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Materials

The document discusses various properties and characteristics of materials, including physical, chemical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. It provides examples of key properties for each category such as density, hardness, and melting point for physical; chemical composition and reactivity for chemical; heat capacity and thermal conductivity for thermal; conductivity and resistivity for electrical; and reflectivity, transparency, and luminescence for optical properties. Characteristics are influenced by factors like temperature, pressure, and atomic structure.

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CHARLES KENT DOLOTINA
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34 views2 pages

Materials

The document discusses various properties and characteristics of materials, including physical, chemical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. It provides examples of key properties for each category such as density, hardness, and melting point for physical; chemical composition and reactivity for chemical; heat capacity and thermal conductivity for thermal; conductivity and resistivity for electrical; and reflectivity, transparency, and luminescence for optical properties. Characteristics are influenced by factors like temperature, pressure, and atomic structure.

Uploaded by

CHARLES KENT DOLOTINA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTIC OF MATERIALS


 PHYSICAL - is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition.
 CHEMICAL - is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that
can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.
 THERMAL - properties of a material that determine how it reacts when it is subjected to excessive heat, or heat
fluctuations over time.
 ELECTRICAL - anything related to electricity or the flow of electric charge.
 MAGNETIC - The materials which strongly attract apiece of iron are known as magnetic materials or magnets
 OPTICAL - describes a material's behavior when electromagnetic radiation (light) is incident on the material's surface or,
in other words, how the material behaves when it gets hit by light

CHARACTERISTICS:

Physical

 Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume.


 Mass is the amount of matter in an object or material.
 Volume is the amount of space occupied by a material.
 Hardness is a material resistance to deformation or scratching
 Melting point of a substance is defined as the point at which it transforms from a solid to a liquid.
 Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a vapor or gas state.
 Electrical conductivity measures the ability of a material to conduct an electric current
 Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat
 Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a material by a
certain amount.
 Solubility is a measure of how well a substance can dissolve in a particular solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

Factors That Affect Solubility;

Temperature
Bonds and Varying Forces - The type of bonds and intermolecular orces differ among each substance and its molecules
Pressure - Pressure and solubility are directly related, so when partial pressure increases so does solubility.
 Elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that
influence or force is removed.
 Ductility is the ability of a material to deform plastically without breaking
 Malleability is the ability of a material to be hammered, rolled, or pressed into thin sheets or shapes without breaking.
 TRANSPARENCY/OPACITY This property describes how much light can pass through a material
 Color is indeed considered a physical property because it is inherent to the nature of an object and does not involve any
chemical reactions.
 Magnetism is the ability of a material to be attracted to or repelled by a magnetic field.

CHEMICAL

- Chemical Change: Change in which one or more kinds of matter are transformed to new kinds of matter with altered
compositions (or Chemical Reaction).

 Chemical composition indicates the elements which are combined together to form that material.
 Atomic bonding represents how atoms are bounded to each other to form the material.
Ionic bond – froms by exchanging of valence electrons between atoms.
Covalent bonds – froms by sharing of electrons between atoms. Metallic bonds – found in metals.
 Corrosion resistance of a material is the ability of material to resist the oxidation in atmospheric condition
 Acidity or Alkalinity is an important chemical property of engineering materials.
 Reactivity is the tendency of a material to undergo chemical reactions, often with other substances or environmental
conditions
 Flammability is the ability of a material to ignite and burn in the presence of oxygen or other oxidizers
 Oxidation resistance is the ability of a material to resist chemical reactions with oxygen

THERMAL

Three Basic Categories of Solid Material:


- METALS materials have large number of non-localized electrons, i.e. electrons are not bound to particular atoms.
- Ceramic is an inorganic nonmetallic solid made up of either metal or metalloid compounds that have been shaped and then
hardened by heating to high temperatures
- POLYMERS r materials have typically low densities and may be extremely flexible and widely used as insulators, both
thermal and electrical.
 Heat capacity of a material can be defined as the amount of heat required to change the temperature of the material by
one degree
 Temperature is a measure of the speed with which they move
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE:
MERCURY THERMOMETER
PYROMETER
IDEAL GAS THERMOMETER
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE THERMOMETER
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 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY It is the property of a material to conduct heat through itself


 Heat transfer refers to heat flow within an object and from one object to another due to differences in temperature.
Radiation - heat energy travels as electromagnetic waves in the same manner and speed as light.
Convection - the heat in fluids is transferred to cooler regions by currents.
Conduction - heat energy travels when two objects at different temperatures are in direct contact with each other.
 THERMAL STRESS The stress experienced by a body due to either thermal expansion or contraction is called thermal
stress

ADDITIONAL NOTES:
Melting The change of state from solid to liquid
Fusion from liquid to solid
Normal melting point a substance at standard atmospheric pressure
Vaporization The change of state from liquid to vapor (or gas)
Boiling point The temperature at which the liquid and the vapor states of the substance coexist
Normal boiling point.substance at standard atmospheric pressure
Sublimation The change from solid state to vapor state without passing through the liquid state

ELECTRICAL

 CONDUCTIVITY (σ) It is a measure of how easily a material allows the flow of electric current. Materials with high
conductivity are good conductors, while those with low conductivity are insulators. Metals like copper and aluminum are
excellent conductors, while materials like rubber and glass are insulators.
 VOLTAGE (V) Also known as electric potential, is a measure of the electric potential energy per unit charge
 BAND GAP ENERGY (Eg) In the context of semiconductors, the band gap energy represents the energy difference
between the valence band and the conduction band.
 RESISTIVITY (ρ) It is the inverse of conductivity and measures a material's opposition to the flow of electric current.
 ELECTRIC FIELD (E) Electric field is a vector field that describes the force experienced by a charged particle at a given
point in space.
 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE (TCR) The TCR is a measure of how a material's resistance
changes with temperature.
 CONDUCTANCE (G) Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance (G = 1/R) and measures a material's ability to conduct
electric current.
 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (ε) The dielectric constant, also known as relative permittivity, is a measure of a material's
ability to store electrical energy in an electric field.
 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Some materials exhibit superconductivity at extremely low temperatures, where they can
conduct electric current with zero resistance.
 CURRENT DENSITY (J) Current density is the amount of electric current passing through a unit cross-sectional area of
a material.
 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH Dielectric strength is the maximum electric field a dielectric material can withstand without
experiencing electrical breakdown or insulation failure.
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE Materials may exhibit different electrical characteristics at different frequencies

MAGNETIC

CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS


❑Diamagnetic materials-no permanent magnetic moment
❑Paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials -possess permanent magnetic
moment

OPTICAL

 Reflectivity It is a material's optical property


 Absorptivity Absorption is also an important optical property of a material.
 Refractivity Whenever a light ray moves from one medium to another, there is bending of light,
 Transparency It is an optical property of the material in which if an object is placed on one side of a material and a light
wave is incident on the other side, then the object can be seen clearly
 Translucent In the optics process, the term translucent indicates the behavior of a material in which if an object is placed
on one side of the material and a light wave enters the other side, the object can NOT be seen clearly.
 Opaque In the context of the optics process, some materials do not allow the passage of electromagnetic light waves
which means that the light waves can not pass through them.
 Luminescence The term luminescence is defined as the process in which a material absorbs energy and then immediately
emits visible or nearvisible radiation.
 Thermal emission Whenever a material is heated (increase in temperature), the electrons of the outer shell are excited to
higher energy levels, where the electrons are less strongly bound to the nucleus.
 Photoconductivity Bombardment of semiconductors by photons, with energy equal to or greater than the bandgap may
create electron-hole pairs that can be used to generate current.

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