MATERIALS – substance which something of w/ is composed or made.

NATURE OF MATERIAL; Stone Age – Bronze Age – Iron Age – Steel Age – Non-Ferrous and
Polymer Age – Exotic Materials Age
MATERIAL SCIENCE – discipline of investigating the relationship that exists between the structure
and properties of materials.
Materials Engineering – discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a material.
TYPES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
 METALS – any substance characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity.
I. Ferrous Metals – Iron as main constituent
II. Non - Ferrous Metals – a metal other than Iron is the main constituent.
 CERAMICS – inorganic compounds and partially crystalline and amorphous.
 POLYMERS – made from thermos plastics.
 COMPOSITES – multiphase materials obtained by artificial combination.
 MATERIALS OF THE FUTURE – smart materials and Intelligent materials
- NANOTECHNOLOGY; manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
1st. STRUCTURE – arrangement of its internal component.
i. Subatomic
ii. Atomic
iii. Microscopic
iv. Macroscopic
2nd. PROPERTY – material traits in terms of kind and magnitude of response.
i. Mechanical Property – strength, hardeness, ductility, stifffness
ii. Electrical Property – electrical conductivity, dielectric constant
iii. Thermal Property – heat capacity, thermal conductivity
iv. Magnetic Property – magnetic field, magnetic moment, magnetic permeability
v. Optical Property – refraction index, reflectivity
vi. Deteriorative Property – relates to the chemical reactivity of materials.
3rd. PROCESSING – different ways for shaping materials into useful components or changing their
properties.
4th. PERFRORMANCE – function of a materials properties.
The Materials Selection Process
I. Determine required Properties.
II. Identify Candidate Materials.
III. Identify Required Processing.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE – bonding mechanism between atoms are closely related to the structure of
the atom themselves.
Atom = nucleus (protons + neutrons) + electron
- Electrons (-) and Protons (+) have same charge = 1.6 ×10−19 c
- Neutrons are electrically neutral.
- Protons and Neutrons have same mass = 1.67 ×10−27 kg
- Mass of electron =9.11× 10−31 kg
- Atomic mass = mass of protons + mass of neutrons
- Mass no. = no. protons + no. neutrons
- Protons = atomic no.

NUCLIDE – an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus.

ISOTOPES – atoms of the same element with different mass.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND

1) IONIC BOND – formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
- generally formed between metal and non-metal atoms or elements.
2) COVALENT BOND – Sharing of electrons occur between atoms pr elements.
- also called molecular bonds.
I. SINGLE COVALENT BOND.
II. DOUBLE COVALENT BOND.
III. TRIPLE COVALENT BOND.
NON – POLAR COVALENT BONDS – electron pairs are usually shared between atoms
and not pulled unequally between atoms.
3) METALLIC BOND – not broken when metal is heated.’
Properties Attributed by Metallic Bonding
- Electrical Conductivity – measure the ability of a substance to allow a charge to move
through it.
- Thermal Conductivity – measure of its ability to conduct/ transfer heat.
- Malleability and Ductility
- Metallic Luster – light is incident on a metallic surface.
- High Melting and Boiling point
Property classifications of Materials
I. PHYSICAL PROPERTY - physical properties of a material refer to its characteristics and
behavior under various physical conditions.
i. Intensive Properties - properties that are independent of the volume or size.
- Pressure, Temperature, Melting point, Boiling point, Density, Ductility
ii. Extensive Properties - The extensive properties of a material are the physical
properties of the materials that depend on the amount of matter present in the material.
- Mass, Length, Volume, Momentum
II. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES - mechanical properties of a material describe how it responds to
applied forces or loads.
 Strength refers to the ability of a material to withstand an applied force without failure.
 Stiffness the resistance of a material to deformation under applied load
 Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation before failure.
 Hardness is a measure of a material's resistance to indentation, scratching, or abrasion.
 Toughness measures the ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically before
fracturing.
 Fatigue resistance refers to a material's ability to withstand repeated cyclic loading without
failure.
 Creep resistance is the ability of a material to resist deformation under constant load or stress
over an extended period.
III. CHEMICAL PROPERTY - a property of a substance that is observed when a substance undergoes a
chemical change.
 Chemical change is a type of change that also changes the identity of a substance due to the
breakage and formation of new chemical bonds.
 ABILITY TO BURN
 ABILITY TO TARNISH
 ABILITY TO RUST
 ABILITY TO DECOMPOSE
 ABILITY TO REACT WITH OTHER CHEMICALS
 INSTABILILITY
 ABILITY TO DO/BASE REACTION
IV. THERMAL PROPERTY - heat is applied to a solid body, a liquid, or a gas, thermal characteristics
relate to a material-dependent response.
Temperature is a degree of measuring hotness and coolness.
Heat is the energy that is transported over a system’s boundary to modify the differential between the
system and its surroundings.
THERMAL PROPERTIES
 Specific heat
 Heat capacity
 Thermal conductivity
 Melting point
 Thermal diffusivity
 Thermal shock resistance
 Thermal expansion

V. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES - determine if, and how, electricity will flow through a material.
1. Atom - atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element.
2. Conductivity of Conductors, Semi-Conductors, and Insulators
An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current.
A conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical current.
A semiconductor is a material that is between conductors and insulators in its ability to conduct
electrical current.
VI. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES - explains the permanent magnetic behavior of some materials may allow
us to alter and in some cases tailor the magnetic properties.
Magnetism - phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force or influence on
other material.
Magnetic field is a region surrounding a magnetic body.
Two important ways in which electrons contribute to magnetism:
 Orbital Magnetism
 Spin Magnetism

A) Diamagnetism is a very weak form of magnetism that is nonpermanent and persists only
while an external field is being applied.
B) Paramagnetic materials have a small, positive susceptibility to magnetic fields.
C) Ferromagnetic materials have a large, positive susceptibility to an external magnetic field..
D) Antiferromagnetism is the alignment of the spin moments of neighboring atoms or ions in
exactly opposite directions.
E) Ferrimagnetism exhibits a permanent magnetization.
VII. OPTICAL PROPERTY - optical property describes a material's behavior when electromagnetic
radiation (light) is incident on the material's surface.
Electromagnetic radiation refers to wave-like, electric, and magnetic components.
electromagnetic radiation is considered as packets of energy referred to as a photon.
Types of optical properties of materials
Reflectivity is the optical property of a material. When a light wave is incident on the polished surface
of the material, the light returns from the material surface, and this is referred to as the reflection of
light.
 Absorption is also a very important optical property of a material. Whenever a beam of light is incident
on the surface of the material, then some part of the incident beam would be absorbed by the material.
Refractivity, Whenever a light ray moves from one medium to another, there is bending of light, which
means that the path of incident light ray changes after interaction with another medium.
Transparency is an optical property of the material in which if an object is placed on one side of a material and
a light wave is incident on the other side.
Translucent indicates the behavior of a material in which if an object is placed on one side of the material and
a light wave enters the other side, the object cannot be seen clearly.
Opaque materials do not allow the passage of electromagnetic light waves which means that the light waves
cannot pass through them.
The term luminescence is defined as the process in which a material absorbs energy and then immediately
emits visible or near-visible radiation.
Thermal emission is whenever a material is heated (increase in temperature), the electrons of the outer shell
are excited to higher energy levels, where the electrons are less strongly bound to the nucleus.
Photo Conductivity, the bombardment of semiconductors by photons, with energy equal to or greater than the
bandgap may create electron-hole pairs that can be used to generate current.
Electronic polarization, whenever a rapidly fluctuating electric field interacts with a metallic material,
electronic polarization induces in the material or shifts the electron cloud relative to the atom's nucleus.
Optical Properties of Nonmetal, nonmetals may be transparent to visible light. The optical behavior of
nonmetals in the presence of electromagnetic waves.
Scattering, the radiation emanating from the oscillating electrons that travel in all directions represent the
scattered radiation.