆 + 𝑦

 Overall Depth (𝐻𝑜 ) = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ +
𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ + 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑄
 Length of Spillway, 𝐿𝑆 = 3
𝐶𝐷 ∗ℎ 2
Where, 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
= 1.7 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑝 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
h = Head on Crest
 Storage Volume (V) = Q*T, where T = Detention Time (2-3 Minutes)
 Note:
𝑄𝑑
𝑄𝑝 𝑛
If number of penstock is provided, 𝑣𝑝 = = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝐴𝑝 𝐴𝑝

Design of Surge Tank

𝑄 𝐴𝑆𝑇 ∗𝐿𝑇
 Maximum Upsurge, 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑇 ∗ √ 𝐴𝑇 ∗𝑔
𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑆𝑇 ∗𝐿𝑇
 Time Period of Oscillation, 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝐴𝑇 ∗𝑔
 Approximate Solution with friction by JAEGER
For 100% Load Rejection (Sudden Closure)
(𝑍𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 ) = 𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ (𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 )∗
𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒
2 1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, (𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥 )∗ = 1 − ∗ 𝑘𝑜∗ + ∗ (𝑘𝑜∗ )2
3 9
ℎ𝑓
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑜∗ =
𝑍𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 =
2𝑔𝐷
(𝑍𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 )𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ (𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 )∗
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, (𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 )∗ = −1 + 2 ∗ 𝑘𝑜∗
For 100% Load Acceptance (Sudden Open)
(𝑍𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 ) = 𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ (𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 )∗
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, (𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 )∗ = −1 − 0.125 ∗ 𝑘𝑜∗
 Thoma’s Formula for minimum area of surge tank
𝐴𝑇 ∗ 𝐿𝑇 ∗ 𝑣 2
𝐴𝑆𝑇 =
2𝑔ℎ𝑓 ∗ (𝐻𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 )

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𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
 Factor of Safety regarding area of surge tank, 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
 Height of Surgetank, 𝐻 = (𝑍𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 )𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒 + (𝑍𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 )𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒 − ℎ𝑓 + 𝐹𝐵(2𝑚)
10
45𝐷𝑇3
 If 𝐴𝑆𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝐴𝑆𝑇 = 𝐻𝑜
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑇 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑜 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑐𝑣𝑝
 Water Hammer Pressure (ℎ𝑜 ) = 𝑔
 Penstock and Pressure Shaft

Water Hammer Pressure Computation

2𝐿
 Rigid Water Column Theory (Gradual Closure of Valve) (𝑡 > 𝐶
)
𝐿𝑣
Dynamic Pressure Head (ℎ𝑑 ) = 𝑔𝑡
According to Dandekar and Sharma,
(ℎ𝑑 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑘1 𝑘12 𝐿𝑣 2
= + √𝑘1 + 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑘1 = ( )
𝐻𝑜 2 4 𝑔𝐻𝑜 𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝛾𝐻𝑜 ) + 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝛾ℎ𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
2𝐿
 Elastic Water Column Theory (Sudden Closure of Valve) (𝑡 ≤ )
𝐶
𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑐
ℎ𝑑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑑 = 𝛾 ∗
𝑔 𝑔
𝑘
( )
𝜌
Where, C=Wave celerity = √ 𝐷𝐾
1+
𝑡𝐸
𝛾𝑣𝑐
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝛾𝐻𝑜 ) + 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 ( )
𝑔

Design of Penstock Pipe

 Thickness of Penstock pipe,
𝑃𝐷
Considering joint efficiency, 𝑡 = 2𝜎
𝑎𝜂
Where, P=Total Water Pressure
D = Diameter of Penstock, 𝜎𝑎 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 and 𝜂 = Joint Efficiency
 According to ASME Code,
𝑃𝑅
𝑡=( + 0.15) 𝑐𝑚
𝜎𝑎 𝜂 − 0.6𝑃
Where, P = Total Pressure in kg/cm2
R = Radius of penstock pipe in cm
𝜎𝑎 = 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝜂 = 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
 Economic Diameter of Penstock using Empirical Formula
Sarkaria Formula
0.62 ∗ 𝑃0.35
𝐷𝑒 =
𝐻 0.65
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 ′𝐻𝑃′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 ′𝑚′

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USBR Method
4𝑄
𝐷𝑒 = √ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑜 = 0.125√2𝑔𝐻
𝜋𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑜
Design Guidelines by JNN
7 5.2𝑄 3
𝑑
𝐷= √ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐻𝑑 = 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑚)
𝐻𝑑
 Economical Diameter of Penstock using Analytical Method
8𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
Head Loss through penstock pipe, ℎ𝑓 =
𝜋2 𝑔𝐷 5
Corresponding Power Loss, 𝑃 = 𝜂𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑓
Annual Energy Loss, 𝐸 = 𝑃 ∗ 365 ∗ 24ℎ𝑟
Revenue Loss, 𝐶𝑒 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝐸) ∗ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Similarly,
𝑃𝐷
Thickness of Pipe (𝑡) = 2𝜎𝑎
Volume of Penstock Pipe = 𝜋𝐷𝑡 ∗ 𝐿
𝑘𝑔
Weight of Penstock Pipe = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (7850 𝑚3 ) ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒
Cost of Pipe (𝐶𝑝 ) = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔
This cost of pipe is not annual cost. So, convert it into annual cost.
(1 + 𝑖)𝑁 ∗ 𝑖
𝐴 = 𝑃{ }
(1 + 𝑖)𝑁 − 1
Total Annual Cost (C) = Revenue loss + Annual Equivalent cost of pipe
𝑑𝐶
For minimum cost, 𝑑𝐷 = 0, 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒.
 Head Loss Calculation in Conveyance System

Chapter-7, Spillways and Energy Dissipaters

 Spillway

Design Criteria for crest of Ogee of Spillway

3
 Discharge through ogee spillway is, 𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿𝐻 2
Where,𝐶 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (1.66 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒)
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝐻 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑
 The effective length of spillway can be calculated by considering side contraction of overflow due
to piers and abutments.
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 − 2(𝑁𝐾𝑝 + 𝐾𝑎 )𝐻𝑒
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐿𝑜 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
N = Number of Piers
𝐾𝑝 & 𝐾𝑎 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐻𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
 Method of Energy Dissipation below the dam structure
 Design of Stilling Basin

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Design Steps of Stilling Basin

3
2
 Find width of stilling basin (B) as, 𝑄 = 3 ∗ 𝐶𝐷 ∗ √2𝑔 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝐻 2
 Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 0-0 and 1-1, Find 𝑦1 .
𝑞
 𝑣=𝑦
𝑣1
 𝐹𝑟1 =
√𝑔𝑦1
𝑦1
 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑦2 = (−1 + √1 + 8𝐹𝑟12 )
2
2 1
1
 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑦𝑛 ) 𝑎𝑠, 𝑄 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅 3 ∗ 𝑆 2 (assuming rectangular section)
1
𝑞2 3
 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑦𝑐 ) = (𝑔)
 𝐼𝑓 𝑦𝑛 > 𝑦𝑐 , 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑.
 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦.

Type of Stilling Basin

a. If 𝐹𝑟 < 1.7 & 𝑣 < 20 m/sec, use Type I Stilling Basin
b. If 𝐹𝑟 > 4.5 & 𝑣 < 20 m/sec, use Type II Stilling Basin
c. If 𝐹 > 4.5 & 𝑣 > 20 m/sec, use Type III Stilling Basin
d. If 𝐹𝑟 = 2.5 𝑡𝑜 4.5 & 𝑣 < 20 m/sec, use Type IV Stilling Basin

Type I
Type II

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Type III Type IV

Chapter-8, Hydromechanical and Electromechanical Equipment’s

 Hydromechanical Installation in Powerhouse
 Types of Turbines
 Specific Speed, Synchronous Speed and Runway Speed
𝑁√𝑃
Specific Speed 𝑁𝑠 = 5
𝐻4
Where, N = Synchronous Speed
P = Power in HP and H = Head of Turbine (m)
60𝑓
Synchronous Speed (𝑁) =
𝑁𝑃
Where, f = Frequency of generation (50Hz for Nepal)
𝑁𝑃 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
Runway Speed – If the external load on the machine suddenly drops to zero and the governing
mechanism fails at the same time, the turbine will tend to race up to the maximum possible speed
which is known as runway speed.
 Selection of Turbines
 Design of Francis and Pelton Turbine

Design of Pelton Turbine

 Calculate Velocity at inlet, 𝑣1 = 𝑐𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻 (𝐶𝑣 = 0.98 𝑡𝑜 0.99)
 Calculate Tangential Velocity, 𝑣̅ = 𝜙√2𝑔𝐻, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜙 = 0.43 𝑡𝑜 0.48
 Deflection of Jet – 1650
 Assume Number of Jet (n)
𝜋
 Total Discharge (𝑄) = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑄𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ ∗ 𝑑2 ∗ 𝑣1
4
Where, d = diameter of jet
𝐷
 Assume jet ratio, 𝑚 = 𝑑 (10 𝑡𝑜 15), 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐷.
60𝑣̅
 From peripheral velocity, Calculate N, 𝑁 =
𝜋𝐷
60𝑓
 Calculate Number of Pole Pairs, 𝑁𝑝 = 𝑁
Round off 𝑁𝑃 to the Integer to obtain corrected 𝑁𝑝
60𝑓
 Calculate N corrected as 𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁
𝑝,𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

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𝑁√𝑃
 Calculate Specific Speed, 𝑁𝑠 = 5 , where, 𝑃 = 𝜂𝛾𝑄𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑃
𝐻4
𝑚
 Calculate Number of Buckets, 𝑁𝑏 = 15 + 2
𝜋𝐷
 Spacing of Bucket, 𝑆𝑏 = 𝑁𝑏
 Bucket Dimensions
Length of Bucket = 2d to 3d
Width of Bucket = 3d to 4d
Thickness of Bucket = 0.8d to 1.2d

Design of Francis Turbine

 Tangential Velocity, 𝑣̅ = 𝜙√2𝑔𝐻, where, 𝜙 = 0.6 𝑡𝑜 0.9
2
𝜙 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠, 𝜙 = 0.0197𝑁𝑠3 + 0.0275
2400
 Specific Speed (𝑁𝑠 ) of Francis turbine is, 𝑁𝑆 =
√𝐻
84.6𝜙√𝐻
 Diameter of Turbine can be calculated as, 𝐷= 𝑁
𝑁 2
 Thomas Cavitation Number, 𝜎𝑐 = 0.032 ( 𝑠
)
100
 Setting of Turbine, 𝐻𝑆 = 𝐻𝑏 − 𝜎𝑐 ∗ 𝐻
Where, 𝐻𝑏 = 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 10.1 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Design of Kaplan Turbine

 Peripheral Velocity, 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 𝜙√2𝑔𝐻
𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝑁
Also, 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 =
60
 Flow Velocity, 𝑣𝑓1 = 𝑣𝑓2 = 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔𝐻
𝜋
 Area of flow = 4 (𝐷𝑜2 − 𝐷𝑏2 ),
Where, 𝐷𝑜 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟, 𝐷𝑏 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜋
 Discharge through runner, 𝑄 = 𝑣𝑓1 ∗ 4 ∗ (𝐷𝑜2 − 𝐷𝑏2 )
1475
 The specific speed for Kaplan turbine is, 𝑁𝑠 = 1
𝐻3
2 2
Also, 𝜙 = 0.0252𝑁𝑆3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙 = 0.0242𝑁𝑆3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

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 Scroll Case, Draft Tube, Tailrace Canal and their importance

Draft Tube
 Applying Bernoulli’s equation between 1-1 and
2-2,
𝑃1 𝑃𝑎 𝑣12 𝑣22
= − 𝐻𝑠 − ( − − ℎ𝑓 )
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
 Efficiency of Draft Tube,
𝑣12 𝑣22
− − ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝜂𝑑 =
𝑣12
2𝑔
 Setting of Turbine is,
𝐻𝑠 = 𝐻𝑏 − 𝜎𝐶 ∗ 𝐻
Where, 𝐻𝑏 = 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 10.1 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑠 2
𝜎𝐶 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 0.032 ( )
100
If 𝐻𝑠 is positive, the position of turbine will be above TWL and if 𝐻𝑠 is negative the position of
turbine is below TWL.

 Electromechanical Installation
 Introduction to Generator and their types
 Working Principles of Governors in Pelton and Francis Turbine
 Pumps – Introduction to Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pumps

Chapter-9, Powerhouse Planning

 Classification, general arrangement and layout plan of Powerhouse
 General Dimension calculation of Powerhouse

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General Dimension Calculation of Powerhouse

 Machine Hall
Length – Depends on number of turbine units, distance between turbine units, size of
machines and clearance.
Spacing between two turbine units = 4D to 5D
Where, D = Diameter of Turbine
Width – 5D+2.5m
Height – Depends on headroom requirement for crane operation.
 Loading Bay
 Control Bay

Chapter-10, Micro-Hydropower Plant

 Introduction, Scope and Application
 Introduction to policy of MHP Development in Nepal
 Advantages and relevance of MHP in Nepal
 General Layout of basic components of MHP

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