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2 Inclined Strata

The document discusses inclined strata, which occurs when rock layers become tilted due to stress. It describes the characteristics of dip slopes and scarp slopes on homoclinal ridges formed by inclined strata, including cuestas, homoclinal ridges, and hogsbacks. Scarp retreat and different landforms like cuesta basins and domes are also covered.

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1K views18 pages

2 Inclined Strata

The document discusses inclined strata, which occurs when rock layers become tilted due to stress. It describes the characteristics of dip slopes and scarp slopes on homoclinal ridges formed by inclined strata, including cuestas, homoclinal ridges, and hogsbacks. Scarp retreat and different landforms like cuesta basins and domes are also covered.

Uploaded by

ntokozopalesa963
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOPOGRAPHY ASSOCIATED

WITH INCLINED STRATA


2
INCLINED STRATA
• What is it?
oAsymmetrical ridge according
to the angle of a dip slope
INCLINED STRATA

• It occurs when strata is subjected to stress


(either compression, tension, volcanic intrusion
or tectonic movement) and they become tilted
relative to their original (horizontal) disposition.
• Faulting or folding causes the strata to be tilted
• the beds may be inclined in any direction with
the angle of the dip slope between 00 to 900.
• Inclined strata has TWO slopes; a dip and scarp
slope.
STRATA

op e
Dip sl
sc
arp
slo
pe
CHARACTERISTICS OF INCLINED STRATA

DIP SLOPE SCARP SLOPE


• A natural/gradual slope
on the surface of the • A long steep slope or
ground which is parallel cliff at the edge of a
to the dip of the ridge/ plateau.
underlying strata.
• It has a STEEP SLOPE
OR
and a SOFTER ROCK
• a side on which hard
layers dip and has a LAYER.
gentle slope.
• It has a GENTLE SLOPE and
a RESISTANT ROCK LAYER.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INCLINED STRATA
• When the strata is weathered, asymmetrical
ridges called homoclinal ridges are formed.
• Homoclinal ridges is where the underlying
strata is tilted in the same direction and has a
uniform dip angle. (rock strata dipping in one
direction)
• Homoclinal ridges are classified according to
the angle of the DIP SLOPE.
• There are THREE types of homoclinal ridges,
namely;
o cuesta,
o homoclinal ridge and
o hogsback ridge
8
STRATA
• Homoclinal ridge
formed by inclined
strata is characterised
by;
o Less resistant strata that
are eroded form valleys
o Resistant strata form
ridges
o Harder rocks, weathering
slowly form a dip slope
o Softer rocks weathering
form scarp slopes
INCLINED STRATA
• Scarp slope may retreat
due to weathering, the
process is called scarp
retreat/ recession
• Scarp retreat/recession
is the erosion of a slope
at a constant angle. (it is
also called parallel
retreat/back wasting)
• Through scarp
recession/retreat,
o the scarp slope is carved
back and
o the homoclinal ridge
moves in the direction of
the dip slope,
o while being gradually
lowered.
CUESTA
• Is a ridge with a
gentle dip slope and
a steep scarp slope
• The angle of the dip
slope is 100 – 250 to
the horizontal.
• The dip slope does
have fertile soil and is
usually used for
forestry.
• example:
Magaliesberg
Mountain in
Gauteng
HOMOCLINAL RIDGE

• The angle of the dip


slope lies at 250 – 450
to the horizontal,
• Rivers cut poorts
through the ridges
• Drainage is normally
trellis pattern
• Example:
Magaliesberg near
Pretoria and Hex
River Mountains in
Western Cape
HOGSBACK

• The angle of the


dip slope is more
than 450 to the
horizontal
• There is very little
difference in the
gradient of the
scarp and dip
slopes
• Example: in
Eastern Cape
CUESTA BASINS
• Cuesta basins are
formed as a result
of volcanic
intrusions of a
lopolith
• The scarp slope
faces downward,
and the dip slope
is directed inward
• These hold artesian
wells and can form
oil traps.
CUESTA DOME
• Cuesta domes
are formed as a
result of
volcanic
intrusions of a
batholith and
lacollith
• The scarp slope
faces inward,
and dip slopes
faces outward
Utilisation of inclined strata by humans
• Cuestas
o are used for farming
o are used for forestry

• Hogsbacks
o For recreation – e.g. mountain climbing
o For protection during war
Group activity
• Refer to a topographic map in the next slide
showing a structural landform and work on
your group to complete the following
exercises;
o Draw a cross section of an inclined strata from A
to spot height 1465m, and from the same spot
height to B. Vertical scale is 1cm = 20m,
Horizontal scale is 1cm = 500m
o Label the cross section and suggest possible uses
of the resembled slopes.
o Identify an example of an inclined strata from the
cross section.
Activity

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