REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL

According to the study of Alcanya (2016), An archipelago of over 7,100

islands, the Philippines is the fourth most at-risk country in the world in terms of

climate- related natural disasters, such as ty- phoons, sea level rise, flooding and

ex- treme temperature. It is one of the top three countries in the world for popula-

tion exposure and has the largest propor- tion of capital investment and stock

along coastlines. Already it is estimated that multi-hazard average annual loss for

the Philippines is US$7.893 million, which is equivalent to 69 per cent of social

ex- penditure in the country.The changing nature of meteorological hazards and

emergence of the 'New Normal' mean that events such as Super Typhoon Haiyan -

and the devastating impact it had - can be expected to occur more fre- quently,

intensifying potential losses. 2,4 High levels of poverty (25 per cent of the

population are living below the national poverty level) and high inequality result

in large demographics being unable to prepare, cope with and recover from dis-

asters. The Philippines government has devoted significant resources to build dis-

aster capacity and reduce population ex- posure and vulnerability. A focus on the

Philippines with its high risk, challenges of poverty and inequality, can serve as a

model on how to build resilience and promote disaster risk reduction (DRR).
 Several studies have shown that treatments based on lifestyle might prevent

between 40 and 70 percent of the implementation of a Disaster Risk Reduction

(DRR) program. Disaster risk reduction in rural areas is necessary to increase the

community’s ability to cope with the disaster-related risks. In Kanyasan’s study

(2018), Community-based DRR, also known as the Community-Managed

Disaster Risk Reduction training program, aims to empower the village

community (Kanyasan K, 2018). Since the one-month training involves impacted

village residents, it is extremely important to ensure the program significance.

The initial hazard posed by the tragedy was landslides in the mountainous

sections of the village, jeopardizing homes and agricultural land. This was the

first step in gathering community members impacted by the disaster. Floating

water is the second potential catastrophic concern.Landslides occurring in the

steep areas of the village pose the greatest risk to the settlements and agricultural

land. This is the first hazard that might bring about a potential calamity. Floods

are the second type of natural catastrophe that might occur. Floods that strike low-

lying village sites, agricultural land, and settlements require good mapping

(Haque A, 2022). The absence of a village spatial planning policy or long-term

development plan for managing natural resources causes frequent shifts to land

use, eventually resulting in shrinkage of agricultural land and increased risk of

floods. Overstress on regional ecosystems and a decline in environmental carrying

capacity are consequences of the population’s increasingly pervasive poverty.

Disaster risk management (DRM) expertise is still lacking among village

residents and their elected officials. Additionally, women are underrepresented in

the decision-making and strategic policy-making processes related to disaster

management and response. Many of the village’s religious and social groups are

now disorganized, but they potentially become a powerful voice in the DRR

disaster risk management campaign (Lawangen A, 2023).

Understanding the Role of Community Networks in Local Disaster Resilience

This literature review delves into the concept of community resilience to natural

disasters and explores the process of fostering resilient communities. It

acknowledges the ongoing debates and lack of a unified theoretical framework in

this field. Developing an Adaptable Framework for Measuring Local Community

Disaster Resilience The paper examines existing community resilience

frameworks and proposes a flexible framework for assessing local community

disaster resilience. It emphasizes the importance of considering stakeholder needs

and community characteristics when evaluating resilience. The Crucial Role of

Community Networks in Strengthening Everyday Resilience This research study

highlights the critical role of community networks in building everyday resilience,

particularly in urban villages. It underscores the significance of public

participation, community connections, and the availability of government

resources for effective disaster risk reduction. Measuring Inequality in

Community Resilience to Natural Disasters A methodology for measuring

inequality in community resilience to natural disasters is presented in this study. It

focuses on analyzing changes in mobility behavior before, during, and after a

disaster to assess the relationship between impact magnitude, time-to-recovery,

and community resilience capacity. Recognizing the Significance of Community

Networks in Disaster Resilience This research emphasizes the vital role of

community networks and improved official communication in disaster response

and resilience. It underscores the importance of effective collaboration and

information sharing within communities to enhance resilience.

Comprehending the Impact of Community Networks on Disaster Resilience

Research Review 1 (Local Source): Title: "The Influence of Community Ties on

Disaster Resilience: A Study in the Philippines" Author: Paterno, F., & Dela

Cruz, J. (2018) Source: Journal of Disaster Research in the Philippines In a

detailed local study, Paterno and Dela Cruz (2018) analyzed the effect of

community ties on disaster resilience, specifically focusing on the Philippines.

Using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, their research revealed the

crucial role of these networks in increasing resilience to disasters. The findings

highlighted the importance of community ties in facilitating sharing of

knowledge, building local capacity, and collective disaster preparedness and

recuperation efforts. The authors concluded with the assertion that the

reinforcement of these networks can markedly amplify the community's resilience

to disasters.

Disaster Preparedness provides for the key strategic actions that give

importance to activities revolving around community awareness and

understanding; contingency planning; conduct of local drills and the development

of a national disaster response plan. Risk-related information coming from the

prevention and mitigation aspect is necessary in order for the preparedness

activities to be responsive to the needs of the people and situation on the ground.

Also, the policies, budget and institutional mechanisms established under the

prevention and mitigation priority area will be further enhanced through capacity

building activities, development of coordination mechanisms. Through these,

coordination, complementation and interoperability of work in DRRM operations

and essential services will be ensured. Behavioral change created by the

preparedness aspect is eventually measured by how well people responded to the

disasters. At the frontlines of preparedness are the local government units, local

chief executives and communities. Disaster Response gives importance

toactivities during the actual disaster response operations from needs assessment

to search and rescue to relief operations to early recovery activities are

emphasized. The success and realization of this priority area rely heavily on the

completion of the activities under both the prevention and mitigation and

preparedness aspects, including among others the coordination and

communication mechanisms to be developed. On-the-ground partnerships and the

vertical and horizontal coordination work between and among key stakeholders

will contribute to successful disaster response operations and its smooth transition

towards early and long term recovery work. The Rehabilitation and

Recoverypriority area cover areas like employment and livelihoods, infrastructure

and lifeline facilities, housing and resettlement, among others. These are recovery

efforts done when people are already outside of the evacuation centers. There are
compelling reasons why the Philippines should adopt disaster risk reduction and

management(DRRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA). It is exposed to

disasters and hazards due to its geography and geology as well as the presence of

internal disputes in some areas. Tropical cyclones and its sequential effects of rain

and windstorms, as well as floods are the most prevalent types of hydro-

meteorological hazards in the country. Between 1997 and 2007, eightyfour (84)

tropical cyclones entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). These

typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human casualty and more than 51 million

families have been affected. Economic losses due to typhoon damages in

agriculture, infrastructures and private properties are estimated to reach P158.242-

B. Some of the most devastating floods and landslides are triggered by these

typhoons that happened also within this period. The El Nino Southern Oscillation

which is a periodic disaster recorded high economic costs in just a single

occurrence. In 2010, out of the almost PhP 25-M worth of damages to properties

caused by natural disasters,tropical cyclones contributed to more than half. These

affected more than 3 million people in that year alone. Environmental factors such

as denuded forests aggravate flood risks. The pace of deforestation since the

1930s accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s, before falling slightly in the 1980s.

Even now, the effects of loose soil and reduced forest cover from past forestry

activities are felt in frequent landslides and floods. Recent events show that the

annual monsoon season in the country has brought severe flooding in most areas.

In 2011, most of the disasters that claimed the lives of people and affected

properties and livelihoods of the most vulnerable were brought about by increased
rainfall which caused massive flash flooding in areas which don’t normally

experience such. Between January to September 2011, more than 50 incidents of

flash flooding and flooding and more than 30 landslides occurred, mostly caused

by increased rainfall and illegal logging. Typhoon Sendong alone caused the lives

of more than 1,000 people and damaged properties amounting to billions of pesos.

In addition, the Philippines is situated along a highly seismic area lying along the

Pacific Ring of Fire and is highly-prone to earthquakes. According to the

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVLOCS), the country

experiences an average of five (5) earthquakes a day (Department of Internal and

Local Government of the Philippines, 2012).

FOREIGN

According to the study of Shirleyana, Scott Hawken, Riza Yosia Sunindijo,

David Sanderson (2023) In recent years, the concept of resilience has become

popular among researchers, organisations and policymakers.In particular,

community based resilience helps ensure that disaster response and recovery

supports local communities. Community resilience has been shown to empower

communities by helping them to cope, adapt and manage risks or challenges, and

also to minimise the threats and impacts of disaster risks. However, when it

comes to community resilience-building measures, less attention has been

invested in understanding and managing smaller scale, everyday risks and chronic

disaster events, particularly in low-income urban settlement. Everyday disasters

are small-scale recurrent hazards or violent events that may affect households or

vulnerable groups in the community, such as theft, housing damage, flooding,

crime, and disease outbreaks. Communities in urban areas face diverse everyday

challenges that must by managed on a daily basis. These everyday risks can be

more significant for such residents, given the frequency of occurrence and the

limited available resources of such communities. Such stresses can have chronic

manifestations that severely affect households and communities and can result in

economic loss, social disruption and death. The concept of social capital, in

particular, has gained attention as a key factor for a resilient community in dealing

with stresses and shocks resulted from such diverse challenges. Previous

empirical studies have demonstrated the role of social capital (bonding, bridging,

and linking capital) in building community resilience. Social capital can enable

collective action and facilitate self-organisation in managing resources (physical,

financial) following a disaster, that may reduce the need for external support.

Moreover, social networks as a form of social capital have been identified as a

fundamental component to enhance community resilience. The presence of

community networks can directly influence the capacity of a community to cope

and adapt to disasters.Despite the importance of community social networks, their

role has not been adequately understood. Past research on community resilience

building has tended to focus on government policies and tangible aspects, such as

demographic factors and physical and financial resources . Our research aims to

provide insight and an evidence base for community networks and demonstrate

how disaster risk reduction requires public participation and relies on community
networks to connect individuals, households, groups and organisations in a

community, and in so doing to link communities with available resources from

the government and different disaster-related organisations and networks.

Research on social network analysis is evolving and aims to investigate people's

social networks and identify key actors in enacting resilience-building measures.

The findings support social network analysis as an essential way to understand

how a community's resilience is built from the boSanderson.

Management seen from the perspective of community perception is very

urgent and important to know as basic knowledge for the community about what

to do in the face of disasters. The main components of disaster risk reduction

(DRR) usually include disaster risk assessments, early warning systems,

community awareness and education, and sustainable development. Risk

assessment involves identifying, assessing, and analyzing the risks associated

with various hazards, including their potential impact on society and the

environment. Meanwhile, early warning systems may help minimize the impact of

disasters by alerting populations of imminent catastrophes in a timely and precise

manner. (M.A. Chisty,2020). Regarding the third component, i.e., community

awareness and education, educating communities about potential risks and how to

prepare for and respond to disasters is critical to building resilience and ensuring

effective implementation of DRR measures. Lastly, integrating DRR into

development planning can help create sustainable and resilient communities that

are better prepared to survive and recover from disasters.Disasters are no longer
considered a sporadic phenomenon but are managed and reduced as much as

possible. It is no longer considered a danger that is impossible to handle.

However, The issue of how to include the concept of safety in a catastrophic

event requires further studies. To include institutions and social units in the field

of catastrophe studies, the concept of “vulnerability” emerges, particularly

concerning the existence of civilization and human life on the planet. Disasters,

their causes, and their effect on human existence must be minimized and

identified as early as possible to facilitate the development of a solution for

disaster management (H. Setyawan, 2021).

Understanding the Role of Community Networks in Enhancing Everyday

Resilience This research highlights the critical role of community networks in

enhancing everyday resilience. It emphasizes the importance of community-based

resilience in facilitating effective disaster response and recovery, providing

support to local communities during challenging times. Characterizing

Community Disaster Resilience: A Comprehensive Review of Literature This

study aims to comprehensively characterize the key research areas and associated

disciplines in community disaster resilience through a systematic literature

review. It offers valuable insights into the existing knowledge base and proposes

future research directions. The Crucial Role of Community Networks in

Nurturing Resilience This research underscores the vital role of community

networks in nurturing resilience, particularly in the context of disaster response

and recovery. It highlights the significance of community-led initiatives and the

support provided by information networks and community interactions. Exploring

Community-Led Approaches to Disaster Preparedness This review synthesizes

existing research, theoretical debates, and primary research conducted with

communities to gain a deeper understanding of community-led disaster

preparedness. It identifies seven domains that contribute to community

preparedness, including information dissemination and network building.

Research Review 2 (Foreign Source): Title: "Community Ties and Their

Correlation with Disaster Resilience: An Examination in Japan" Author: Suzuki,

T., & Yamada, S. (2017) Source: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

In a contrasting foreign study, Suzuki and Yamada (2017) conducted a

quantitative investigation on the correlation between community ties and disaster

resilience in Japan. Their research, which took the form of questionnaires,

established a solid link between structured community networks and heightened

disaster resilience. The study underscored that such networks cultivate social

unity, pooling of resources, and facilitate effective disaster management

approaches. The conclusion drawn was that community ties are vital to boosting

disaster resilience and emphasized the necessity of concerted efforts to support

and uphold these networks in areas susceptible to disasters. Both studies

underscore the crucial role of community networks in enhancing disaster

resilience, whether it's through fostering local capacity building and knowledge

sharing or improving social unity and resource management. The key takeaways
from these studies provide valuable guidance on effective strategies for boosting

disaster resilience.

Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological

Organization (WMO. WMO, through its scientific and technical programs, its network of

Global Meteorological Centers and Regional Specialized Meteorological and Climate

Centers, provide scientific and technical services. This includes observing, detecting,

monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather–, climate- and water-

related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO

addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management

community in an effective and timely fashion. Every year, disasters related to

meteorological, hydrological and climate hazards cause significant loss of life, and set back

economic and social development by years, if not decades. Between 1980 and 2007, nearly

7500 natural disasters worldwide took the lives of over 2 million people and produced

economic losses estimated at over 1.2 trillion US dollars. Of this, 90 per cent of the natural

disasters, 71 per cent of casualties and 78 per cent of economic losses were caused by

weather-, climate- water-related hazards such as droughts, floods, windstorms, tropical

cyclones, storm surges, extreme temperatures, landslides and wild fires, or by health

epidemics and insect infestations directly linked to meteorological and hydrological

conditions. Over the past five decades, economic losses related to hydro-meteorological

hazards have increased, but the human toll has fallen dramatically. This is thanks to

scientific advances in forecasting, combined with proactive disaster risk reduction policies
and tools, including contingency planning and early warning systems in a number of high

risk countries (World Meteorological Organization, 2011).